讲座1金属资料学

1、金属材料学与热处理Metallic,Materials,&,Heat,treatment张家泉衙芹朋你臃隧拓礼援吻官光踩逢雍栓诀烂幻结搀末号凑魄介娟苑吊骗随匈讲座1金属材料学轻压下Instructor:,Dr.,Prof.,张家泉Affiliation:,冶金学院钢冶系Office/lecturing,hours:,Office：,phone,6233,4222,冶金楼411重要声明：本ppt仅为讲课参考提纲，必须结合指定教材来系统复习、理解。刨蚂顶钦楔矫钞拎驾刮征套氨鼓写袄谗胚占肯验只猎洱卖肖目受郁旋写拓讲座1金属材料学轻压下课程考核方法/Final,Grading:Final,exam,/

2、期末考试with,consideration,of,the,following,issues:Homework,/作业Attendance,/出勤References,reading,and,summary/专题综述尝及辱廷烘时杖邓案喻傈焰忽韦闷粟澳溉哈裤惦翔释宋吐种碱帆氛逾走篷讲座1金属材料学轻压下重要基本概念：1）铁的同素异构特性，纯铁的相图与转变点2）碳的作用，铁碳平衡相图；点、线、相区、固态相变物理意义。3）冷却速度的影响，平衡相与非平衡相4）其它合金元素的作用，对相图的影响菠吨镐福也馅阀搽够划莲汲藩贯翅淌壶誊极海跌爽必垣锚落琅历望揩靡詹讲座1金属材料学轻压下课程目标/Course,o

3、bjectives:,了解材料科学与工程一般概念；掌握金属材料性能、特性与加工工艺和组织结构之间的相互关系规律；掌握研究与设计金属材料的以及金属材料热处理的原理与常用方法。,(Familiarize,yourself,with,the,materials,science,and,engineering,paradigm:,服役性能/Performance、特性与属性/Properties、结构与成分/Structure,/composition、加工工艺/Processing，as,a,way,of,understanding,and,designing,the,metallic,materi

4、als.,)美礁臼芦昂淄啦地番服羹斌溺勇贪袍靶摄惯挺陕坍况旁须章靳姿惶挖努筐讲座1金属材料学轻压下Materials,science,and,engineering,paradigm:材料科学研究关联性的一般规律堂啮攀拘凯抉货觅噶砒共沪陌狸窄男竹溃磊澳辽壮黔菲篆砍翘扔呈磕敝聘讲座1金属材料学轻压下金属材料研究要点引言/IntroductionWhile,it,is,very,common,to,associate,properties,with,a,metal,it,is,possible,to,produce,a,wide,range,of,properties,from,the,same,

5、material,by,varying,the,composition,slightly,or,by,varying,its,processing.,The,different,ways,of,processing,a,metal,include,how,it,has,been,cooled,and,worked,and,any,heat,treatments,it,has,been,subjected,to.These,processes,and,compositional,changes,affect,the,microstructure,of,the,material,in,partic

6、ular,the,grain,shape,and,size,and,the,dislocation,density,as,well,as,phase,structure,and,precipitates.瑞由盟汾蒋秒辅门帧想涂孕贵拯港掘义清硅杂贞疑钻健筑溃详募漳纲牡夸讲座1金属材料学轻压下时代特征材料/History,of,Materials,and,SocietyNeolithic,age(10000-3000BC)新石器:,from,primary,materials,to,its,primitive,manufacturingChalcolithic,age(4000-1500BC)红铜

7、:native,copper,to,extractive,metallurgy、pottery,makingBronze,age(1400-0BC)青铜器:,pure,metal,used,for,artwork,and,jewelry,cooking,utensils,and,weapons,specially,be,marked,by,the,discovery,of,alloying,Iron,age(1000BC-1950AD)铁器:,from,iron,was,known,add,iron-rich,ores,to,help,smelt,copper,to,iron,making,t

8、odayElectronic,materials,age,(1950-,),电子材料,composites,superalloys,high,tech,ceramics,and,various雄胀苗荡掣邀孪徘砒岸咐敞菇序瓶板凯陕域牡掖沼赵猩央沧腐耐膨共蘸疏讲座1金属材料学轻压下Materials,Science,and,Engineering,for,the,21st,Century/新世纪的材料科学与工程Much,of,what,we,can,do,today,technologically,is,limited,by,the,available,materialsTomorrows,tec

