Chapter14税收与收入分配剖析课件

1、CHAPTER 14TAXATION AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION第1页，共23页。VocabularyStatutory Incidence Economic IncidenceTax ShiftingPartial Equilibrium Models 0第2页，共23页。Tax Incidence: General RemarksOnly people can bear taxesFunctional distribution of incomeSize distribution of incomeBoth sources and uses of income shou

2、ld be consideredIncidence depends on how prices are determinedIncidence depends on the disposition of tax revenuesBalanced-budget tax incidenceDifferential tax incidenceLump-sum taxAbsolute tax incidence第3页，共23页。Tax Progressiveness Can Be Measured in Several WaysAverage tax rate versus marginal tax

3、rateProportional tax systemProgressive tax systemRegressive tax systemTax Liabilities under a hypothetical tax systemIncomeTax LiabilityAverage Tax RateMarginal Tax Rate$2,000-$200-0.100.2 3,000000.25,0004000.080.210,0001,4000.140.230,0005,4000.180.2第4页，共23页。Measuring How Progressive a Tax System is

4、第5页，共23页。Measuring How Progressive a Tax System is A Numerical Example第6页，共23页。Before TaxAfter TaxConsumers PaySuppliers Receive$1.40$1.00$1.20$1.200D0S0D1S1Partial Equilibrium ModelsQuantity$第7页，共23页。0DXSSXDXPerfectlyInelasticSupplyQuantity$第8页，共23页。0DXSSXDXPerfectlyElasticSupplyQuantity$第9页，共23页。A

5、d Valorem TaxesPounds of food per yearPrice per Pound of foodDfSfQ0QmQrP0PmPrDf第10页，共23页。Taxes on FactorsThe Payroll TaxCapital Taxation in a Global Economy第11页，共23页。Commodity Taxation without CompetitionMonopolyOligopoly第12页，共23页。Profits TaxesEconomic profitPerfect competitionMonopolyMeasuring econ

6、omic profit第13页，共23页。Tax Incidence and CapitalizationPR = $R0 + $R1/(1 + r) + $R2/(1 + r)2 + + $RT/(1 + r)TPR = $(R0 u0) + $(R1 u1)/(1 + r) + $(R2 u2)/(1 + r)2 + + $(RT uT)/(1 + r)u0 + u1/(1 + r) + u2/(1 + r)2 + + uT/(1 + r)TCapitalization第14页，共23页。General Equilibrium ModelsPartial equilibrium Gener

7、al equilibrium第15页，共23页。Tax Equivalence RelationstKF = a tax on capital used in the production of foodtKM = a tax on capital used in the production of manufacturestLF = a tax on labor used in the production of foodtLM = a tax on labor used in the production of manufacturestF = a tax on the consumpti

8、on of foodtM = a tax on consumption of manufacturestK = a tax on capital in both sectorstL = a tax on labor in both sectorst = a general income tax第16页，共23页。Tax Equivalence RelationsPartial factor taxestKFandtLFare equivalent totFandandandtKMandtLMare equivalent totMareareareequivalentequivalentequi

9、valenttotototKandtLare equivalent totSource: McLure 1971.第17页，共23页。The Harberger ModelAssumptionsTechnologyElasticity of substitutionCapital intensiveLabor intensiveBehavior of factor suppliersMarket structureTotal factor suppliesConsumer preferencesTax incidence framework第18页，共23页。Analysis of Vario

10、us TaxesCommodity tax (tF)Income tax (t)General tax on labor (tL)Partial factor tax (tKM)Output effectFactor substitution effect第19页，共23页。Some QualificationsDifferences in individuals tastesImmobile factorsVariable factor supplies第20页，共23页。An Applied Incidence StudyIncome CategoryAverage Federal Tax

11、 RateShare of Federal TaxesLowest Quintile 5.6%1.1%Second Quintile12.15.2Third Quintile15.710.3Fourth Quintile19.819.0Highest Quintile26.564.2All Quintiles21.6100.0Top 1%31.221.3Source: Congressional Budget Office 2004. These figures are based on projections that rely on assumptions about inflation and income growth.They include all tax law as of 2001.Table 14.3Average federal tax rates and share of federal taxes by income quintile (2006)第21页，共23页。The Payr