国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案完整版

1、国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案-HUAS8Q8-HUAH168844ProblemsandAnswerstoChapter2QI：CanadaandAustraliaare(mainly)English-speakingcountrieswithpopulationsthatarenottoodifferentinsize(Canadasis60percentlarger).ButCanadiantradeistwiceaslarge,relativetoGDP,asAustralia?s.Whyshouldthisbethecase加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家，两国的人口规模也相当(加拿大多60

2、$),但是相对各自的GDP而言，加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍，为什么如此？Al:AccordingtoGravityModel,GDPisnottheonlyfactortoexplainthevolumeoftradebetweentwocountries,becausedistanceisalsoanimportantfactor.Consideringthedistance,thetransportationcostofAustraliaisrelativelyhigherthanthatofCanada,sotheattractivenessoftradeisreduced.Howe

3、ver,CanadaisclosetotheUSAwhichisalargeeconomywhileAustraliaisnotclosetoanylargeeconomy,makingCanadamoreopenwhileAustraliaismoreautarky.GDP不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素，距离也是至关重要的因素之一。考虑到距离，澳大利亚的进出口运输成本相对更高，因此减少了贸易吸引力。因为加拿大与美国相邻，而澳大利亚不与任何一个大经济体相邻，这使得加拿大更加开放，而澳大利亚更加自给自足。Q2:MexicoandBrazilhaveverydifferenttradingpat

4、terns.MexicotradesmainlywiththeUnitedStates,BraziltradesaboutequallywiththeUnitedStatesandwiththeEuropeanUnion;MexicodoesmuchmoretraderelativetoitsGDP.Explainthesedifferencesusingthegravitymodel.墨西哥和巴西各自的贸易模式不同。墨西哥主要与美国贸易，巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥的贸易量相对其GDP而言很大。用引力模型解释这种现象。A2:MexicoisclosetotheUnitedStat

5、es,butisveryfarfromtheEuropeanUnion,soMexicosvalueoftradewiththeUnitedStatesislarge.BrazilisfarfromboththeUnitedStatesandEuropeanUnion,thus,Brazil?svolumeoftradewiththeUnitedStatesandwiththeEuropeanUnionisgenerallyequivalent.Mexico，svolumeoftradeislargerthanBrazils,fortworeasons:oneisthatMexicoisadj

6、acenttotheUnitedStateswhichisalargeeconomy;theotheristhatMexicoisoneofthemembersofNAFTA.Brazilisfarfromanylargeeconomy,andthesizeoftheeconomyforthecountrieswhichhavesignedfreetradeagreementswithBrazilisrelativelysmall.墨西哥与美国毗邻，但是距离欧盟很远，因此它与美国的贸易量很大。巴西离美国和欧盟都很远，因此巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥贸易量比巴西大，其原因一方面由于墨

7、西哥离大经济体美国近，另一方面由于它是北美贸易协定的成员国之一。巴西远离任何一个大经济体，与它签订自由贸易协定的国家经济规模都比较小。Q3：Equation(2.1)saysthattradebetweenanytwocountriesisproportionaltotheproductoftheirGDPs.DoesthismeanthattheGDPofeverycountryintheworldweretoincreaseby50%,worldtradewouldincreaseby125%AnalyzethequestionusingthesimpleexampleshowninTab

8、le2-2.方程(2.1)表明两个国家之间的贸易和它们的GDP乘积成正比。这是否意味着如果每个国家的GDP增加50%,世界的贸易量就增加125%分析这个问题用表格2-2的简单例子。A3：Yes.IfbothcountriesGDPincreaseby50%,otherthingsequal,multiplyingtherighthandsideofequation(2.1)by(1+50%)*(1+50%)=225%andmultiplyingthelefthandsideofequation(2.1)by1+125%=225%,therefore,thevolumeoftradewillin

9、crease125%.UsingTable2-2,iffourcountriesGDPallincrease50%,thevolumeoftradewillincrease125%correspondingly,sothefirstlineofthetablewillbecome:-1.6*225%=3.60.4*225%=0.90.4*225%=0.9CountryAsGDPincreasesto4*(1+50%)=6(3.6+0.9+0.9=5.4).Accordingtotheassumption,theresultsarereasonablebecausetheresultsmeant