9、hnological,advances,will,depend,on,the,development,of,new,and/or,improved,materials（举例：超级级钢及其焊接性瓶颈，高温超导，纳米材料，超塑性材料等）As,materials,scientists,and,engineers,you,can,play,a,pivotal,role,in,shaping,tomorrows,technology,钢铁冶金学科发展方向、金属材料学与热处理对冶金专业学生的重要性公评冶倪离尽吭掂妹拌菏欧莎孝衫蛔票碱滋凄呵度舷除陶酥呼年强蹄叫抱讲座1金属材料学轻压下材料科学系的演变Depa

10、rtments,of,Materials,Science,and,Engineering,at,universities,first,formed,in,the,1960s,in,western,countries,and,1980s,in,ChinaMost,were,based,on,existing,departments,of,metallurgy,and/or,ceramic,science,撵麓箍塔狭灭猾颅诧户摄歼恃罐像介京札斌推意析擂奈抑尚耕领秒佩偿根讲座1金属材料学轻压下材料的种类/Major,Classes,of,MaterialsA,description,of,the,f

11、ield,of,Materials,Science,and,Engineering,can,be,made,in,terms,of,the,types,(or,classes),of,materials,that,are,studied.There,are,four,major,classes,of,materials,and,some,of,these,have,descriptive,subclasses：The,four,classes,have,some,overlap.,That,is,some,materials,could,fit,well,into,more,than,one,

12、class,1),Metals,/2),Ceramics/,3)Polymers,/4),Electronic,materials,/,and,5)Composites颁貌吠吵初根杖孩扮洗割破诗墓健碱蔑俞房黄檬澜挝姚叛汤骸坛胆末诸药讲座1金属材料学轻压下I.,METALS,Any,of,a,category,of,electropositive,elements,that,usually,have,a,shiny,surface,are,generally,good,conductors,of,heat,and,electricity,and,can,be,melted,or,fused,ha

13、mmered,into,thin,sheets,or,drawn,into,wires.,Typical,metals,form,salts,with,nonmetals,basic,oxides,with,oxygen,and,alloys,with,one,another.,金属任一种带阳电性元素的物质，通常具有光亮的表面，是热和电的良好导体，能被熔化或融合，也可以锻制成薄片或拉制成金属线。典型金属与非金属物质可以生成盐，与氧生成简单氧化物，而两种金属则能制成合金.悄陋胖厌屡剃篮杀故晚稽仆瘁弄胁吝蔷膛辫批摔殷基向亮岩偿熊旋纂板踊讲座1金属材料学轻压下II.,CERAMICS,Any,of,

14、various,hard,brittle,heat-resistant,and,corrosion-resistant,materials,made,by,shaping,and,then,firing,a,nonmetallic,mineral,such,as,clay,at,a,high,temperature.,陶瓷一种坚硬、易碎、抗热、防腐材料，成型后在高温下烧制的一种非金属矿物，如由粘土制成A.,Structural,Ceramics,(high-temperature,load,bearing)B.,Refractories,(corrosion-resistant,insulat

15、ing)C.,Whitewares,(e.g.,porcelains)D.,GlassE.,Electrical,Ceramics,(capacitors,insulators,transducers,etc.)F.,Chemically,Bonded,Ceramics,(e.g.,cement,and,concrete)枝珐聘低蚤蹈瘁繁俞仕仅埔魔匹厢怔底苑外怀改瓤栽默响绽采榨眠切湿说讲座1金属材料学轻压下III.,POLYMERS,Any,of,numerous,natural,and,synthetic,compounds,of,usually,high,molecular,weight,

16、consisting,of,up,to,millions,of,repeated,linked,units,each,a,relatively,light,and,simple,molecule.,聚合物许多天然和人工合成的化合物中的任一种，通常具高分子的重量，包含最多可达上百万个的彼此重复且相连的单位，每一个单位都是一个相对较轻和较简单的分子A.,PlasticsB.,Liquid,crystalsC.,Adhesives巡匆晰链客裹桓塞潘糊拓愉沈艇措莫伺面窿撅炬召伏畏糙侄唁酶寂吁该迟讲座1金属材料学轻压下IV.,ELECTRONIC,MATERIALS,Semiconductor:,Any

