大学英语四级写作讲座2013

1、大学英语四级考试写作策略与方法CET4 Writing StrategyOutline总 述真题回顾应 用 文议 论 文高分策略总述一、 考试流程二、 复习方法三、 大纲解读NEXT考试流程1. 试卷构成及各部分分值 (满分710) 写作 （30分钟） 15 106.5 快速阅读 （15分钟） 10 71 听力 （35分钟） 35 248.5 深度阅读 （25分钟） 25 177.5 完型填空或改错（15分钟） 10 71 翻译 （5分钟） 5 35.5写作部分的重要性Well begun is half done.短期内最容易提高最能体现个人思维方式、观点看法、素质、修养等最方便实现也最令人

2、放松的交流方式考试流程2. 考试时间：09:00 考试开始 11:20考试结束09:00-09:10 发答题卡1 答题卡1为写作和快速阅读部分，正、反两面均有写作区域，反面最下方为快速阅读答题区域09:10-09:40 写作考试流程3. 时间分配：审题 （3分钟）确定体裁，粗拟提纲写作 （20分钟）检查 （2分钟） 时态：一般现在时(主要) 过去时(图表)检查内容：拼写、标点、语法 将来时(展望未来) 冠词 主谓一致 名词复数BACK大纲解读 1. 大纲要求 教育部（2006修订版）明确规定写作部分要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情

3、感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。” 大纲解读2. 评分标准 短文写作要求考生在30分钟内根据提纲写出一篇120词以上的短文，本部分的得分占总分的15%，采用总体评分法（Global Scoring），从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。满分为15分，共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分（注：四级作文在试卷总分中占15%，改卷时按照作文总分15分来评改，然后经过处理转化为710分中的作文分数）。各个分数档的标准如下：评分依据（1. 主题、2. 表达、3. 文字、4. 语言）

4、14分切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别拼写错误。 11分切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，但有少量语言错误。 8分基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 5分基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重错误。 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。0分白卷；文不对题，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。 备注：阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该档次，则可加分（即9分）或减1分（即7分），但不得加或

5、减半分。 字数不足按下表所示酌情扣分： 累计字数119-110109-10099-9089-8079-7049扣分123459大纲解读3. 黄金原则： 卷面工整、整洁、清晰 印象原则 分段+字数 语言：基本正确，丰富多变 语言+ 结构：逻辑性 结构+ 总分总/总分 内容 关联词3-5个，同义替换词汇句型 原则 代词替换 内容：不跑题BACK真题回顾一、历年真题二、命题思路真题回顾-2001.6A letter to a Schoolmate 应用文书信Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of

6、 yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. 1. 表示欢迎 2. 提出对度假安排的建议 3. 提醒应注意的事项真题回顾-2002.1ALettertotheUniversityPresident 应用文书信假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况(CanteenService)给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼有而有之。 真题回顾-2002.6StudentUseofComputers 图表型议论文真题回顾-2004.1A Letter in Reply

7、to a Friend应用文书信Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. 1建议报考的专业及理由2报考该专业的基本条件3应当如何备考真题回顾-2005.1A Campaign Speech 应用文致辞1. 你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作， 2. 如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？真题

8、回顾-2005.6Teachers Day 记叙文1.向老师表达节日祝贺2.从一件小事来回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献3.我如何回报老师的关爱真题回顾-2005.12Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 议论文1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为真题回顾-2006.06Volunteers Needed应用文告示1. 校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿者活动，现招募志愿者。 2.本次志愿者活动的目的，内容、安排等。 3.报名条件及联系方式。 真题回顾-2006.06On Students Selectin

9、g Lecturers 议论文1、有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师。2、学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是3、学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题。真题回顾-2006.12Spring Festival Gala on TV 议论文1、许多人喜欢看cctv 春节晚会；2、但有的人认为应该取消； 3、你的看法真题回顾-2007.06 Welcome to Our Club 应用文告示 1、 本社团的主要活动内容2、 参加本社团的好处3、 如何加入本社团真题回顾-2007.12What Electives to Choose 议论文1、各大学开设了各种各样的选修课2、学生因为各种原因选择

10、了不同的选修课3、以你自己为例真题回顾-2008.06Recreational Activities 议论文1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。真题回顾-2008.12Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags 议论文1.一次性塑料袋曾广泛使用2.由此带来的问题3.限制使用一次性塑料袋的意义真题回顾-2009.06Free Admission to Museums? 议论文1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放,目的是2. 有人认为这样做会带来一些问题3. 在我看来真题回顾-2009.12Create

11、a Green Campus 议论文1.建设绿色校园十分重要2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该真题回顾-2010.06Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling 议论文1. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写2. 出现这种现象的原因是3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为真题回顾-2010.12How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? 议论文1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该真题回顾-2011.6真题Directions: For this part,

12、 you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 2. 网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 3. 我的建议 真题回顾-2011.12For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succe