10、hatpartofcountryAsincomeisconsumedonimportsandpartofcountryAsincomeisconsumedondomesticproducts,althoughtheportionconsumeddomesticallyissmallerthanthatofimports.是的。如果两个国家的GDP均增加50%,其他条件不变，方程(2.1)的右边乘以(1+50%)*(1+50%)=225%,方程式的左边乘以1+125%=225%,所以，世界的贸易量就增加125%o结合表格2-2,如果四个国家的GDP都增加50%倍,贸易量也增加125%,则表格第一

11、行的数据应为：一1.6*225%=3.60.4*225%=0.90.4*225%=0.9A国的GDP增加到4*(1+50%)=6(3.6+0.9+0.9=5.4)。根据假设,这个结果是合理的因为这意味着A国的支出一部分从国外进口一部分收入用于消费本国的产品，虽然用于本国消费的部分少于对其他国家的进口。Q4:Overthepastfewdecades,EastAsianeconomieshaveincreasedtheirshareofworldGDP.Similarly,intra-EastAsiantradethatis,tradeamongEastAsiannationshasgrowna

12、sashareofworldtrade.Morethanthat,EastAsiancountries3doanincreasingshareoftheirtradewitheachother.Explainwhy,usingthegravitymodel.在过去的几十年中，东亚国家增加了它们在世界GDP中的份额。同样，不仅东亚国家整体的贸易在世界贸易中的份额增加了，而且东亚国家内相互间的贸易也增加了。应用引力模型解释这一现象。A4:Inthepast,EastAsiancountriesareallsmalleconomies,meaningthattheirsizeofeconomiesi

13、ssmallandtheyareunabletoimportalotofgoods.AstheseEastAsiancountriesbecomericher,thedemandincreasesandtheycanimportmorethanbefore.ConsideringthatEastAsiancountrieshavebeenrichcountries,theybecometradingpartnerswitheachother;however,theymainlyimportedgoodsfromrichcountries.Basedongravitymodel,evenifth

14、edistancebetweenSouthKoreaandTaiwanissmall,thevolumeofthetwocountriesisverysmallduetotheirsmallsizeofeconomies.Butnow,becausetheirGDPhaveincreased,thevolumeoftradebetweenthetwocountriesincreasedcorrespondingly.之前，东亚国家都是小经济体，这说明它们的市场规模很小，不能大量进口。随着它们越来越富裕，消费需求增加，它们也就能更多地进口了。这样，之前它们主要向富国出口，现在它们自己成为了富国，

15、互相也就成为了贸易对象。根据引力模型，当韩国和台湾GDP规模很小时，意味着尽管两国的距离很近，但是两国之间的贸易量很小。现在它们GDP增加了，它们之间的贸易量也随之增大了。Q5:Acenturyago,mostFrenchimportscamefromrelativelydistantlocations:NorthAmerica,LatinAmerica,andAsia.Today,mostFrenchimportscomefromotherEuropeancountries.Howdoesthisfitwiththechangingtypesofgoodsthatmakeupworldtra

16、de一个世纪以前，法国的进口产品来自相对遥远的地区：北美、拉丁美洲，和亚洲I。今天，法国绝大部分进口产品来自其他欧洲国家。这种变化是如何迎合不断变化的世界贸易产品结构的？A5:Acenturyago,eachcountrystradingproductsaredeterminedbythecountry?sclimateandgeography.TheclimateandnaturalresourcesendowmentsinFrenchareverysimilartothatofotherEuropeancountries;therefore,Frenchcanonlyimportdiffe

17、rentproducts,suchas,cotton,rubber,andetc,fromotherwesternhemisphere(NorthAmerica,LatinAmerica)andAsia.However,afterindustrialrevolution,manufacturingtradeincreaseddramatically.Withthedevelopmentoftransportationandcommunicatetechnology,FrenchstradevolumewithotherEuropeancountriesincreasescorrespondin

18、gly,asthegravitymodelpredicteddirectly.一个世纪以前，各国贸易产品是由气候和地理条件决定的。法国的气候和自然资源禀赋和欧洲其他国家很相似，这样法国只能从西半球其他国家、亚洲进口像棉花、橡胶这样的产品，从欧洲其他国家进口产品很少。工业革命之后，制造品贸易增长，并且随着交通和通讯的改进继续扩张，因此法国转向与欧洲其他经济体大量开展贸易是自然而然的，这就是引力模型的一个直接预测。Chapter3LHomehas1200unitsoflaboravailable.Itcanproducetwogoods,applesandbananas.Theunitlaborr

