▲语法：十大词类,七大句子成分,五大基本句型,四大语法要点,三大复杂句

1、语法十大词类，七大句子成分，五大基本句型，四大语法要点，三大复杂句十大词类：名词Noun动词Verb形容词Adjective数词Numeral代词Pronoun副词Adverb冠词Article介词Preposition连词Conjunction感叹词Interjection七大句子成分：主语(Subject):n/pron谓语(PredicateorPredicateverb):v宾语(Object):n/pron补语(Complement):补语用来补充说明主语和宾语可以是n/adj价宾表语(Predicative)：形容主语的状态，可以是n/adj价宾定语(Attribute)：adj/

2、介宾状语(Adverbial):adv/介宾五大基本句型主+谓(状)Thesunrises(early).主+谓+宾Themanagerhassignedthepaper.主+谓+间宾+直宾Illgiveyoumytelephonenumber.主+系+表Heisateacher.Itsoundsagoodidea.主+谓+宾+宾补WecalledhimTom.HewascalledTom.Ifoundthebookuseful.四大语法要点：时态语态，非谓语动词，虚拟语气，倒装三大复杂句型：名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句I名词A名词的种类：专有名词，普通名词专有名词：专有名词前一般用零冠词，

3、首字母要大写UN,NATO,America普通名词：个体名词可数名词集体名词可数名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词不可数名词eg:book,table,housefamily,police,crowdmilk,water,honeylove,advice,honestyB名词的数可数名词复数的变化规律情况方式例词一般+Sdesks,table以s,x,sh,ch结尾+esbuses,boxes,brushes,watches以辅音字母+0结尾+esNegroes,heroes,tomatoes以兀音字母+0结尾+Szoos,radios以辅音字母+y结尾变y为iesfamilies,countri

4、es以兀音字母+y结尾+Sboys,toys,guys以f,fe结尾变f,fe为vesleaves,shelves以th结尾+Smouths,months可数名词复数的不规则变化少数以f,fe结尾的词直接加“s”:thiefs,chiefs,roofs,safes（保险箱）单复同形：sheep,deer,means只有复数形式：trousers,glasses,clothes,police特殊变化：child一children,man一men,woman一women,mouse一mice,ox一oxen复合名词变复数，在主体名词后加“s”N+NafternoonsN+空格+NTVtowersC

5、.NprepNeditorsinchief，sonsinlawDNpreppassersby,passengersbylooker-on以“ics”结尾的学科名视为单数physics,optics,mathematics不可数名词三态，物质名词，抽象名词都是不可数名词三态：液态coffee,water,milk,tea,ink固态coal,iron,chalk气态airfog,smoke物质名词：bread,mutton,lamp,beef,pork扌由象名词：curiosity,confidence,anger注：用冠词和量词修饰不可数名词apieceofchalk,abottleofmil

6、k,twokilosofmutton总称名词没有复数，变复数后表示不同种类furniture家具furnitures不同种类的家具包括table,desk,sofafood食物food不同种类的食物有些不可数名词变复数之后含义会发生变化work一工作sand一沙子water一水works-著作sands-沙滩waters-水域可数不可数均可A,Anthethese,this,thosethatmanymuchsome,anyfew,afewlittle,alittlea(large)numberofagreatmanyofa(large)amountofagreatdealofAlotof,l

7、otsof,plentyofIhavealotof/anumberof/agreatmanyoffriends.C名词的格一般人称后加“S”Lilysbook以“s”结尾的人称直接加“”MyparentSroom如一种物品属多人共同所有，直接在最后人称后加“s”如各自所有，每个人称后都加“s”myfatherandmymothersbookmyfathersandmymothersrooms人或职业后加“S”表示相应的处所atMrGreenstomyunclesatthedoctors修饰无生命的名词或修饰过长的名词，用“of”表示所有格thegateoftheschoolthepowerof

8、loveoneofmyfathersfriends冠词不定冠词a,an用法比较anhourauniversity固定搭配：takeaninterestin,onanaverage,keepaneyeon=lookafter=takecareof定冠词：特定唯一序数前，国家党派最高级方位形容姓氏前，单数年代洋乐器egtheearth,themoonthefirstplacetheUnitedStatestheCommunistPartyofChinathelargestroomontheleftthepoor穷人theold老人TheTurnersaresittingatthebreakfast