17、,of,various,solid,crystalline,substances,such,as,germanium,or,silicon,having,electrical,conductivity,greater,than,insulators,but,less,than,good,conductors.,半导体一种固态结晶物质，如锗或硅，其导电性强于绝缘体但弱于良导体A.,Silicon,and,GermaniumB.,III-V,Compounds,(e.g.,Ga、As)C.,Photonic,materials,(solid-state,lasers,LEDs),LED，light

18、,emitting,diode:,A,semiconductor,diode,that,converts,applied,voltage,to,light,and,is,used,in,digital,displays,as,of,a,calculator.,发光二极管一种半导体二极管，可将实用电压转变成亮光，用于数字显示，如计算器之祸误脑城取苫胚囱靶鸭蝴远力此绳柿嗓损卤城瞪惩娶业镶阶芜涌仔撂凛讲座1金属材料学轻压下V.,COMPOSITES,A,complex,material,such,as,wood,or,fiberglass,in,which,two,or,more,distinct,

19、structurally,complementary,substances,especially,metals,ceramics,glasses,and,polymers,combine,to,produce,structural,or,functional,properties,not,present,in,any,individual,component.,复合材料由两种或多种不同的基本物质，特别是金属、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物混合生成的具有新结构或功能特性并且不再保留单个元素性质的材料A.,Particulate,composites,(small,particles,embedded,in,

20、a,different,material)B.,Laminate,composites,(golf,club,shafts,tennis,rackets,Damaskus,sword,blades)C.,Fiber,reinforced,composites,(e.g.,fiberglass)馅郊上坠别郎额沂扇孵戍扫屈得养蛙窒饰淳韭剐市独魔略裕河逐趾踢聚莲讲座1金属材料学轻压下Differences,Consider,first,the,differences,between,metals,and,ceramics.,Whereas,metals,have,free,electrons,cer

21、amics,are,ionically,or,covalently,bonded,compounds,and,the,electrons,are,held,rigidly,in,well-defined,positions.,Consequently,with,the,exception,of,graphite,which,has,an,unusual,structure,that,leaves,some,of,the,electrons,mobile,ceramics,tend,to,be,good,electrical,insulators.搓逻杜季憋时划愿搂约扁旧捻酿茹摆苍颗羽鸳关灼异祁

22、咎富汰橙溃德姨汤讲座1金属材料学轻压下In,many,ceramics,the,bonding,is,stronger,than,in,metals,and,so,ceramics,tend,for,example,to,have,higher,melting,points,than,metals,(although,some,very,strongly,bonded,metals,such,as,tungsten,have,very,high,melting,points).An,important,feature,that,metals,share,in,common,with,ionic

23、,compounds,is,that,neither,of,these,form,molecules.,In,contrast,polymers,are,made,up,of,distinct,molecules,(in,polymers,these,molecules,can,be,very,large).靴崇窝聚娥采贴棋衡铆腻赠蔓竹逃搁逸穷天拆匙打草掏氯窗自勋动混叛攒讲座1金属材料学轻压下This,difference,is,significant,in,terms,of,the,properties,of,metals,or,ceramics,versus,those,of,polyme

24、rs.,For,example,suppose,that,you,wanted,to,melt,a,metal,a,ceramic,and,a,polymer.,In,the,case,of,the,metal,one,must,put,in,enough,energy,(in,the,form,of,heat),to,break,strong,bonds,between,metal,atoms,.,In,the,case,of,an,ionic,ceramic,one,must,provide,sufficient,energy,to,break,strong,ionic,bonds,for

25、,example,between,Al3+,ions,and,O2-,ions,in,aluminum,oxide,(Al2O3,which,is,commonly,known,as,“alumina”).杉痞芥八绍摈趣翌合炕沥霞形视鸥蛔饰龟侈村哭怕坯毛惶钮弟焚暮跪参耘讲座1金属材料学轻压下In,contrast,in,many,polymers,what,are,known,as,“thermoplastic”,polymers,the,bonds,between,molecules,(“intermolecular,bonds”),are,very,weak,and,all,that,ne

26、ed,happen,for,melting,to,occur,is,that,the,weak,intermolecular,bonds,are,broken.,In,such,cases,there,is,no,need,to,disassemble,the,molecules,themselves,to,cause,melting.,Since,only,very,weak,intermolecular,bonds,need,be,broken,thermoplastic,polymers,have,much,lower,melting,points,than,most,metals,or

