托福强化写作10分钟切片

1、托福强化课程写作部分标准化教案版本：2.0日期：2010/12目录托福强化课程写作部分1标准化教案1版本：2.01第一节课：独立写作评分标准3第二课 Essay 结构10第三课 观点选择15第四课：论证角度17第五课 段落展开19第六课 题目串讲25第七课 综合写作25第八课 语言28第一节课：托福写作介绍和独立写作评分标准TIME时间KEY POS知识点DETAILED CONTENTS细化内容0-5min综述Independent Writing界面截图、字数、时长独立写作是argumenive essay，和 GREytical Writing 和 SAT 作文相同。文献征引：Essay

2、: essay really will simply mean a short prosece. Oxford Essential Guide to WritingEssay 的分类：Descriptive essay; Narrative essay; Argumenive essay. College Writing5-15min评分标准 Rubrics (1)Effectively addressesthe topic and task授课要求：用评分标准串联整个课程。定义 rubrics 中每个名词；每个定义必须给出例子；说明如何达到 rubrics 的要求Effectively ad

3、dresses the topic and task有效的回答了题目和任务Topic题目he modern society, the ability to speak well is more importantn the ability to write well.Task任务Do you agree or disagree with the following sement? Which do you prefer? （机经中很少出现）Why do you think?（机经中不再出现）例 1：Do you agree or disagree with the following seme

4、nt? In the modern society, the ability to speak well is more importantn the ability to write well.Address the topic: For most people, speaking ability is more importantn writing ability. Fail to address the topic：Speaking ability plays a vital role inrsoncs.常见误区：Address the task 不一定以 I agree or I di

5、sagree 的形式出现。15-25min评分标准 Rubrics (2)well-anizedwell-anized良好的组织 两重意义：整体 well-anized。要求：整篇文章分为roduction、body 和；Thesis sement 位于roduction 最后；Body 分 body paragraphs；transitional words 或者 repetition 衔接 body paragraphs；重申 thesis sement。段内 well-anized。要求：topic sentence 尽量置于段首，段内的每个 sentence 支持 topic sent

6、ence。25-30min评分标准 Rubrics (3)well-developedwell-developed两重意义：Thesis sement 得到 well-developed，意味着 body paragraph （sub po）的数量不能过少。每个 topic sentence 得到充分展开。每个 sub po（body paragraph）的字数不能过少。经验表明，主要段落的字数不低于 80 字。例：给出一个没有充分展开的段落，同时给出经过修改，充分展开的段落。段落中的例证得到充分展开。30-35min评分标准 Rubrics (4)UnityUnityroduction、Bo

7、dy、必须完整；每个 body paragraph 支持 thesis sement；每个 body paragraph 中每个 sentence 支持 topic sentence。35-40min评分标准 Rubrics (5)ProgresProgresBody paragraphs 使用 transitional words 和重复上文（repetition）。Body paragraphs 中从抽象（topic sentence）到具体（exemplification）。40-45min评分标准 Rubrics (6)CoherenceCoherence正确的使用代词。人称代词（th

8、ey/she/he） 指示代词（this/those/t）关系代词（which/ t/who/whom/where/when）经典文本：“Written delibera y to increase the circulation of enss kly magazines HOUSEHOLD WORD, HARD TIMES was a huge and instantaneou c s upon publication in 1854. Yet this novel is not the cheerful ce ration of Victorian life one might expe

9、ct from the beloved author of PICKWICK P RS and THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. Compressed, stark, allegorical, it is a bitter ex e of capitalist exploi ion of during the Industrial Revolutionand a fierce denun tion of the philosophy of materialism, which threatens the human imagination in all times and pla

10、 . With a typically unf ettable cast of characters-including the heartless fact-worshipper Professor Gradgrind, the warmly endearing Sissy Jupe and the eternally noble Stephen BlackpoolHARD TIMES carries a uniquely erful message and remains one of the most widely read of enss major works. ”45-55min评