9、table.Thehorseisausefulanimal.Inthe1990splaythepianoplayer-huplaypi-pa零冠词专有名词前China称呼头衔前PremierzhouprofessorLiu交通工具前bybus=bycoachbytaxi=bycabbytrain=byrailwaybysubway=bymetrobyplane=byairbyship=byseaonfootby+交通工具=take+冠词+交通工具零冠词与定冠词的区别byday在白天bytheday按天计算onefirst,twosecond,fourfourthfivefifth,sevens

10、eventh,ninenineth,thirteenth,fifteenfifteenth,基数词，序数词数词threethird,sixsixth,tententh,twelvetwelfththirteengotoschool去上学gototheschool去学校sixteensixteenth,seventeenseventeenth,nineteennineteenth,twentytwentieth,twenty-onetwenty-first整百整千不加“S”成百上千，成千上万加“S”twohundredthreethousandhundredsofpeoplethousandso

11、fpeople数词-名词=形容词的性质afiveyuansbill=afive-yuanbill分数half二分之一quarter四分之一2/3twothirds1/5onefifth注：当分子=2时，分母变复数百分数50%fiftypercent注：分数和百分数修饰名词时，要用“of”thirtypercentofthestudentstwothirdsofthemoney代词人称代词包括主格和宾格形容词性物主代词+N=名词性物主代词反身代词用于强调我你他/她我们你们他们主格IyouhesheWeyouthey宾格meyouhimherUsyouthem形容词性物主代词myyourhishe

12、rOuryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersOursyourstheirs反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfourselvesyourselvesthemselvespenislost,soIwanttoborrowpen.Mypenislost,soIwanttoborrowEnjoyHelpHesawinthemirror.疑问代词:who,whom,whose,whoever,which,whichever,what,whatever指示代词:this,that,these,those,it,such,same不定代词:12个复合

13、不定代词everybodyeverythingeveryoneanybodyanythinganyonesomebodysomethingsomeonenobodynothingnoonesome,any的用法some“几个，一些”修饰可数或不可数名词“某个”修饰单数名词any“几个，一些”用于否定或疑问句中，修饰可数或不可数名词“任何”用于肯定句，修饰单数名词Comeanydayyoulike.SheislivingatsomeplaceinEastAsia.Hegaveeachboyapresent.Everystudentcontributedtothefund.Eachwenthisw

14、ay.each,every的用法each“每一个”强调个别性=2every“每一个”强调整体性=3each/every+NEachstudenthasdoneagoodjob.Everystudenthasdoneagoodjob.each+of+名词复数/代词复数Eachofthestudentshasdoneagoodjob.EachofthemisgoodatEnglish.each可以单独使用Eachwenthisway.各走各的路none,no的用法no+可数N或不可数NThereisnowaterinthebottle.none+of+可数N或不可数N,动词用单复数均可Noneof

15、thedogsarethere.Itsnoneofyourbusiness.none可以单独使用Ibuyalotofbooks,buthebuysnone.many,much的用法few,afew;little,alittle的用法other,another的用法“另一个”other+复数名词或代词“另外的，其他的”（范围之外）theother+单数名词“另一个”（范围之内）theother+复数名词“另外的，其他的”（范围之内）others“他人”another“另一个”（范围之外）Ibuytwopresents,oneisformyfather,theotherisformysister,

16、nowIwanttobuyanotheroneformymother.Thetravelagencyisontheothersideofthestreet.Jonesishere,butwherearetheotherboys?all,both的用法either“两者之中任何一个都行”neither“两者都不”either,neither,单独作主语+单数n/pron+of+复数n/pronEitherofmyparentsisgoingtoseeme.NeitherofmyparentsisChinese.NoneofmyfriendsisgoodatEnglish.all“大家，一切，所有