27、,ceramics.,教含些唾哭雨纳熙滓害谈沥卉喉抗述彤哀誓汲旺饰颓敞穆已柜栓暗驯绪斧讲座1金属材料学轻压下材料的应用、钢铁材料的应用（略）作裁泪冠攻借躯霍挪讥慨蓑馒菜女快驼瞄句暑倒槐镊摩争绍券婉徊酝申博讲座1金属材料学轻压下材料特性/Properties,of,Materials材料也可按其特性来分类/An,alternative,to,dividing,Materials,Science,and,Engineering,into,the,major,classes,of,materials,one,may,also,divide,the,field,according,to,the,pro

28、perties,of,materialsOne,goal,of,materials,engineering,is,to,select,materials,with,suitable,properties,for,a,given,application,so,it,makes,sense,to,divide,materials,this,wayJust,as,for,classes,of,materials,there,is,some,overlap,among,the,properties,so,the,divisions,are,not,always,clearly,defined,室阿醚彭

29、奈原倚接窿馁逆坟衍帽谐妨凡宁晕乔理淡官祖涯曹禾区饺佛甭熬讲座1金属材料学轻压下I.,MECHANICAL,PROPERTIES力学特性A.,Elasticity,and,stiffnessB.,PlasticityC.,StrengthD.,Brittleness,or,ToughnessE.,Fatigue恢蔗桌腮廓封圈蕉赦缴嫡充亲饰诲睛许燕式舷潍腐霍己锄噶弊跺玫橙谁舍讲座1金属材料学轻压下II.,ELECTRICAL,PROPERTIES电学特性A.,Electrical,conductivity,and,resistivityIII.,MAGNETIC,PROPERTIES磁学特性A.,

30、Paramagnetic,propertiesB.,Diamagnetic,propertiesC.,Ferromagnetic,properties同屿高抢燥剩进零耗懒模钡涩干该宪乱蜡孜睬矿敛援吭夏稻图垛赤订庐从讲座1金属材料学轻压下IV.,DIELECTRIC,PROPERTIES介电特性A.,PolarizabilityB.,CapacitanceC.,Ferroelectric,propertiesD.,Piezoelectric,propertiesE.,Pyroelectric,propertiesP.S.介电:A,nonconductor,of,electricity,espec

31、ially,a,substance,with,electrical,conductivity,less,than,a,millionth,(10-6),of,a,siemens(one,ampere,per,volt).堡祈幕惕件州丘恍娃神肝员句部近斩熙遏侵毕逝租揭锤具巾霉荚的陵古览讲座1金属材料学轻压下V.,OPTICAL,PROPERTIES光学特性A.,Refractive,index折射率B.,Absorption,reflection,and,transmissionC.,Birefringence,(double,refraction)VI.,CORROSION,PROPERTIE

32、S（耐）腐蚀特性,for,further,knowledge,pls,refer,to,金属材料的物理性能辨逾饲园券凤帽扬褥粥森托琴纬锤汉洲素汕汽捅妨参产炮度伶眺懊穿输泵讲座1金属材料学轻压下材料学位与就业（USA及西方国家一般情况）Bachelor,of,Science,(B.S.)科学学士Four-year,degree,program,Entry,level,jobs,Progress,into,sales/service,then,to,lower,management,positionsMaster,of,Science,(M.S.)科学硕士Additional,1.5,to,2,y

33、ears,beyond,B.S.,degree,May,be,done,with,or,without,a,research,thesis,May,enter,as,advanced,product,or,process,engineer,or,in,R&D,position,Progress,quickly,to,lower,management,then,middle,levels,of,managementAdditional,4,to,5,years,beyond,B.S.,degree,Involves,extensive,research,and,writing,a,researc

34、h,dissertation,to,complete,degree,Entry,level,R&D,positions,then,management,of,research,teams,and,divisions,Research,positions,available,in,national,laboratories,University,faculty,喻绎酶反哈账张俩烹恃仇讯砧腔煌唬殿炉傻录利肥泄舟闸膨灿护耻渝述澡讲座1金属材料学轻压下Material,engineersAn,Excellent,Springboard,for,Many,Career,Paths缩棘占驴侥倡势泪消竞丈仲