11、分标准 Rubrics (7)syntactic varietysyntactic variety变化句子开头（状语提前、倒装、形式主语 it 的使用、）长短结合55-65min评分标准 Rubrics (8)appropriate word choiceappropriate word choice合适的用词符合语境和用法。使用搭配词典(co-build dictionary)和语料库。字典：Collins Co-Build Dictionary Cambridge Learners DictionaryOxford Collocation Dictionary for Students o

12、f English语料库British National CorpusThe Corpus of Contemporary American English评分标准 Rubrics (9)IdiomaticityIdiomaticity地道使用 idiom。Idiom 指无法从字面含义看出实际含义的表达（A speech form or an expres of a given language t is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its el

13、ements），如：keep up with。Appropriate 和 idiomaticity 的区别： Appropriate: I stayed lateo the night. Idiomaticity: I stayed up.Appropriate: Watchingeviexsively harms childrens health. Idiomaticity: Watching evi ex sively takes a toll on childrens health.65-75min分类（1）按背景分分类应使用机经。不 要 使 用 TWE 185 题库。按背景分类是为了准

14、备词汇和例证。按背景分parents and childrenschool educationcus life (dorm) teachersextracurricular activitiesthe value of subjects (art and music, history, scien, secondary language, economic classes sports and physical exercise按背景分，类别之间重合较多，很难做到彼此互斥 （ mutually exclusive）和穷尽所有（collectively exhaustive）job choice

15、 Technology(computer games)Mass Mediaevi, movies, advertisementsernmentinvestment,factors in sucscreativeness, planning, the ability to read, the ability to write, reality and ambitionhappiness animal and pets75-90min分类（2）按是否包含比较关系分按是否包含比较关系分单一事物类2007-12-01 People should not pay for public transpori

16、on.比较选择类2009-02-27 It is better to have a job with more vacations but lower salariesn a job with less vocations but higher salaries.90-100min休息100-115min分类（3）按是否包含因果关系分按是否包含因果关系分结论型结论型出自传统的 185 题库。2009-04-03 NA Do you agree or disagree? The best way to improve the quality of the education in a count

17、ry is to increase teachers salaries.因果型因果型题目是从 GRE IE 题目演化而来。2006-09-15 Recently, we have so many sourof news and information, sot we cannotl which one is reliableand who isling the truth分类（4）按是否包含绝对词分按是否包含绝对词分包含绝对词的题目2008-05-12 Do you agree or disagree with the following sement?University education

18、 is the most important factor in peoplecs.不包含绝对词的题目115-120min分类（4）过时的分类定义类注意：定义类已经不考了79. Your city has decided to build a s ue or monument to honor a famousin your country. Who would you choose? Use reasons and specific exles to support your choice.第二课 Essay 结构TIME时间KEY POS知识点DETAILED CONTENTS细化内容0-

19、10min总论Essay 分为三大部分： roduction、Body 和。roduction 和不重要，body 是得分关键。roduction方法较多，但实用的很少。一定要分清应试作文和平时作文的差别：很多开头方法只适用有充分时间准备的平时作文，如：故事法、引言法。因此，开头尽量简洁。排比法：提供引言法：There is an old saying which goest “every failure one meets will add to oxperience”. The saying aptly illustrates t we can turn failureo the moti

20、vation for sucs. From my, being optimistic is more importantnsuc s itself. (Written By Tang Xiaohan)故事法：Jessica , a 22 year old college graduate wi B.S. in app d mathematics, found herself torn bet n two different job choi : a ition at a Wall-street investment b as a stock ysis which offers an entry

21、 level salary of 10, 000 dollars a year b an be ishly competitive and a ition as a high school math teacher which pays significantly less bu s been her dream since ever? (Written by Shi Yu)应尽可能简单处理，留出时间 proofread，或对 body 部分进行进一步展开。10-20minroduction（1） 综述roduction 最重要的是 thesis sement。直接表明 thesis seme

