2022雅思考试阅读模拟试题8含答案

1、雅思考试阅读模拟试题(含答案)1 Theres a dimmer HYPERLINK o switch t _blank switchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 yearsexactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our stars HYPERLINK o core

2、t _blank core.2 Robert Ehrlich of George HYPERLINK o Mason t _blank MasonUniversity in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperaturefluctuations in the suns interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the suns HYPERLINK o core t _blank coreis

3、 held HYPERLINK o constant t _blank constantby the HYPERLINK o opposing t _blank opposingpressures of HYPERLINK o gravity t _blank gravityand nuclear HYPERLINK o fusion t _blank fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that HYPERLINK o slight t _blank slightvariations should be possible.3 He took as his st

4、arting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly HYPERLINK o Observatory t _blank Observatoryof the Hungarian HYPERLINK o Academy t _blank Academyof Sciences. In , Grandpierre and a HYPERLINK o collaborator t _blank collaborator, Gbor goston, HYPERLINK o calculated t _blank calculatedthat

5、HYPERLINK o magnetic t _blank magneticfields in the suns HYPERLINK o core t _blank corecould HYPERLINK o produce t _blank producesmall instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would HYPERLINK o induce t _blank inducelocalised oscillations in HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperature

6、.4 Ehrlichs model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some HYPERLINK o reinforce t _blank reinforceone another and become long-lived HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperaturevariations. The favoured frequencies allow the suns HYPERLINK o core t _blank core HYPERLIN

7、K o temperature t _blank temperatureto HYPERLINK o oscillate t _blank oscillatearound its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles HYPERLINK o lasting t _blank lastingeither 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that HYPERLINK o random t _blank randominteractions within the suns HYPERLIN

8、K o magnetic t _blank magneticfield could HYPERLINK o flip t _blank flipthe fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earths ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Befor

9、e that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of HYPERLINK o subtle t _blank subtlechanges in Earths orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earths orbit gradually changes shape from a HYPERLINK o circle

10、t _blank circleto a HYPERLINK o slight t _blank slight HYPERLINK o ellipse t _blank ellipseand back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar HYPERLINK o radiation t _blank radiationthat Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However, a HYPERLINK o persiste

11、nt t _blank persistentproblem with this theory has been its HYPERLINK o inability t _blank inabilityto explain why the ice ages changed HYPERLINK o frequency t _blank frequencya million years ago.7 In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the HYPERLINK o frequency t _blank frequencyshoul

12、d change from one to another, says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the HYPERLINK o transition t _blank transitionproblem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics HYPERLINK o claim t _blank claimthat the HYPERLINK o temper

13、ature t _blank temperaturevariations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then HYPERLINK o amplified t _blank amplifiedby feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example,

14、 if sea ice begins to form because of a HYPERLINK o slight t _blank slightcooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the HYPERLINK o greenhouse t _blank greenhouseeffect and Earth grows even col

15、der.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work, he says. The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work. This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on

16、the HYPERLINK o current t _blank currenttheory. Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we HYPERLINK o observe t _blank observethem to happen. We can HYPERLINK o calculate t _blank calculatewhere we are in the cycle and compare it with HYPERLINK o observation t _blank observation, he says.

17、 I cant see any way of testing Ehrlichs idea to see where we are in the HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperature HYPERLINK o oscillation t _blank oscillation.10 Ehrlich concedes this. If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I cant think of one that is practical, he says. Thats because

18、HYPERLINK o variation t _blank variationover 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the HYPERLINK o oscillation t _blank oscillationperio

19、ds could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to HYPERLINK o calculate t _blank calculatethe HYPERLINK o precise t _blank preciseperiod or the HYPERLINK o extent t _blank extentof HYPERLINK o variation t _blank variationin brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the Univ

20、ersity of Cambridge, is far from HYPERLINK o convinced t _blank convinced. He describes Ehrlichs claims as utterly HYPERLINK o implausible t _blank implausible. Ehrlich counters that Weisss opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the HYPERLINK o magnetic t _bla

21、nk magneticinstabilities that cause the HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperaturefluctuations.(716 words)Questions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write the HYPERLINK o appropriate t _blank appropriateletters A-E in boxes 1-4