13、eds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. Ive done it hundreds of times. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 议论文BACK命题趋势序号内容1实用性增强从体裁上看，议论文、应用文写作占绝大多数，记叙文偶尔也会涉及。到目前为止，虽然议论文占绝对优势，但近年来应用文仍不可小觑，书信、欢迎词、

14、祝贺词、竞选演说等频频出现，集中体现了大纲对实际运用语言能力的要求。 2主要考核三大主题从内容上看，所考题型都与考生熟悉的生活事件与现象有关。就话题而言，四级作文主要有三类：社会热门话题、校园生活话题和日常生活话题，如告示、英语拼写、亲子关系、求职面试、大学专业的选择等等，因此，平时应尽量偏向这几方面的主题进行练习。 3注重综合能力的考核四级作文从倾向于单纯考查某一文体，逐渐过渡到几种文体的结合。如：2004年6月的A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction是一篇解说词，属应用文，但同时要求说明和描写。这说明作文命题越来越灵活。 命题范围 1. 学

15、习与校园生活(常见) 2. 社会热点(常见) 3. 常识、格言(类似2011.12) 考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。命题形式 1. 提纲式作文 (最普遍) 2. 段首句作文 3. 情景式作文 4. 图表式作文应用文 一、书信作文 二、口头作文(致辞) 三、告示 附、个人简历NEXT书信作文1. 真题： 2001.6(schoolmate)， 2002.1 (president of the university) ， 2004.1 (reply to a friend)2. 结构： 私人书信：Dear , (1) 称呼 公务书信：Dear

16、sir or madam, (2) 正文 (3) 落款 Yours sincerely, Li Ming书信作文 自我介绍(私人书信除外) I am a freshman/ sophomore/ junior/ senior/ undergraduate/ graduate from第一段 the Department of of University. 写作目的(中心)(2句) 1. I am writing the letter for the purpose of 或 2. I am writing the letter to inform you that I wish to书信作文建

17、议信常用词汇： give/ offer/ propose, useful/ practical/ conductive, suggestions/ proposals/ recommendations投诉信常用词汇： express/ convey, dissatisfaction/ disappointment/ concern, regarding/ concerning/ as regard第二段：通常6句，展开提纲(关联词、从句)书信作文第三段：2句 表示感谢(私人建议信除外) 1. My appreciation to you for your generous help is be

18、yond words. 或 2. I take this opportunity to show/ extend my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you render/ offer/ give me. 期待回信 1. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. 2. I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.范文1求学求职类 Directions: You are a student wit

19、h the wish of studying abroad. Write a letter to the university you dream of and ask for admission. 1) 个人介绍 2) 具备的优势 3) 期待回复Dear Sir or Madam, I am a senior from the Department of Business Administration. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution / y

20、our recently advertised position for a staff member. I am sure that I am qualified for it. First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience. Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate fo

21、r it, (but) my cheerful personality is also well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies include sports and music. Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you render me. Your prompt and favorable attention to my inq

22、uiry would be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely, Li Ming范文2投诉信 Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college.1)要求

23、下学期换一个新房间 (段一：写作目的) 2)解释原因 (段二：投诉原因) 3)要求单间 (段三：建议措施)Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to express my deep concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfacti

24、on is my roommates inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. In these circumstances, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind in my assignments. I am sure you will agree that the onl

25、y solution is for me to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible. Yours sincerely, Li Ming范文3邀请信Directions: The Dean of the English Department knows that Prof.

26、Robin is a famous scholar in British literature. As his assistant, you are asked to write a formal letter to Prof. Robin, inviting him for a short-term visit and to give a lecture.1. 表达邀请2. 提出讲座的时间、地点、内容3. 期待回音Dear Prof. Robin, I am the dean of English Department of Beijing University. I am writing

27、on behalf of the English Department to invite you to give a lecture in our university. We know that you are an outstanding expert on British literature. We would be very grateful if you could give a lecture on “Contemporary British Literature” to the English Department on Sunday, April 8. If this su

28、bject does not suit you, any other similar topic would be welcome as well. If it is convenient for you, would you please drop me a line to let me know whether you can come or not? We could be looking forward to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom. Sincerely yours, Li Ming Dean

29、 of the English DepartmentBACK口头作文(致辞)1.真题：04年6月 导游词 05年1月 竞选演讲2.格式称呼正文：开场白(欢迎词+自我介绍) 主要内容 结束语(祝福)范文：开幕词 Directions: Suppose you are the president of Apple (China) Inc., you are invited to deliver a welcome speech on the conference of International Trade Cooperation 1) 欢迎到场嘉宾 2) 介绍会议 3) 期待合作 Speech

30、Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen,Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Apple (China) Inc.The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all

31、of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates. Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive. I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this

