gre315课件及讲义填空session

1、 GRE文章填空GRE Text Completion 315Session 1 Tautology Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology广义对应同义重复Tautology解题原则Cracking Mechanism广义对应逻辑一：分号与冒号逻辑二：状语修饰逻辑三：定语从句专题训练1广义对应Logic CounterpartETS在新GRE填空中所采用的出题和解题原则有且只有一个:逻辑对应。Tautology同义重复是填空中最基本的出题和解题原则。简单来说, 同义重复就是把说过的话, 用另一种方式再说一遍(顺序重复/解释说明/正话反说), 但句子

2、的核心逻辑保持不变。General Counterpart在新GRE填空中, 逻辑对应的范围并不是绝对的, 它更多地体现相对的概念, 即正向评价的逻辑对应不一定只有正向评价或者反向评价, 还可能是有保留的评价, 中立评价等。所以, 我们又把这种对应称作广义逻辑对应。 Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology TautologyGeneral Counterpart点对点对应的逻辑点相同或相近Group 1Group 2friendlybeautifulsorrowfulloftymalicespeciouskindcomelysadsublimesp

3、iteplausible Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 TautologyGeneral Counterpart区域对应对应的逻辑在区域上保持一致Group 1Group 2decreasedeclinediminishlackdepletedebilitatestop Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology逻辑一分号与冒号Signal 1在题干中出现分号，并且该分号前后连接2个独立句子，或一个句子 + 一个短语StructureA; B.A: B.Signal 2在题干中出现冒号，并且该冒号前后连接2个独立句子

4、，或一个句子 + 一个短语MechanismA 与 B 构成同义重复Signal 3冒号和分号后不存在能够改变句子逻辑方向的转折词Transitionhowever/ nevertheless/on the contrary, in contrast/conversely Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 Tautology逻辑一分号与冒号Signal 1A: B.MechanismPeter is honest: he always tells the truth when someone asks him to say something about the

5、 government.Signal 2A; B.MechanismPeter is bold; he usually discloses governmental secrets that most people have to withhold. Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 1AnalysisThat the books argument was _ became clear as soon as reviews appeared: there were holes, and rev

6、iewers delighted in pointing them out. wantingconvolutedunintelligiblepenetratingpellucid Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartholes & wanting核心逻辑: 这本书很烂。Translation当开始审查评论这本书时,其论证方面的不足很清晰地暴露出来: 书中有漏洞,评论家很高兴地将它们一一指出。Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterwantingnot having all tha

7、t is needed or expected convolutedvery complicated and difficult to understand unintelligiblenot able to be understood;especially, not clear enough to be heard, read, etc. penetratinghelping people to understand something clearly and fully pellucidadmitting maximum passage of light without diffusion

8、 or distortion; easy to understand Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 2AnalysisThe Muses are _ deities: they avenge themselves without mercy on those who weary of their charms.ruefulingenuoussolicitousvindictivedispassionate Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA

9、: B.Logic Counterpartavenge & vindictive核心逻辑: 缪斯的报复。Translation缪斯是复仇之神: 他们残忍的报复那些已经对他们的魅力产生审美疲劳的人。 分号与冒号Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterruefulshowing or feeling regret for something doneingenuousshowing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidnesssolicitousshowing concern or care for someones he

10、alth, happiness, etc.vindictivehaving or showing a desire to hurt someone who has hurt or caused problems for youdispassionatenot influenced or affected by emotions Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 3AnalysisWhat ismost important tothe monkeysin the sanctuaryisthatt

11、heyare a group;thisisso because primatesare inveterately _ and build their lives around each other.independentaloofinquisitivesocialproprietarygregarious Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA; B.Logic CounterpartGroup, build lives around each other & social, gregarious核心逻辑: 猴子是群居动物。Translation对