22、 on your answer sheet.A. Attila GrandpierreB. Gbor gostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. .claims there抯 a dimmer HYPERLINK o switch t _blank switchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. . HYPERLINK o calcul

23、ated t _blank calculatedthat the HYPERLINK o internal t _blank internalsolar HYPERLINK o magnetic t _blank magneticfields could HYPERLINK o produce t _blank produceinstabilities in the solar plasma.3. .holds that Milankovitch cycles can HYPERLINK o induce t _blank inducechanges in solar heating on E

24、arth and the changes are HYPERLINK o amplified t _blank amplifiedon Earth.4. .doesnt believe in Ehrlichs viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the HYPERLINK o statement t _blan

25、k statementis true according to the passageFALSE if the HYPERLINK o statement t _blank statementis false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changed HYPERLINK o frequency t _blank frequencyfrom 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6.

26、 The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not HYPERLINK o solve t _blank solveis to explain why the ice age HYPERLINK o frequency t _blank frequencyshould HYPERLINK o shift t _blank shiftfrom one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to HYPERLINK o eliminate t

27、 _blank eliminatethe HYPERLINK o greenhouse t _blank greenhouseeffect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they HYPERLINK o haven t _blank havent figured out which mechanisms HYPERLINK o amplify t _blank amplifythe changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Eh

28、rlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperature HYPERLINK o oscillation t _blank oscillationbegins and when ends.Questions 10-14Complete the notes below.Choose one HYPERLINK o suitable t _blank suitableword from the Reading Passage abo

29、ve for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that the HYPERLINK o opposing t _blank opposingpressures of HYPERLINK o gravity t _blank gravityand nuclear fusions hold the HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperature.10.in the suns interior, but t

30、he HYPERLINK o slight t _blank slightchanges in the earths .11. HYPERLINK o alter t _blank alterthe temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the HYPERLINK o internal t _blank internalsolar HYPERLINK o magneti

31、c t _blank magnetic.12. can HYPERLINK o induce t _blank inducethe HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperatureoscillations in the suns interior. The suns HYPERLINK o core t _blank coretemperature oscillates around its average temperature in .13. HYPERLINK o lasting t _blank lastingeither 100,000 or

32、41,000 years. And the .14. interactions within the suns magnetic field could HYPERLINK o flip t _blank flipthe fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed HYPERLINK o frequency t _blank frequencya million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the

33、 sentences in paragraph 1(Theres a dimmer HYPERLINK o switch t _blank switchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 yearsexactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our stars HYPERLIN

34、K o core t _blank core.) and para.2 (Robert Ehrlich of George HYPERLINK o Mason t _blank MasonUniversity in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperaturefluctuations in the suns interior.)2. A BSee para.3: ?i style= HYPERLINK o normal t _blank normalGrandpier

35、re and a HYPERLINK o collaborator t _blank collaborator, Gbor goston, HYPERLINK o calculated t _blank calculatedthat HYPERLINK o magnetic t _blank magneticfields in the suns HYPERLINK o core t _blank corecould HYPERLINK o produce t _blank producesmall instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8

36、: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then HYPERLINK o amplified t _blank amplifiedby feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from HYPERLINK o convinced t _blank convinced.

37、 He describes Ehrlichs claims as utterly HYPERLINK o implausible t _blank implausible.5. FalseSee para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: In Milankovitch, there is certainly no g

38、ood idea why the HYPERLINK o frequency t _blank frequencyshould change from one to another, . Nor is the HYPERLINK o transition t _blank transitionproblem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a HYPERLINK o slight t _blank slightcooli

39、ng, carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice. That weakens the HYPERLINK o greenhouse t _blank greenhouseeffect. (The passage doesn抰 mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. If you add their effects together, there is more than en

40、ough feedback to make Milankovitch work,?The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work. This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the HYPERLINK o current t _blank currenttheory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards, 卙e says. I cant see any w

41、ay of testing Ehrlichs idea to see where we are in the HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperature HYPERLINK o oscillation t _blank oscillation.) and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this. If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I cant think of one that is practical).10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, the HYPERLINK o temperature t _blank temperatureof the suns HYPERLINK o core t _blank coreis hel