22、nt 显得十分突兀。因此，thesis sement 前面往往加上一个引出。引出一般有三种方法：反方观点、双方争议和设问。引出之前往往加上一个背景 background。文献：From the writers poof view, beginning means announcing and limiting the subject, indicating a plan,catching the readers attention, and establishing an appropriate tone and poof view. (Oxford Essential Guide to Wr

23、iting)roduction （2）Thesis sementThesis sement回答 topic，表明自己的倾向或观点暗示下文Thesis sement 实际是前置的文献：Makes an argumenive assertion abouopic; it ses thest you have reached about your topic.Makes a promise to the reader about the scope, pure, and direction of your pr.Is generally located nearof theroduction ()4

24、0-45minBody (1)Body ParagraphsBody 由 body paragraphs 组成。Body paragraphs 的数量：一般情况下 3 个。2 个 body paragraphs 可能无法对 thesis sement 充分展开。4 个 body paragraphs 由于时间所限，可能无法充分展开。Body paragraphs 的字数：每个 paragraphs 以 80 字为下限，保证充分展开；150 字为上限，保证不写废话。当然，这是一般原则，实际操作中往往存在例外。Body paragraphs 不重合（mutually exclusive）Body

25、paragraphs 的衔接：使用 Transitional words、使用 repetitionBody paragraphs 的结构：topic sentence + develop45-50minBody (2) Transitional words常用 transitional words表顺序;ly, secondly, finally (last but no least)表并列：besides, in addition,表对比：in contrast, in comparison表递进：more importantly, above all也可以通过重复上文，实现 body p

26、aragraphs 的衔接。经典文本：Love and knowledge（重复上两个 body paragraphs）, so far as they weresible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to the earth. Echoes of pain reverberatey heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons

27、, and the whole world of longliness, poverty, and paake amockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. (Bertrand Rul)50-65minBody （3）Topic sentence 支持 thesis sement；65-75mopic SentenceTopic sentence 易于展开，不宜过宽、过窄、过于抽象；Topic sentence 是 body paragrap

28、hs 的主要结论Topic sentence 要前置Topic sentence 简洁经典文本：The Big Bull Market was dead（主要结论、前置、简洁）. Billions of dollars worth of profits-and p r profits-had disappeared. The grocer, the window-cleaner, and the seamstress had lost their capital. In every town there were fami s which had suddenly dropped from s

29、howy affluence o debt. Investors who had dreamed of retiring to live on their fortunes now found themselves back once more at the very beginning of the long road to riches. Day by day the newsp rs pr ed the grim reports of suicides.75-95min95-100minBody (4) Topic sentence段落中每个 sentence 支持 topic sent

30、ence例：在这个例子中，作者没有做到每个 sentence 支持 topic sentence。(12) So living independently at an early age is not suitable for all young adults, (13) some young adults may need to take more time to prepare themselves before going out to struggle. (14) Young adults need to be ready to support themselves.(15) Taki

31、ng time to get more education and living with famis for a longer time may lead them to a better independent life because they will be well prepared for the hard life outside. (16) Still, living with their famis for “too” long will not be agood idea because they could get used to it and tend to be le

32、ss independent.设计练习给学生若干 thesis sement，每个 thesis sement 要求学生给出 3 个 topic sentence。给学生若干个 body paragraphs，让学生总结出合适的topic sentence。100-110min（1）重申thesis sement文献：Begin yourwith a paraphrase of your thesis. Ashould not be lengthy.Writinger by Kaplan Education Center110-120min(2)Summary of在考场上，这些方法不实用。考

33、生没有时间。viewpo/General finalment120-150min总结设计练习：用一篇Sle Essay 说明整体架构。第三课 观点选择TIME时间KEY POS知识点DETAILED CONTENTS细化内容0-10min综述（1）对于 argumenive essay 而言，thesis sement 共有 4 种。不考虑任何不利内容，不考虑任何例外又称“一边倒”让步的考虑不利内容，对不利内容进行反驳又称“欲擒故纵”“以退为进”“2 减 1”优势：驳倒不利内容，增加了观点的说服力。劣势：不利内容有时不太容易驳倒有保留的考虑例外又称“折中”分情况(depend on)的不同情况