17、”none“没有人（物）”all单独作主语单数或复数复数+或单数或单数none单独作主语复数或单数Adj/Adv多个形容词修饰同一名词anice4yearsold2kilogramsnewpinkFrenchplasticdoll限定词+描绘形容词+特征形容词+名词限定词：冠词，物主代词，指示代词，不定代词描绘形容词特征形容词：年龄+尺寸+形状+新旧+颜色+出处+材质eg一个聪慧的个子很高的年轻的中国军官atallintelligentyoungChineseofficerAdj修饰复合不定代词,Adj后置egsomethingimportantAdj/Adv的比较级，最高级规则:Adj+er

18、/Adv+erAdj+est/Adv+est多音节more+Adj/Advmost+Adj/Adv不规则good/wellbetterbestbad/illworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastlatelaterlatestlatterlastfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthestthemorethemore越来越much,far,alot,alittle,abit,slightly等词可以修饰比较级egThesunismuchbiggerthantheearth.情绪动词+ed=adj修饰人情绪动词+ing=adj修饰

19、物egThebookisveryinteresting.Iaminterestedinreadingit.Adv程度副词放在被修饰词前：very,quite,too,extremely,rather,so频度副词放在实义动词前且情态动词，助动词或be动词后：often,always,sometimes,never方式副词修饰动词，通常以“ly”结尾，修饰不及物动词放到不及物动词后；修饰及物动词时防到及物动词前或及物动词宾语的后面Itstoohottoday.Heoftenrunssoquickly.Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulgirl.Hehascarefullyf

20、inishedhishomework.enough修饰N,enough前置enoughmoney修饰Adj,enough后置bigenoughAdv可以修饰一个句子PrepositionI介词简介简单介词：at,in,on,besides,since,for等合成介词：inside,outof,without等介词短语：becauseof,inspiteof,infrontof二重介词：untilafter,frombehind分词介词：including,regarding,concerningII介词的辩析arrivein+大地点,arriveat+小地点in+年，in+月，on+日in+

21、月+年on+月+日on+月+日+年except,besidesin,on,toabove,over,onsince+时间点Ihavebeenateachersince1999.for+时间段Ihavebeenateacherfor3years.during+过程Hestoppedthreetimesduringhisspeech.by+数字，表净增长或减少Mysalaryhasincreasedby2%.to+数字，表增长或减少的结果动词I动词的种类及物动词Vt：可以直接加宾语可以加双宾语：动词+间宾+直宾动词+直宾+to/for+间宾不及物动词Vi：可以直接构成句子的谓语动词部分，其后不能直

22、接加宾语如加宾语则需要用介词连接，介词的选择有时取决于宾语，有时取决于动词egThisbookbelongstome.Thisbooksellswell.Ibuythebookforyou.Ibuyyouthebook.系动词Be动词:am,is,are常用的系动词：appear,become,get,remain,seem,feel,taste,smell,sound,look感官动词：look,sound,touch,smell,feel,taste系动词后加Adj./N/介宾作表语构成主+系+表egHebecamesilentgradually.Thedishsmellsgood.助动词

23、：do,did,have,had,shall,should,will,would情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,dare,need+V原动词短语：puton,putoff,takeoffII动词的基本形式规则：V原-V原ed-V原ed不规则：do-did-donego-went-gonehave-had-hadwrite-wrotewrittenIII动词的时态，语态时态-动词的时态一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来过去将来时

24、过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时I一般现在时：Be动词或实义动词客观真理事实，能力，习惯，经常，情感态度，心智Theearthisround.真理Iamyourteacher.事实Hecleanstheroomeveryroom.习惯Doyoudrive,John?能力Ifitrains,thesportsmeetingwillbeputoff.主将从现一些表示感觉，拥有，心智，态度的词可以用一般现在时来代替现在进行时或一般过去时表感觉的V：appear,notice,sound感觉appear,sound,feel拥有belong,have,owe心智believe,expec

25、t,understand态度agree,intend,wish,loveDoyouloveme?Yes,Idid.（情感）Thismaterialfeelssoft.（感觉）Iwishyouasuccess.（内心活动）II现在进行时：be+Ving表示此时此刻正在发生Whatareyoudoing?Iamreadingabook.当表示近期计划，安排的事情很有可能发生的时候，可用现在进行时表将来Iamgoing.Iamleavingtomorrow.与always,constantly,forever等副词连用，表示厌烦，赞美等情绪Hesalwayslosinghiskeys.他老是丢钥匙Y