19、equirementinappleproductionis3,whileinbananaproductionitis2.Graphouttheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier：Whatistheopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananas?Intheabsenceoftrade,whatwouldthepriceofapplesintermsofbananasbe?Intheabsenceoftrade,sincelaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandsupplydecisionsaredeterm

20、inedbytheattemptsofindividualstomaximizetheirearningsinacompetitiveeconomy,onlywhenPa/Pb=aLa/aLbwillbothgoodsbeproduced.SoPa/Pb=1.5在没有贸易时，因为劳方是唯一的生产要素，并且供应决定取决于个体尝试最大化他们的在竞争经济的收入，只有当两件物品将被生产。因此HomeisasdescribedinproblemLThereisnowalsoanothercountry,Foreign,withalaborforceof800.Foreignsunitlaborrequi

21、rementinappleproductionis5,whileinbananaproductionitis1.b.Construe3.Nowsuppapples/da.Graol7口cvaSbnunvc/nc+Sncceu：414+；ac-Fv/%n+4ForeignsPPFQ*bananafora.Graphmerelativeaemanacurvealongwithrnerelativesupplycurve：VWhenthemarketachievesitsequilibrium,wehaveDq=2+。*=(-IRQb+Q，Pb/RDisahyperbolay=xWhatisthee

22、quilibriumrelativepriceofapples?TheequilibriumrelativepriceofapplesisdeterminedbytheintersectionoftheRDandRScurves.RD:x=-yxe0,0.5)y=1.5RS:PealPebPaIP/.Inthistwo-countryworld,Homewillspecializeintheappleproduction,exportapplesandimportbananas.Foreignwillspecializeinthebananaproduction,exportbananasan

23、dimportapples.ShowthatbothHomeandForeigngainfromtrade.InternationaltradeallowsHomeandForeigntoconsumeanywherewithinthecoloredlines,whichlieoutsidethecountriesproductionpossibilityfrontiers.Andtheindirectmethod,specializinginproducingonlyoneproductionthentradewithothercountry,isamoreefficientmethodth

24、andirectproduction.Intheabsenceoftrade,Homecouldgainthreebananasbyforegoingtwoapples,andForeigncouldgainbyoneforegoingfivebananas.Tradeallowseachcountrytotradetwobananasforoneapple.HomecouldthengainfourbananasbyforegoingtwoappleswhileForeigncouldgainoneapplebyforegoingonlytwobananas.SobothHomeandFor

25、eigngainfromtrade.国际贸易允许本国和外国任何地方在分界线之内消耗，在一国生产可能性边境之外说谎。并且间接方法，专门研究导致一生产比直接生产然后只换与其他国家，是一个高效率的方法。在没有贸易时，首页可能由前面二个苹果获取三个香蕉，并且外国可能由一前面五个香蕉获取。贸易允许每个国家为一个苹果换二个香蕉。首页只能由前面二个苹果然后获取四个香蕉，当外国时能由前面二个香蕉获取一个苹果。因此首页和从贸易的外国获取。Supposethatinsteadof1200workers,Homehad2400.Findtheequilibriumrelativeprice.Whatcanyousa

26、yabouttheefficiencyofworldproductionandthedivisionofthegainsfromtradebetweenHomeandForeigninthiscase?RD:x=yxe0J)y=1.5RS:x=ye1.5,5xe(L+sy=5.2.x=y=1.53AP(a!Peb=.5Inthiscase,Foreignwillspecializeinthebananaproduction,exportbananasandimportapples.ButHomewillproducebananasandapplesatthesametime.Andtheopp

27、ortunitycostofbananasintermsofapplesforHomeremainsthesame.SoHomeneithergainsnorlosesbutForeigngainsfromtrade.在这种情况下，外国将专门研究香蕉生产，出口香蕉和进口苹果。但是本国同时将生产香蕉和苹果。并且香蕉的机会成本根据苹果的本国的依然是同样。因此本国不获取也不丢失，而是从贸易的外国获取。SupposethatHomehas2400workers,buttheyareonlyhalfasproductioninbothindustriesaswehavebeenassuming,Cons

28、tructtheworldrelativesupplycurveanddeterminetheequilibriumrelativeprice.Howdothegainsfromtradecomparewiththoseinthecasedescribedinproblem4?Inthiscase,thelaborisdoubledwhiletheproductivityoflaborishalved,sotheeffectivelaborremainsthesame.Sotheanswerissimilartothatin3.AndbothHomeandForeigncangainfromt