34、，给出不同观点又称“中立”。10-40min绝对观点例题和范文分参见讲义范文析40-70min让步观点例题和范文分析参见讲义范文70-80min休息80-110min有保留的例题和范文分析参见讲义范文110-140min分情况的Depend on例题和范文分析参见讲义范文140-150min设计练习给学生几个不同题目，练习选择不同观点第四课：论证角度TIME时间KEY POS知识点DETAILED CONTENTS细化内容0-5min综述论证角度有 2 个：利弊分析、列举例证包含应该（should）、必要（nesary）、重要（important）的题目大多是利弊分析涉及抽象的价值观和证明现象

35、是否存在的题目多是列举例证10-60min利弊分析常用角度Cost Convenience Safety Health Stressacademic performan Knowledge and information Characteral relationshipEco-friendly60-80范文分析参见讲义范文80-90min练习设计给学生若干题目，进行利弊分析2009-05-30 Younger school children (ages five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to m

36、ath,science, history and language.2007-12-01 People should not pay for public transporion.90-100min休息100-110min举例证明（1） 涉及抽象的价值观涉及抽象的价值观和证明现象是否存在的题目多是举例证明。为了让例证更有普适性，采用分类（拆分）举例的方法。基本价值观：Do you agree or disagreet with the following sement? Nowadays, it is not nesary for people to be polite because the

37、y are busy.利弊分析：Being polite creates a good impres on others; being polite improves al relationships; being polite helpsal lives and careers. 分类举例：Take c us life for exle. Take politics for exleTake the business world for exle.第五课 段落展开TIME时间KEY POS知识点DETAILED CONTENTS细化内容0-5min总论well-developed, usin

38、g clear explanations, exemplification and details.explanations 即解释，对 topic sentence 进行解释。Exemplification 即例证。无论是 explanations 还是exemplification都要有具体的 details 细节。110-120min举例证明（2）证明现象存在证明现象存在：Do you agree or disagree with the following sement? Parents today do not understand their children as well th

39、ey did fifty years ago.分类举例：Consider music. Todays children areo genres of music which their parents find disagreeable and even repellent.Consider language. Todays children has developed and used a vernacular which their parents can hardly make any sense of.Consider clothing.120-130min练习设计给学生若干题目，进行

40、分类举例2007-01-27odern society, the ability to speak well is more importantn the ability to write well. 2008-06-21 Good looks and dresses of people are more important for sucsn good ideas.130-150min范文分析参见讲范文display unity, progresand coherence.unity 整体性，即段落中的每个 sentence 都要支持 topic sentence；progres，从抽象（t

41、opic sentence）到具体（exemplification）；coherence 连贯，符合正常的因果关系，没有因果链条的缺失。5-10min方法综述cause and effect（因果） contrast（对比） exemplification （例证）10-25min因果展开（1）常用的衔接词it is becausethe reason istthe reasons are twofold.As a result, therefore Whappens isthe long term, eventuallyIt is evensiblet25-50因果展开（2）例子分析ly,

42、early independence causes many young adults to fail. This should not be surprising since often they are actually not mentally ready although they are physically ready. It is widely understood t to live independently requires a lot of energy and is not easy at all. In this twentycentury, people may n

43、eed more and morepreparation because competition is increasing ra ly.50-60min对比展开（1）综述不同事物比较（A 和 B 比）；同一事物比较（有 A 和无 A 比/或称“拟无”）衔接词：in contrast, otherwise, if not60-80min对比展开（2）例子分析ly, traveling wigroup of people is more economical. It is because a group of travelers can get considerable discounts at