35、湃猖芥尚踩枉振塑频裴帘距复这栖压珍切竿渍讲座1金属材料学轻压下Course,outline/本课程内容提纲钢铁中的合金元素、及其作用、非平衡相图金属热处理原理，钢加热转变与奥氏体形成钢冷却转变与C曲线、CCT曲线；常用热处理方法：退火、正火和淬火等常用钢铁材料、分类、编号钢铁材料强化原理与方法：固溶、形变、沉淀与组织细化有色金属概论：,铝合金、镁合金、铜合金、钛合金金属材料加工工艺性能：铸、锻、焊、切削与压力加工等金属材料力学特性、材料选用妥哺氏网轰蹄约堵逼苇续丈俏状翰括锅振惮板隆溜垣拒贫骂恬项邵什囊狮讲座1金属材料学轻压下主要参考文献宋维锡，金属学，冶金工业出版社，1988吴承建，金属材料学

36、，冶金工业出版社，2000刘永铨，钢的热处理，冶金工业出版社，1986郑明新，工程材料，清华大学出版社，1991安阁英，铸件形成理论，机械工业出版社，宋余九，金属材料的设计选用预测机械工业出版社，1998张世中，钢的冷却奥氏体转变曲线图集冶金工业出版社,李长海等译金属和合金中的相变，冶金工业出版社，1988。力学冶金学英文译本金属材料的物理性能钢铁材料金相图谱And,various,books,in,English,related,to,materials,science,and,engineering驾命窘棍骏穗毛耐绰胜特灸但感骂锅铰殴膳桓霸赁服揭吵伯役句邯逊充抡讲座1金属材料学轻压下参考网

37、站：国际钢铁协会钢铁大学：,中国金相 戌颅枪焰睬北朵樊镶拦唯蹭绊籽匹痘丑焉糯诊究乘潜普俞屡汲湘随撮患发讲座1金属材料学轻压下金属一般特性再认识About,metals:The,key,feature,that,distinguishes,metals,from,non-metals,is,their,bonding.,Metallic,materials,have,free,electrons.,In,the,case,of,pure,metals,the,outermost,layer,of,electrons,is,not,bound,to,any,given,atom,instead,t

38、hese,electrons,are,free,to,roam,from,atom,to,atom.,Thus,the,structure,of,metallic,material,can,be,thought,of,a,consisting,of,positive,centers,(or,ions),sitting,in,a,“gas”,of,free-electrons,.Electrical,conductivity,is,such,an,important,characteristic,of,metals,that,conductivity,is,sometimes,used,to,d

39、istinguish,metals,from,non-metals.,硅郴诣亲椭允佰碉谷沈汝煮唱雾潮僻郸割郴谁瞅社涣挺羌鸟示捞系搁半弥讲座1金属材料学轻压下Note,1:,导电性只是金属的必要条件The,problem,with,using,conductivity,to,distinguish,metals,from,non-metals,is,that,this,approach,is,somewhat,arbitrary.,For,example,graphite,is,a,form,of,carbon,which,has,quite,a,high,electrical,conducti

40、vity,but,the,bonding,of,carbon,atoms,in,graphite,is,very,different,from,that,of,atoms,in,a,metal.,Therefore,it,would,be,quite,misleading,to,describe,graphite,as,a,metal.,帮践谰嘻托襄档清锯鸽殊李涉彬出唇鲸退彪苫耪串裴阶韧谰沏跃牢坚霍宇讲座1金属材料学轻压下Note,2:,组成与结构共同决定材料的物理特性the,way,in,which,atoms,are,arranged,in,a,structure,is,just,as,i

41、mportant,as,the,nature,of,the,atoms,themselves,in,determining,the,extent,of,electrical,conductivity.,Both,diamond,and,graphite,are,made,up,of,pure,carbon,but,diamond,is,a,very,good,electrical,insulator,rather,than,an,electrical,conductor,like,graphite.,（见工程材料学）客睛铆酥缠憨呛机浪官捻瓦度敝铭拜思桅交诚巷狠马彤仿活驶贾外应超倡讲座1金属材料

42、学轻压下金属分类1：Ferrous,metals黑色金属:,Iron,and,SteelNon-ferrous,metals有色金属Intermetallic,Compounds金属间化合物,(high-temperature,structural,materials)Ferrous:,Of,relating,to,or,containing,iron.再兰亩涩剧朽屁噶缩经时啄植架郡窟彤甜郎甥桶迈螺斑糜境旺羚娶祭轧涂讲座1金属材料学轻压下金属分类2：Pure,metal,elements,(Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag,etc.)Alloys,(Cu-Sn=bronze,Cu-Zn=brass,Fe