26、ouarealwaysthinkingofothers.他总是想着别人III现在完成时：have/has+Vp.p.动作发生在过去，但影响或结果，动作状态可以延续到现在，常见的瞬间动词有：come,go,getto=arrive=reach,leave,buy,sell,open,close,join/takepartin,begin=start,bring,take,give,marryThecarhasarrived.Shehaslivedheresince1995.Tomhasbeenillfor5days.Thelifthasbrokendown.Haveyouevertalkedto

27、himaboutit?等词的现在完成时和完成进行时用法一样,，表示、动作从过去持续到现在W现在完成进行时：have/hasbeenVing,表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，动作是否延续下去由上下文决定Ihavebeenwritinglettersallthismorning.MymotherhasbeenteachingEnglishfor20years.Ihavebeencoughingallnight.Alltheseyearswehavebeentryingtogetintouchwithhim.V般过去时：Ved,was,were只着眼过去的事实或发生在过去的动作过去习惯的动作

28、叙述小说，故事情节egIsawhiminthemorning.Shesufferedalotinherchildhood.Thetrainwas10minuteslate.IusedtoliveinBeijing.Hewouldgototheparkassoonashewasfree.现在完成时与一般过去时的不同现在完成时：强调在过去时间内发生的动作，影响到现在一般过去时：强调在过去时间内发生的动作，状态，与现在无关Ihaveboughtsomefruitforyou.Iboughtthefruitinthesupermarket.Ihavejusthadmylunch.Ihadmylunch

29、inacafeteria.W过去进行时：was/were+Ving,过去某时某刻正在进行的动作egItwasrainingatthistimeyesterday.在while/when/as引导的时间状语从句中，用过去进行时长背景，用一般过去时表示在长背景下发生的短动作（长背景短动作）egWhileIwasdoingmyhomework,thetelephoneran.Ashewasreadingthenewspaper,Grannyfellasleep.表示过去一段时间内将要发生的动作过去完成时：在过去的过去发生的动作同一般过去时连用表示先后顺序表示愿望，打算类的动词用过去完成时表示未曾实现

30、的愿望和意图egIhadlearnedFrenchbytheendoflastterm.WhenIenteredtheroom,IfoundthatIhadleftthekeyintheofficeIhadhopedtoseemoreofshanghai.Ihadmeanttohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthemoment.在hardlyAwhenB,nosoonerAthanB句型中，A=B=句子，A用过去完成时，要倒装，B用一般过去时，不倒装egHardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenthetelephonerang.哪过去完成进行时：hadbeenVi

31、ng,强调过去的过去延续到过去的动作或状态egHehadbeenstudyingFrenchbeforeshewentaboard.IX般将来时：will/shall+V原，表将来的动作及安排多种表将来的形式：betodo表示按计划，安排做；正式的会话或访问，表建议或忠告shall/will+V原准备做且一定做或许诺，请求begoingtodo打算做，做的可能性很大beabouttodo马上做whowillbeonduty?Iwill.Iwillbehomefordinner.Springwillcome.Sheistobemarriednextmonth.X过去将来时：would/shoul

32、d/could/might+V原XI过去将来完成时：would/should/could/might+have+Vp.p.,多用在虚拟语气中egIfIstudyhard,Iwillpasstheexam.句为一般现在时，主句是将来时（附图例）IfIstudiedhard,Iwouldpasstheexam.句为一般过去时，主句是过去将来时IfIhadstudiedhard,Iwouldhavepassedtheexam.从句是过去完成时，主句是过去将来完成时主句是一般现在时，主句可以是任何一种时态主句是过去时，丛句是任何一种同过去时有关的时态egLilysayssheismynewteache