29、rade.ButForeigngainslessercomparewiththatinthecase4.Pa/PbTheWorldRelativeSupplyCurvect*必/.劝=5a/a仿=小=0.5Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesameleveLYoucantimporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”Disc

30、uss.Infact,relativewagerateisdeterminedbycomparativeproductivityandtherelativedemandforgoods.KoreaslowwagereflectsthefactthatKoreaislessproductivethantheUnitedStatesinmostindustries.Actually,tradewithalessproductive,lowwagecountrycanraisethewelfareandstandardoflivingofcountrieswithhighproductivity,s

31、uchasUnitedStates.Sothispauperlaborargumentiswrong.实际上，相对工资率取决于比较生产力和对物品的相对需求。Koreas低工资反射事实韩国比多数产业的美国较不有生产力的。实际上，与一个较不有生产力，低工资国家的贸易可能培养国家福利和生活水平有高生产力的，例如美国。因此这个叫花子劳方论据是错误的。JapaneselaborproductivityisroughlythesameasthatoftheUnitedStatesinthemanufacturingsector(higherinsomeindustries,lowerinothers),w

32、hiletheUnitedStates,isstillconsiderablymoreproductiveintheservicesector.Butmostservicesarenon-traded.SomeanalystshavearguedthatthisposesaproblemfortheUnitedStates,becauseourcomparativeadvantageliesinthingswecannotsellonworldmarkets.Whatiswrongwiththisargument?Thecompetitiveadvantageofanyindustrydepe

33、ndsonboththerelativeproductivitiesoftheindustriesandtherelativewagesacrossindustries.Sotherearefouraspectsshouldbetakenintoaccountbeforewereachconclusion:boththeindustriesandservicesectorsofJapanandU.S.,notjustthetwoservicesectors.Sothisstatementdoesnotbadeonthereasonablelogic.所有产业的竞争优势取决于产业的相对生产力和横

34、跨产业的亲戚薪水。因此，在我们得出结论之前，有四个方面应该考虑到：产业和日本和美国，不仅二个服务部门的服务部门。不因此这个声明在合理的逻辑出了价。AnyonewhohasvisitedJapanknowsitisanincrediblyexpensiveplace;althoughJapaneseworkersearnabouttheseuneastheirU.S.counterpeurts,thepurchasingpoweroftheirincomesisaboutone-thirdless.Extendyourdiscussingfromquestion7toexplainthisobs

35、ervation.(Hint:Thinkaboutwagesandtheimpliedpricesofnon-tradegoods.)TherelativehigherpurchasingpowerofU.S.issustainedandmaintainedbyitsconsiderablyhigherproductivityinservices.Becausemostofthoseservicesarenon-traded,Japanesecouldnotbenefitfromthoselowerservicecosts.AndU.S.doesnothavetofacealowerinter

36、nationalpriceofservices.SothepurchasingpowerofJapaneseisjustone-thirdoftheirU.S.counterparts.美国的相对更高的购买力由它的在服务的相当地更高的生产力承受并且维护。由于大多那些服务non-traded,日语不可能受益于那些更低的服务费用。并且美国不必须面对服务的一个更低的国际价格。因此日语的购买力是他们的美国相对物的三分之OHowdoesthefactthatmanygoodsarenon-tradedaffecttheextentofpossiblegainsfromtrade?Actuallytheg

37、ainsfromtradedependedontheproportionofnon-tradedgoods.Thegainswillincreaseastheproportionofnon-tradedgoodsdecrease.Wehavefocusedonthecaseoftradeinvolvingonlytwocountries.Supposethattherearemanycountriescapableofproducingtwogoods,andthateachcountryhasonlyonefactorofproduction,labor.Whatcouldwesayabou

38、tthepatternofproductionandinthiscase(Hint:Tryconstructingtheworldrelativesupplycurve.)Anycountriestotheleftoftheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesexportthegoodinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagerelativetoanycountrytotherightoftheintersection.Iftheintersectionoccursinahorizontalp