44、 airlines, hos, restaurants and even touristractions and thus save lots of money. And the saved moneycan be used to buy more souvenirs for my family and friends. In contrast, if you travel alone you will have to pay full pri. (Written by Shi Yu)Admittedly, a sufficient medical care system is a high

45、priority of anyernment. Medical care system, which is almost a hallmark of a civilized world, ensures people to pay their medical bills and get sufficient medical attention and treatment. Otherwise, disadvantaged people will find it very hard to afford medical bills. As a result, theernment will los

46、e itpport of the people. Andhe long term, the societal stability will be at risk. However, it does not followt environmental protection has to take a second seat. A clean, agreeable environment is a prerequisite for the sucs of individuals and the country as a whole. Ifernment fails to give it enoug

47、h attention, dire consequenwill follow. Global warming will continue to worsen, threatening to flood the Earth surface. The precious ozone layer will continue to be depleted, leaving gaholes above the polar areas and thus leading to skincancer. (Written by Shi Yu)80-90min休息90-95min例证（1）综述按例证数量来分，分为一

48、例和多例。按例证内容来分，分为一般性例证（general exle）、个人经历(al experien)、假设情况(scenarios)、名人事例(famous people)、和研究（survey & study）、引言95-100min例证（2）一般性例证Children tend to consume junk food while watchingevi. For instance, when they watchevi, fried chips and coca-cola are their favorites.100-105min例证（3） 个人生活经历, working expe

49、rien help students gain various essential skills, e.g. communication skills, anizing skills and leadership. One of myal experien is an ex le. he senior year in high school, I took a part time job as a waiter at a McDonalds. In one instance, a customer came to me and asked for Chi spring scroll which

50、 we do not sell. I told him very polite t we did not sell the food and maybe he could try some other Chi restaurants. Butthe man was rude and persistent. Finally I showed him inwhere he could buy the food and the man leftsatisfied. By this instance, I learnedt the key of sucsful communication is to

51、always respond to others in a itive and polite way. (Written by Shi Yu)105-110min例证（4）假设情况In many life situations, complaining inis the superior choice. Lets consider the following hypothetical situation. Abuys a defective product and s/he wants to return it. Sup e s/he writes a letter to the dealer

52、/manufacturer to do so. Itll take days or even ks before the letter reaches the responsible party. And even after receiving the letter, the responsible party might dismiss it out of the hand or bury it under bureaucratic procedures. In contrast, if s/he goes directly to the dealer or producer, his/h

53、 roblem will get the proper attention immedia y. (Written by Shi Yu)110-120min例证（5）名人例证Third, students can meet people of diverse backgrounds. It is because university students come from all parts of the country or even the world while high schools student populations are more localized and homogene

54、ous. For instance, the student body of an American university consists of students from North America, Japan, China or France. A diverse student body means more opportunities to understand drastically different cultures. An American student can learn from their Asian friends distin ian cultures, for

55、 instance, how they ce rate their traditional holidays or what their food is like. Perhaps more important, erful alumni can give a big help to a students career. The two cofounders of, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, lived he same dormitory in Stanford. And Bill Gates made the acqua ance of Steve Ballme

56、r, who became the CEO oflater, in Harvard. (Written By ShiYu)例证（7）引言Spelists are nesary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of newinformation and knowledget have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass globalmedia. As the he

57、ad of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase):I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focused individuals at each step t a full and true understanding of the

58、complexities of life can be had. Eachcan only hold enoug owledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon. This illustrates the pot our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be spe lists in order for our society to take

59、 advantage of the information available to us. (GRE yticalWriting)120-120min例证（6）和研究“According to the survey by Americas Research Group and UBS, 16.3 percent of consumers polled said they used credit cards, down from 30.9 percent last year, and the lowest percentage ever seen by the groups chairman,

60、 Britt Beemer, who has tracked holiday shopfor moren two decades.”“Single-gender classes in public schools have had aitive effect on students performance, attitude and ambitions, according to a survey released Tuesday by the South Carolina Department of Education. Two-thirds of about 7,000 students