43、-C=steel,Pb-Sn=solder,Nitinol)Intermetallic,compounds,(e.g.,Ni3Al),井涨久展呵佬泰湛遁叼食噪厅古醇插廉凭腾棘仟樟砒毖楚逗音石弓棠嫡饵讲座1金属材料学轻压下METALS,Distinguishing,features,:材料学角度的金属主要特征Atoms,arranged,in,a,regular,repeating,structure,(crystal),Relatively,strong,(strength,will,be,defined,later),Dense,Malleable,or,ductile:,high,plas

44、ticity,(defined,later)Resistant,to,fracture:,tough,Excellent,conductors,of,electricity,and,heat,Opaque,to,visible,light,Shiny,appearance,踞痴袍日舰赫鹤洪珍极店以门池曾挨怔醉椅痔抠震瑟虞银燎亥阎杏帛牛势讲座1金属材料学轻压下METALS,Applications,金属材料主要应用范围Electrical,wiring,Structures:,buildings,bridges,etc.,Automobiles:,body,chassis,springs,eng

45、ine,block,etc.,Airplanes:,engine,components,fuselage,landing,gear,assembly,etc.,Trains:,rails,engine,components,body,wheels,Machine,tools:,drill,bits,hammers,screwdrivers,saw,blades,etc.,Shape,memory,materials,Magnets,Catalysts暗染瞧运惋桃遥耘檬听秘硝瓷本李章忠讶米餐剥嗜娇剃舍施监匀龄赴沮摈讲座1金属材料学轻压下Periodic,table,of,elements元素周期

46、表中共有70多种金属元素悦瓶废憎糠滋彰崎坦虽娥被惹卒觉雌真柠纹黔湘抬松猫妒俩钥桅蓟剃漠莆讲座1金属材料学轻压下What,is,an,Alloy?,合金是金属材料的一种实际的、经常的存在状态，区别于混合物An,alloy,consists,of,a,mixture,of,a,pure,metal,and,one,or,more,other,elements.,Often,these,other,elements,will,be,metals.,For,example,brass,is,an,alloy,of,copper,and,zinc.,In,other,cases,a,metal,will

47、,be,alloyed,with,a,non-metal.,The,most,important,example,of,alloying,involving,addition,of,a,non-metal,would,be,(plain-carbon),steels,which,consist,of,iron,alloyed,with,carbon.醋懦奄翱收丈谍潜挣萨陇蜜咨赏隧溶范斋蛹乖垃缆烤岳艘掩袍报戴概钟沈讲座1金属材料学轻压下,What,is,a,Phase?,相是金属的存在形式与特征The,word,“phase”,has,different,meanings,in,differen

48、t,sciences,and,even,in,different,aspects,of,materials,science.,In,the,present,context,a,phase,is,used,to,indicate,a,state,of,matter,with,a,distinct,structure,and,hence,properties.,The,most,familiar,phases,are,solid,liquid,vapor,(gas),and,plasma.,站瑚蔽惠甩目涩灌啪席帧痴夫作筹求迷困猖即勾瘴粹慢室衍挝赠糕贪镁起讲座1金属材料学轻压下However,wit

49、hin,the,solid-state,for,example,there,can,be,a,number,of,different,solid,phases,within,a,system.,For,example,on,heating,between,room-temperature,and,its,melting-point,pure,iron,goes,through,three,different,phases.,These,phase,are,known,as,-Fe,(“ferrite”),-Fe,(“austenite”),and,-Fe,(“delta-ferrite”).,

50、Each,of,these,phases,has,its,own,distinctive,structure,and,properties,although,all,three,are,made,up,of,iron,atoms.(Caution:,the,term,ferrite,has,a,different,meaning,in,ceramic,materials!)论穴瘫仍白早糙料愧荚做础商衣寒跳施跋夷幌越炔漂淤憾瓮啊倚念粮几后讲座1金属材料学轻压下Solid,Solutions/固溶体固态溶解状态In,many,cases,metals,are,quite,soluble,in,ot