39、ortionthenthecountrywiththatpriceratioproducesbothgoods.Chapter4In1986,thepriceofoilonworldmarketsdroppedsharply.SincetheUnitedStatesisanoil-importingcountry,thiswaswidelyregardedasgoodfortheU.S.economy.YetinTexasandLouisiana1986wasayearofeconomicdecline.Why?ItcandeducethatTexasandLouisianaareoil-pr

40、oducingstatesofUnitedStates.Sowhenthepriceofoilonworldmarketsdeclined,therealwageofthisindustryfellintermsofothergoods.Thismightbethereasonofeconomicdeclineinthesetwostatesin1986.2oAneconomycanproducegood1usinglaborandcapitalandgood2usinglaborandland.Thetotalsupplyoflaboris100units.Giventhesupplyofc

41、apital,theoutputsofthetwogoodsdependsonlaborinputasfollows：Toanalyzetheeconomy,sproductionpossibilityfrontier,considerhowtheoutputmixchangesaslaborisshiftedbetweenthetwosectors.Graphtheproductionfunctionsforgood1andgood2.Graphtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.Whyisitcurved?ThePPFiscurvedduetodeclinin

42、gmarginalproductoflaborineachgood.Thetotallaborsupplyisfixed.SoasLxrises,MPLtfalls;correspondingly,asL：falls,MPL：rises.SoPPgetssteeperaswemovedownittotheright.Themarginalproductoflaborcurvescorrespondingtotheproductionfunctionsinproblem2areasfollows:Supposethatthepriceofgood2relativetothatofgood1is2

43、.Determinegraphicallythewagerateandtheallocationoflaborbetweenthetwosectors.Withtheassumptionthatlaborisfreelymobilebetweensectors,itwillmovefromthelow-wagesectortothehigh-wagesectoruntilwagesareequalized.Soinequilibrium,thewagerateisequaltothevalueoflabor*smarginalproduct.假设劳方自由地是在区段之间的机动性，它从低工资的区段

44、将移动向high-wage区段，直到薪水被调平。因此在平衡，工资率与labors边际产品的价值是相等的。Theabscissaofpointofintersectionillustratedaboveshouldbebetween(20,30).Sinceweonlyhavetofindouttheapproximateanswer,linearfunctioncouldbeemployed.ThelaborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproximatelyLi=27andLc=73.Thewagerateisapproximately0.98.被说明的交点横

45、坐标以上应该之间(20,30)。因为我们必须只发现近似答复，线性函数可能被使用。在区段之间的The辛苦分派是大约L127和L2=73。工资率是大约0.98oUsingthegraphdrawnforproblem2,determinetheoutputofeachsector.Thenconfirmgraphicallythattheslopoftheproductionpossibilityfrontieratthatpointequalstherelativeprice.TherelativepriceisP/P尸2andwehavegottheapproximatelaboralloca

46、tion,sowecanemploythelinearfunctionagaintocalculatetheapproximateoutputofeachsector:Qi=44andQ二二90.相对价格是P2/P2,并且我们有近似辛苦分派，因此我们可以再使用线性函数计算每个区段近似产品：Ql=44和Q2=90oSupposethattherelativepriceofgood2fallsto1.Repeat(a)and(b).Therelativedeclineinthepriceofgood2causedlabortobereallocated:laborisdrawnoutofprodu

47、ctionofgood2andentersproductionofgood1(Li=62,L：=38).Thisalsoleadstoanoutputadjustment,thatis,productionofgood2fallsto68unitsandproductionofgood1risesto76units.Andthewagerateisapproximatelyequalto0.74.在导致的价格的相对衰落的好2将被再分配的劳方：劳方被画出于生产好2并且输入好1的生产(L1=62,L2=38)。这也导致输出调整，即，好2个秋天到68个单位的生产和生产好1上升到76个单位。并且工资率

48、是大约相等到0.74oQ=9(3)Calculatetheeffectsofthepricechangeontheincomeofthespecificfactorsinsectors1and2.WiththerelativepricechangefromP:/Pt=2toP/P1二1,thepriceofgood2hasfallenby50percent,whilethepriceofgood1hasstayedthesame.Wageshavefallentoo,butbylessthanthefallinP：(wagesfellapproximately25percent).Thus,t

49、herealwagerelativetoP:actuallyriseswhilerealwagerelativetoPifalls.Hence,todeterminethewelfareconsequenceforworkers,theinformationabouttheirconsumptionsharesofgood1andgood2isneeded.相对价格变动，而价格的好1停留了同样，从P2/P1=2到P2/PF1,价格的好2由50%下落了。薪水由较少比在P2的秋天下落了，但是（薪水落大约25%）。因此，当实际工资相对P1落时，实际工资相对P2实际上上升。因此，确定工作者的福利救济后