33、r.Lilysayssheisreadingabooknow.Lilysaysshewillbeateachernextyear.Lilysaysshehasreadthatbook.Lilysaysshehasbeenreadingthatbookallday.Lilysayssheoncelivedinbejing.语态英语的语态：主动语态，主语是动作的执行者，谓语是动的承担者被动语态，主语是动作的承担者，谓语是谓语的动作的执行者主动语态变被动语态的步骤：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语根据主动语态的时态和被动语态的主语确定be+Vp.p.|的形式由by引出主动语态剩下的主语，并将其变为

34、宾格王+谓+兵的被动：王语+be+Vp.p.+by+兵语egHereadsabook.他读书Abookiswrittenbyhim书被他读（一般现在时的被动）egHewillwritealetter.Aletterwillbewrittenbyhim.egHeisreadingabook.Abookisbeingreadbyhim.egHewaswritingaletter.Aletterwasbeingwrittenbyhim.egHehaswrittenaletter.Aletterhasbeenwrittenbyhim.egHehadwrittenaletter.Aletterhadbe

35、enwrittenbyhim.egHewillhavereadaletter.Aletterwillhavebeenreadbyhim.王+谓+间宾+直宾或王+谓+直宾+to/for+间宾变被动当直宾作主语时，主语+be+Vp.p|+to/for+间宾+by+王动语态的王语当间宾作主语时，主语+be+Vp.p|+直+by+主动语态的主语egHetaughtusEnglish.HetaughtEnglishtous.Englishwastaughttousbyhim.WewastaughtEnglishbyhim.可以接双宾语的动词：givesbsth=givesthtosblendsbsth=

36、lendsthtosbborrowsbsth=borrowsthforsbbuysbsth=buysthforsbpasssbsth=passsthtosbtellsbsth=tellsthtosb主+谓+宾+宾补变被动egWecalledhimTom.HewascalledTom.带宾补的动词有：call,elect,choose,appoint情态动词，助动词的被动V情+be+Vp.p.V情+have+been+Vp.p.“一感二听三让四看”的被动语态:主语+be+Vp.p+to+V原一感：feel二听:listento,hear四让have,make,let,get四看:see,watc

37、h,notice,observeegIseehimentertheroom.Heisseentoentertheroom.have/make/let/get的用法have/make/letsbdosth让某人做某事sbdoingsth让某人一直做某事sbAdj让某人处于某种状态sthVp.p.让别人做某事getsbtodosth,get,sbdoingsth,getsbAdj,getsthVp.p.系动词无被动Thesteelfeelscold.Ithasgonebad.表示开始，结束，运动的词无被动，这些动词有:beginstartfinishendstopshutrunmoveThedoo

38、ropensat9：00.Workbeganat7oclockthismorning.Read,write,sell,wear,cook,wash等词后面接adj/adv时不用被动Yourspeechreadswell.Want,require,needdoingsth主动表被动Thedoorneedscleaning.=thedoorneedstobecleaned.被动的否定，疑问句被动语态+by+动作的执行者+with+工具egAwindowisbrokenbymewithastone.bemadeof+可以看出材质的原材料from+不能看出材质的原材料into+成品egThetable

39、ismadeofwood.Thepaperismadefromwood.Thewoodismadeintotable.主谓一致主谓一致分为:语法一致含义一致就近一致以下情况做主语，动词用单数:1单数名词或代词Helikesreadingbooks.Waterisgoodtoourhealth.以S结尾的国家名，疾病，学科，组织Philippineshasmorethan7000islands.Mumpsiscommonamongchildren.Physicsismyfavoritesubject.UnitedNationsisaninternationalorganization.表示重量，

40、价值，时间，距离的名词Twentyyearsisalongtime.Fivemillionisabigsum.复合不定代词Someoneisknockingatthedoor.5.Each,every,either,neitherEachofthestudentsattendsthemeeting.Eithergirlknowsthewaytotheamusementpark.Neitherofthemfindsthesolutiontotheproblem.Manya+单数名词Manyastudentisintheclassroom.=Manystudentsareintheclassroo

41、m.动名词或不定式Smokingisharmfultoyourhealth.Toseeistobelieve.句子Howoldsheisremainsasecret.以下情况做主语，动词用复数：复数名词或代词Few,afew,several,many,bothBothofthemaregoodatskating.FewofmyacquaintanceslikeSarah.我认识的熟人没有几个喜欢拉萨。police,people,public,crew,cattle,crowd.Thecattleareintheshed.牛在栅栏内。Theshipscrewcallastrike.船员发动了罢工