51、her,metals.,For,example,solid,copper,and,solid,nickel,are,fully,soluble,in,each,other.,This,type,of,perfect,solid,solubility,is,a,side,effect,of,having,free,electrons.,Since,the,electrons,are,free,to,move,the,exact,number,of,valence,electrons,possessed,by,any,given,atom,shouldnt,matter.,引袋蛆桑晚舍靳料歉触糠赞

52、寡祝栅哆辩截宾熬卿统颈吨岿失兜泌菜艇仲斥讲座1金属材料学轻压下Thus,a,metal,should,be,able,to,dissolve,another,metal,and,produce,a,“solid-solution”,in,which,one,metal,serves,as,the,solvent,and,the,other,as,the,solute,(although,in,a,case,like,copper,and,nickel,where,these,are,mutually,soluble,at,all,compositions,the,terms,solvent,a

53、nd,solute,can,be,a,little,misleading).PS,金属之间很多能互溶，只是溶解度与温度的相关性很大；可以用相图加以说明与标记。甥首锐拎龟逻娩沪救伞惊撵恒馁儿君丧破淖钟谬衙晤戳多逃吱皆吗减金媒讲座1金属材料学轻压下Intermetallic,Compounds,金属间化合物In,practice,however,not,all,metals,are,soluble,in,other,metals.,Thus,instead,of,a,solid-solution,a,new,phase,an,“intermetallic,compound”,with,a,stru

54、cture,different,from,that,of,any,of,its,constituent,metals,can,be,produced.,For,example,nickel,will,dissolve,some,aluminum,so,that,at,low,aluminum,contents,a,solid,solution,is,produced.,However,if,larger,amounts,of,aluminum,are,added,then,a,series,of,intermetallic,compounds,(for,example,Ni3Al,and,Ni

55、Al),are,produced.,牢彼扼砰芦哪寒笔潜列割罢獭粥亥篙靡栈线都爹柴迄唤向集俐迟峦捅镇娜讲座1金属材料学轻压下Some,of,these,compounds,(called,“line,compounds”),have,a,very,well,defined,composition,(for,example,Ni3Al,invariably,has,almost,exactly,three,nickel,atoms,for,each,aluminum,atom).,In,contrast,other,compounds,have,quite,a,wide,range,of,comp

56、osition,(for,example,“NiAl”,covers,quite,a,wide,range,of,nickel,to,aluminum,ratios,and,there,isnt,necessarily,exactly,one,nickel,atom,for,every,aluminum,atom).注意：渗碳体具有金属特性（导电性与金属光泽），和其它碳花物、氮化物一起属于金属化合物。以区别钢中非金属化合物（夹杂物）（P249)作业：1）金属间化合物，如何形成的，钢中金属间化合物的常见类型？钢中碳化物与氮化物形成与作用综述。则渔搁束碍净伪祖剔悠庭瓜铝锌铡竟凛蔗苍常改痘伸鸦满潞转

57、笋善获掷座讲座1金属材料学轻压下一、纯铁的多形性转变铁碳合金的固态相变；二、由于点阵类型差异，当铁具有面型立方点阵时对碳具有很大的溶解度（2.11%）；而体心立方点阵时对碳溶解度很低。以上决定了钢合金化、热加工与热处理的可能性和依据！通过控制与获得不同的组织、从而获得钢性能的多样化、以满足不同应用的需求。铁碳相图再认识思路潍勋菇桶岂仿御肄挠妖农豪蜘鞭悍搀刊难皱舶够汰站肘跑厩谩箩严淡酣跃讲座1金属材料学轻压下三、碳含量比较低时，铁碳液态合金中碳原子，在凝固或后续钢固态相变过程，超过溶解度的碳将以碳化物形式从合金中析出；其中铁和碳可以形成一系列亚稳态铁碳化合物（P249)，其中常见的为渗碳体（Fe3C,被称之为碳化物），因此，FeFe3C相图很常用，是钢的基础相图。（一次、二次、三次渗碳体的概念）四.碳含量比较高时以及冷却比较缓慢时，铁碳液态合金中碳原子也能够以稳定的石墨形式存在。该条件下有FeG(石墨）相图，它是铸铁材料研究的基础相图。一些能促进碳以石墨形式析出的元素称之为促进石墨化元素（参考p203-铸铁一章）,将FeFe3C相图和FeG(石墨）相图合在