《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第十二周

1、Chapter 5 Cooperation and implicatureScalar implicature Conventional implicatures Scalar implicature ( Horn Scale): By choosing a word which expresses on value from a scale of values.The Hornian systemHorn(1984.1989.2004) suggested a bipartite model. It can be replaced with two fundamental and antit

2、hetical principle:theQuantity principleand the Relation-principleHorns Q-and R-principlesA.The Q-principle Make your contribution sufficient Say as much as you can(given the R-principle)B. The R-principle Make your contribution necessary Say no more than you must(given the Q-principle)Horn 的会话含义两原则(

3、A) 数量原则 (Q-principle) 要使你的话语充分能说多少就尽量说多少（以关系原则为条件）（B）关系原则 (R-principle)要使你的话语只是必要的不说多于所要求说的话（以数量原则为条件）(a)关系原则倾向于常规理解（stereotypical interpretations）U 的含义一般来说就是在U 的多种可能的意义中具有常规关系的意义F.(b) 数量原则推论倾向与非常规理解M 的含义为多种可能意义中具有非常规关系的意义G.In saying “p”concevsationally implicates “at most p”For to for a Q- or Horn-

4、scale:1.A(S) entails A(W) for some arbitrary sentence frame A:2.S and W are equally lexicalized, of the same word class, and from the same register 3.S and W are “about” the same semantic relation, or from the same semantic field.常规关系可以是语言内的,也可以是语言外的语言内： （1）他每到一处，都有小蜜跟着。 （2）He has had a few drinks t

5、oo many. 语言外： （1） A: Whats the time? B: The postman has already come. (2) 举头望明月，低头思故乡。Marked and unmarked1.A:Larry stopped the car. B:Larry caused the car stopped.2.A:我想去 听语用学讲座。 B:我不是不想去听语用学讲座。 In saying “p”concevsationally implicates “at most p”For to for a Q- or Horn-scale:1.A(S) entails A(W) for

6、 some arbitrary sentence frame A:2.S and W are equally lexicalized, of the same word class, and from the same register 3.S and W are “about” the same semantic relation, or from the same semantic field.ScaleA A(e1)-A(e2), A(e2)-A(e3), A(en)-A(en-1), A(en-1) A(en),Disjunction Mary is a vegetarian and

7、an environmentalist +Mary is perhaps a vegetarian, or perhaps not a vegetarian: perhaps an environmentalist, or perhaps not an environmentalist.Conditional If John wants to access the internet from home, then he perhaps should buy a dial-up modem.Modal Its necessary that Buddhism is the worlds oldes

8、t living religion +Its possible that Buddhism is the worlds oldest living religion.Verbal doublet Mary believes that Nigel has visited Kafkas house on Golden lane in Prague +Mary knows that Nigel may have visited Kafkas house on Golden Lane in Prague. all of the teachers have been abroad. +Most of t

9、he teachers have been abroad. + Many of the teachers have been abroad. + Some of the teachers have been abroad. All of the teachers have been abroad.Q-scalar:Y +Q-scalar X Conventional implicatures CIS are by Grice which is a non-truth-conditional inferences and is not deductive in any general, natu

10、ral way form the saying of what is said, but arises solely because of the convetional features attached to particular lexical items and linguistic constructions.CIS are not based on the cooperative principle or the maxims. CIS dont have to occur in conversation, and they dont depend on special conte

11、xts for their interpretation.(1) p but q + p in contrast to qe.g. a. Mary suggested black, but I chose white. b. Our sales have gone up but theirs have gone down. p & q (+ p is in contrast to q)(2) even p + contrary to expectatione.g. a. Even John came to the party. b. He even helped tidy up afterwa

12、rds. c. Even his wife didnt think that John would win the by-election.(3) yet + the present situation is expected to be differente.g. a. Dennis isnt here yet. (=NOT p) b. NOT p is true. (+ p expected to be true later)(4) p andq + p“in addition” or “plus”qe.g. a. Yesterday, Mary was happy and ready to work. (p & q, + p plus q) b. She put on her clothes and left the house. (p & q, + q after p) Conventional implicatures AssingmentWrite all the possible implicatures of the following sentence in terms of Horn Scale.1.All the teachers in my school have bee