32、 conference and hope the above information will help you. If you have any questions for me, please feel free to ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.BACK告示(poster, notice, announcement, bulletin)1. 真题： 2006年6月 招募启事 2007年6月 纳新启事2. 格式： 标题 日期(标题右下方) 正文(展开提纲) 活动目的、主办方、活动内容、时间及地点 落款 范文：比赛通告 Dire

33、ctions: The Students Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:1) the purpose of the contest,2) time and place of the contest,3) what is required of the candidates,4) details of the judges and awards. Do not sign you

34、r own name at the end of the announcement. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature. Chinese-Speaking Contest June 10, 2007 To improve students ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students Union of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chine

35、se-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (17 June) at the Students Recreational Center. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitors of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given

36、 awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest. The Students Union Department of Chinese Language and LiteratureBACK个人简历RESUMELi Ming (姓名)P. O. Box 237, Beijing University (邮箱)5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871 (地址)Tel: 62768888 Email: L (电子邮箱)Career Objective: A position

37、 with management potential in (职业目标) the banking business specializing in international corporate financingEducational Background: (教育背景：只写最高学历) Sept 2003 to Beijing University July 2007 Major in International Business Management Main courses include English, Computer, Business Management, Accountin

38、g, International Commercial LawWork Experience: (工作经历) July 2006 to Bank of China June 2007 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of Marketing Draft business correspondence Schedule deputy managers appointmentsQualifications: University graduation certificate and (资历) bachelor degree to be conferr

39、ed upon graduation (2007) College English Test Band 4 June 2005Honors & Awards: Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing (荣誉奖项) University 2005& 2006Special Skills: Familiarity with Microsoft Word, Excel (技能) Ability to work independently Outstanding Organizational skillsPersonal Data: Date of Birth: 9/

40、17/1984 (个人信息) Gender: Female Marital Status: UnmarriedBACKExerciseDirections: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled An Opening Speech. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:假设你的学校要召开运动会，你作为学生会的发言人在开幕式上发言，请写一份开幕词，包括以下内容：1.表明自己的身份和发言

41、的主要内容2.对到场的领导和老师给予的支持表示感谢，并阐述体育运动的益处3.预祝此次运动会圆满成功An Opening Speech For Sports Meeting Ladies and Gentlemen, Good morning! I am Snoopy, the spokesman of the Students Union. On behalf of the Students Union, the main organizer of todays sports meeting, I welcome you all to the beautiful stadium. After

42、two months preparation, our annual sports meeting is held on schedule. Thanks to the support and help from our school leaders and teachers. Though they have many school responsibilities, they have taken time off to take part in our sports activities. Lets give them a big hand. Through sports, we can

43、 not only develop our physical prowess, but also promote social and emotional skills, and even intellectual skills, which will matter in our future lives considerably. So hope everybody here cherish this opportunity and enjoy it. At last, best wishes for the success of the sports meeting and best wi

44、shes for the good results of our athletes. It is my pleasure to announce the open of the sports meeting. Thank you and good luck!议论文一、真题分析二、文章的结构Exercise一、文章的基本结构文章是由段落构成，而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成，它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示：二、文章的基本结构议论文写作的三段论模式大学英语议论文写作通常采用三段论模式，即：开头段(introduction)主体段(body paragraph)结尾段(conc

45、lusion)(一)开头段开头段概论常用的开头段的表达方法开头段的常用核心句型开头段概论 对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段一般都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位，它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段，将有助于读者理解全文；一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。常用的开头段的表达方法使用引语（use a quotation）引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）提出问题（ask a question）给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant

46、 examples or reports）定义法（give definition）主题句法（use of topic sentence）常用的开头段的表达方法 使用引语（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance n

47、ow. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。 常用的开头段的表达方法引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如： As is demonstrated in the t

48、able, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，

49、很有说服力。常用的开头段的表达方法提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如： What do you want from your work? Money, promotions, interesting, challenges, continual learning, work-based friendships, the opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers

50、 will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。常用的开头段的表达方法给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道如： As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public

51、in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。常用的开头段的表达方法定义法（give definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如： As we all know,

52、practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。常用的开头段的表达方法主题句

53、法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如： Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between

54、 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。(二)主题段主体段概述主体段段落扩充方法主体段概述 主体段的写作方法是多种多样的，而不同的方法会产生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采用的方法，然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式，才能把文章写好。主体段段落扩充方法一、列举法（Listing）二、举例法（Exemplification）三、分类法（Classification）四、比较对照法

55、（Comparison and Contrast）五、因果法（Cause and Effect）列举法（Listing）定义也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。 列举法作文例子 To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a

56、general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, re

57、view your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.常用于列举法的过渡连接词first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, wha

58、t is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least. 举例法（Exemplification）定义 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者的观点，且事例可多可少。 举例法作文例子 There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, tho

59、se who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are

60、, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.举例法中常见的过渡性词语 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example, etc. 分类法（Classificatio