42、。以下状况做主语，动词的单复数试情况而定：Family,audience,class,committeeHisfamilyareverywell.OurfamilyarewatchingTV.Hisfamilyisrich.all,allof,therestof,halfof,partof,plentyof,分数，百分数Allislost.Allarepresent.Therestofhislifewasspentinreading.Therestofthebooksaresold.由and连接的两个并列短语Apoetandnovelisthasvisitedourschool.一位诗人兼小说

43、家参观了我们的学校。Apoetandanovelisthavevisitedourschool.一位诗人和一位小说家参观了我们的学校。就近一致：NotonlyAbutalso动词与B保持一致Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherwishesforholidays.EitherAorB动词与B保持一致EitheryouorIamright.NeitherAnorB动词与B保持一致NeitherInoryouareright.TherebeA,B,Cbe动词与A保持一致Thereisabook,twopensonthetable.三大复杂句I名词性从句：主语从句

44、，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句II定语从句：III状语从句：I名词性从句在主从复合句中，起名词性作用的从句叫名词性从句。根据名词性从句的语发作用，可分为主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，同位语从句that引导所有名词性从句，that不翻译whether引导表示疑问的名词性从句，译为“是否”，只有在少数宾语从句中，if可以替代whether其他连接词引导名词性从句，连接词按原义翻译所有的名词性从句，连接词后都用陈述句语序主语从句egThatbooksellswell.Thatbookisexpensivesellswell.（定语从句）Whetherthetestwillsucceed（ornot

45、）isnotsure.（主语从句）Whenweshallhavethepartyhasnotdecided.（主语从句）注：由于主语太长，可用it作逻辑主语that引出真正的主语Itisafactthathebroketherecords.表语从句egwhatIneedismoney.（主语从句）MoneyiswhatIneed.（表语从句）ThefactisthatIaminnocent.（表语从句）宾语从句Doyouknowwhoheis?IforgetwhereImetyou.Idontcareifitdoesntrain.Wetalkaboutwhetheritisimportant(

46、ornot).注：当宾语从句是否定句时，应使用if不用whether.同位语从句：一般情况下，同位语从句紧跟一个名词之后，进一步补充说明这个名词，带有同位语的名词有：belief,fact,hope,idea,news,opinion,reasonsuggestion,result,decision,fear,truthegItisaquestionwhetherwewillaccepthisinvitation.Thefactthatheisthecleverestiswellknown.定语从句与同位语从句的区别Thenewsthathewonthegameisexciting.Thene

47、wsthatIheardisexciting.同位语从句中that不做成分，定语从句tha做成分定语从句I限定性定语从句从句作定语修饰前面的N或代词，这句话称之为定语从句Thebeautifulgirlismysister.Thegirlwhoisverybeautifulismysister.定语从句通常位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这个被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词位于先行词和从句之间，称为关系代词,关系副词关系形容词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语，状语。关系代词；who,whom,that,which关系形容词：whose关系副词：when,where,whywho指代人

48、，在从句中做主语Customerswhoaccepted”freetrialoffer”willhave30daystocancel.whom指代人，在从句中做宾语，可省略Theperson(whom)IsawyesterdayisanABC.(美国出生的中国人)Idontknowtheperson(whom)youweretalkingto.Idontknowthepersontowhomyouaretalking.注：whom在从句中做介词的宾语时，从句中的介词可以提前，提到定语从句的前面，提前后whom不能省略which指代物，在从句中作主语，宾语，做宾语时可省略Dontbitetheh

49、andwhich/thatfeedsyou.Themusic(which/that)youarelisteningtoisbeautiful.Themusictowhichyouarelisteningisbeautiful.Themusictothatyouarelisteningisbeautifu1.错误注：which在从句中做介词的宾语时，从句中的介词可以提到定语从句的前面，提前后which不能省略，且不能用thatthat指代人或物，在从句中作主语，宾语，做宾语时可省略Hispunchdoesntpackthepowerthatithad.主句是以what,who,which等特殊疑