50、果，关于他们的消耗量份额的信息好1和好2是需要的。Inthetextweexaminedtheimpactsofincreasesinthesupplyofcapitalandland.Butwhatifthemobilefactor,labor,increasesinsupply?a.Analyzethequalitativeeffectsofanincreaseinthesupplyoflaborinthespecificfactorsmodel,holdingthepriceofbothgoodsconstant.Foraneconomyproducingtwogoods,XanY,wi

51、thlabordemandsreflectedbytheirmarginalrevenueproductcurves,thereisaninitialwageofwxandaninitiallaborallocationofLx=0 xAandL7=0：,A.Whenthesupplyoflaborincreases,therightboundaryofthediagramillustratedbelowpushedoutto0/.ThedemandforlaborinsectorYispulledrightwardwiththeboundary.Thenewintersectionofthe

52、labordemandcurvesshowsthatlaborexpandsinbothsectors,andthereforeoutputofbothXandYalsoexpand.Therelativeexpansionofoutputisambiguous.Wagespaidtoworkersfall.baGraphtheeffectontheequilibriumforthenumericalexampleinproblems2and3,givenarelativepriceof1,whenthelaborforceexpandsfrom100to140.Withthelawofdim

53、inishingreturns,thenewproductionpossibilityfrontierismoreconcaveandsteeper(flatter)attheendswhentotallaborsupplyincreases.Liincreaseto90from62andLincreasesto50from38.Wagesdeclinefrom0.74to0.60.ThisnewallocationoflaborleadstoanewoutputmixofapproximatelyQt=85andQ:=77.Chapter4IntheUnitedStateswhereland

54、ischeap,theratiooflandtolaborusedincattlerisingishigherthanthatoflandusedinwheatgrowing.Butinmorecrowdedcountries,wherelandisexpensiveandlaborischeap,itiscommontoraisecowsbyusinglesslandandmorelaborthanAmericemsusetogrowwheat.CanwestillsaythatraisingcattleislandintensivecomparedwithfarmingwheatWhyor

55、whynotThedefinitionofcattlegrowingaslandintensivedependsontheratiooflandtolaborusedinproduction,notontheratiooflandorlabortooutput.TheratiooflandtolaborincattleexceedstheratioinwheatintheUnitedStates,implyingcattleislandintensiveintheUnitedStates.Cattleislandintensiveinothercountriestooiftheratioofl

56、andtoNowsupposethatthelaborsupplyincreasefirstto800,then1000,then1200hours.UsingadiagramlikeFigure4-6,traceoutthechangingallocationofresources.Whatwouldhappenifthelaborsupplyweretoincreaseevenfurther?Atconstantfactorprices,somelaborwouldbeunused,sofactorpriceswouldhavetochange,ortherewouldbeunemploy

57、ment.“Theworldspoorestcountriescannotfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundantcertainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant.Discuss.Thegainsfromtradedependoncomparativeratherthanabsoluteadvantage.Astopoorcountries,whatmattersisnottheabsoluteabundanceoffactors,butth

58、eirrelativeabundance.Poorcountrieshaveanabundanceoflaborrelativetocapitalwhencomparedtomoredevelopedcountries.TheU.S.labormovement-whichmostlyrepresentsblue-collarworkersratherthanprofessionalsandhighlyeducatedworkers-hastraditionallyfavoredlimitsonimportsformless-affluentcountries.Isthisashortsight

59、edpolicyofarationaloneinviewoftheinterestsofunionmembersHowdoestheanswerdependonthemodeloftradeIntheRicardo?smodel,laborgainsfromtradethroughanincreaseinitspurchasingpower.Thisresultdoesnotsupportlaboruniondemandsforlimitsonimportsfromlessaffluentcountries.IntheImmobileFactorsmodellabormaygainorlose

60、fromtrade.Purchasingpowerintermsofonegoodwillrise,butintermsoftheothergooditwilldecline.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodeldirectlydiscussesdistributionbyconsideringtheeffectsoftradeontheownersoffactorsofproduction.Inthecontextofthismodel,unskilledU.S.laborlosesfromtradesincethisgrouprepresentstherelativelyscar