美国文学史及选读复习笔记2册

1、History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume I H ) 美国文学史及选读1、2Parti The Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期的文学17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前 100 多年 Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America 已被 the Spanish 占领。17th 早期 English settlements in Virginia and Mas

2、sachusetts加吉尼亚和马 萨诸塞)开始了美国历史美 国 最 早 殖 民 者 (earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese兰人，瑞典 人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等 )。美国早期文学主要为 the narratives and journals of these settlements用 in diaries and in journals(日t己和日志), 他们写关于 the land with dense forests

3、and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.第批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in NorthAmerica was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 160俄美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。船长约翰史密斯 Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,havebeen described as the first distinctly A

4、merican literature written in English.他讲述了 filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,弓 I 了朝圣者和?青教 徒前往 lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信自殖民地第一 次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍“A True Relation of SuchOccurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in

5、 Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” .他的第二本书1612年弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” .他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。具破产后做 为向导 sought a post as guide to the Pilgrim她 1624年弗吉尼亚通史“General History of Virginia ”，讲述了传奇故事 how the Indian princess Pocahontas（波卡洪 特

6、斯）saved him.他保存了殖民者在 Jamestown早期开荒史及 explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region（切萨皮克地区 ）,最重要的是he saw from thebeginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers instead of “gentlemenfor the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the fron

7、tiers westward.早期新英格兰文学主要关于 theological, moral, historical and political.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义 the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church 想建立神权社会 found a theocracy他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly wi

8、th challenges they set themselves. 们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。一、W川iam Bradford and John Winthrop威廉布拉德福德和约翰温思罗 布. 日普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.W川iam Bradford:普利茅斯开发历史“The History of Plymouth Plantation 文章从 1630 年开始写起 an account of

9、the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负 责，直接叙述，可读性强 simplicity and earnestnessof the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个 总结，后来科登马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父 a common blessing and father to them allJohn W

10、inthrop:新英格兰历史“The History of New England ” .1630 年 登上“阿贝亚” （Arbella） to Massachusetts并开始写日记 keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826 年正式出版 is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式 使文章成为了 好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form.Yet,

11、through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.清教徒(Puritan):就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人 Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”.总认为自己是上帝选民 looked upon themselves as a chosen people对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone

12、whochallenged their way of life was opposing God s W川 and was not to be accepted寸 自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of theirown beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others.制定法律限制个人生活行为 made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为 “黑眉毛 的古板的清教徒” “stern and

13、black-browed Puritans .二、John Cotton and Roger W川iams约翰科登和罗杰威廉姆斯 John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父the Patriarchof New England. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗 教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the teacher(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state r

14、uled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成hisprimary influence was through the pulpit.听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权 威， 忽视民主 they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.Roger Williams:1631 年 came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛 Rhode Islando对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上 的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何

15、政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous inconduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language他写过开启美国语言的钥匙或也叫做美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南“A

16、 Key into the Language ofAmerica or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylo安妮布莱德斯特和爱德华泰勒这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一 one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘 “Arbella” 至U Mass

17、achusetts.ft的文学创作 在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商， the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion（用比喻的方法）即在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America.诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实， 但对日 常琐事叙述相当高超 poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of h

18、er daily life.Edward Taylor希教徒诗人中最杰出的一位 the best of the Puritan poets 他 的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式 his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century 大部分作品 关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的 most of Taylor s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。Part n The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学托马斯佩因常识Thomas Paine s “Common Sens