50、问词开头的句子时，先行词指人，用关系代词that引导定语从句Whoisthemanthatissinginginconcert?注：inconcert指现场演出当先行词既指人又指物时，用关系代词that引导定语从句Doyouknowthewomanandherdogthatarestandingatthefence?当先行词是all以及12个复合不定代词时，用that引导定语从句Allthatglittersisnotgold.注：all既可指人又可指物，指人时看做复数指物时看作单数Allarepresent.Allislost.当先行词前有all,theonly,thelast,thever

51、y,序数词，最高级时，用that引导定语从句HenryFoldwasthefirstpersonthatbuiltcars.Allthepassengersthatarewoundedhavebeensentintohospitalwhen指代时间，在从句中作时间状语IllneverforgetthedaywhenThanksgivingwascelebrated.IllneverforgetthedaywhenValentinesDaywascelebrated.where指代地点，在从句中作地点状语DoyouremembertheplacewhereImetyou?why指代原因，在从句中

52、作原因状语Doyouknowthereasonwhysharkswimsthefast?注：where,when,why这样的关系副词=相应的介词+关系代词whichIllneverforgetthedaywhichThanksgivingDaywascelebratedon.IllneverforgetthedayonwhichThanksgivingDaywascelebrated.IllneverforgetthedaywhenThanksgivingwascelebrated.whose“.的”先行词是人和物都行，在从句中作定语Theboywhosefatherisateacheris

53、mybrother.Iboughtahousewhosewindowsfacetothesouth.II非限定性定语从句一一先行词同关系代词/关系副词之间用“，”隔开，不能用that,why引导非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句中，who指代人，在从句中作主语；whom指代人，在从句中作宾语，不能省whose为关系形容词，在从句中作定语when指代时间，在从句中作时间状语where指代地点，在从句中作地点状语which既指代物，也可指代前面整个句子，在从句中作主语或宾语，做宾语时不能省。Water,whichisaclearliquid,hasmanyuses.Ihavemanybooks,so

54、meofwhichareEnglishbooks.Hecamehere,whichmademehappy.状语从句时间状语从句：afterbeforesincetilluntilwhenwhileasdirectly=immediately=instantly=assoonas=themoment=theinstantnosooner.thanhardly.whenIsawhimas/when/whilehewasgoingoutoftheroom.Shewasgoingupstairswhensuddenlythelightwentout.Weweresittinginourgardenwh

55、entherainbegantofall.IthasbeenalongtimesinceImetyou.Itisjustaweeksincewearrivedhere.Oncehesaidthat,Iknewhewaslying.Becarefulwhen/whileyouarecrossingthestreet.Wheneverhecametotown,hewouldvisitus.Assoonasthematterisclearedup,Illwritetothem.DirectlyIheardthenews,Irantothespot.Thegirlranacrossthegrassth

56、einstantshesawhermother.地点状语从句:wherewhereverHeliveswheretheclimateismild.Wherevertheywent,theywerewarmlywelcomed.三.原因状语从句:becausesinceasnow(that)=seeing(that)=inthat=considering(that)Hewaslatebecausehemissedthebus.Since/Asyouwonthelpme,Illasksomeoneelse.Shewasworried,for/becauseshedidntknowFrench.It

57、musthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.Nowthatyouhavefinishedyourwork,youdbetterhavearest.Considering(that)hewasnewatthejob,hediditquitewell.Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionforpractice.四.目的状语从句:inorderthatsothatforfear(that)incaselestamsavingmoneyinorderthat/sothatIcanbuyahouse.Sheshu

58、tthewindow,sothattheneighborswouldntheartheradio.Shutthewindowforfearthatitmay/might/shouldrain.Illexplainittohimlesthe(should)doubtme.Theyhidthemoneylestitbestolen.Takeyourraincoatincaseitrains/(should)rain.Hedoesntdaretoleavethehouseincaseheberecognized.五.结果状语从句:sothatso.thatsuch.thatsoHeworkedsohardthathesometimesforgetshismeal.Itwassu