12、保护区的猴子来说十分重要的是它们是一个群体;它们之所以如此是因为灵长类动物是根深蒂固的群居动物, 并和其他个体一起生活。 分号与冒号Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterindependentnot subject to control by others; not determined by or capable of being deduced or derived from or expressed in terms of membersaloofnot involved with or friendly toward other people; not in

13、volved in or influenced by somethinginquisitivetending to ask questions : having a desire to know or learn moresocialliving and breeding in more or less organized communities proprietaryused, made, or sold only by the particular person or company that has the legal right to do sogregariousenjoying t

14、he company of other people; tending to live in groups Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 4AnalysisA misconception frequently held by novice writers is that sentence structure mirrors thought: the more convoluted the structure, the more _ the ideas. complicatedinconse

15、quentialelementaryfancifulblatantinvolved Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartstructure mirrors thought, convoluted& complicated, involved核心逻辑: 错误观点: 结构反映思想。Translation新手作家经常持有的错误观点是句子的结构反映了思想: 结构越复杂, 思想就越复杂。 分号与冒号Sample 4Extension错误观念: 句子结构反映思想深度Case 1Case 2It must be a n

16、ew place that I have never been.Jack is a man who alwayscontributes a lot but requires few gains. Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstercomplicatedconsisting of parts intricately combined; difficult to analyze, understand, or explaininconsequentialnot important eleme

17、ntarybasic and simple: involving the simplest parts of a subject fancifulcoming from the imagination; showing imagination: unusual and appealingblatantcompletely obvious,conspicuous, orobtrusiveespecially in a crass or offensive mannerinvolvedmarked by extreme and often needless or excessive complex

18、ity; difficult to deal with because of complexity or disorder; actively participating in something Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 5AnalysisThe attempt to breed suitable varieties of jojoba by using hybridization to (i) _ favorable traits was finally abandoned in

19、favor of a simpler and much faster (ii) _: the domestication of flourishing wild strains.Blank (i) Blank (ii)reinforce D. creationeliminate E. methodrelegate F. theory Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartsuitable varieties, the domestication of flourishing wild strains & r

20、einforce, method核心逻辑: 用更好的方法替代老方法。Translation通过杂交来加强有益品质来培育合适的加州希蒙得木物种的企图最终被放弃了, 让位于更简单的并且更快的方式: 驯化繁茂的野生物种。 分号与冒号Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterhybridizeto cause to interbreed or combine so as to produce hybridstraita quality that makes one person or thing different from anotherreinforceto strengt

21、hen by additional assistance, material, or support: make stronger or more pronounced straina group of presumed common ancestry with clear-cut physiological but usually not morphological distinctionsrelegateto put (someone or something) in a lower or less important position, rank, etc. Session 1GRE T

22、ext Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 6AnalysisThe primary criterion for (i) _ a school is its recent performance: critics are (ii) _ to extend credit for earlier victories.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. investigating D. proneB. judging E. persuadedC. administering F. reluctant Session 1GRE

23、Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterpartjudge recent performance & reluctant to earlier victories核心逻辑: 关注当前表现。Translation评价一个学校的主要标准是它近期的表现：评论家不愿意为学校早期的成就而给它们加分。 分号与冒号Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstercriterionsomething that is used as a reason for making a judgment or decisionreluctantfeel

24、ing or showing doubt about doing something : not willing or eager to do somethingpronelikely to do, have, or suffer from something Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号Mechanism DemonstrationSample 7AnalysisWhen people are happy, they tend to give (i) _ interpretations of events they witness: the e

25、ye of the beholder is (ii) _ by the emotions of the beholder.Blank (i) Blank (ii)charitable D. disquietedvague E. coloredcoherent F. sharpened Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA: B.Logic Counterparthappy & charitablehappy, charitable & colored 核心逻辑: 人对事物的判断会收到感情影响。Translation当人们高兴的时候，他们会对他们所

26、看到的事情给予仁慈的解释：目击者的眼睛会被他们的情感所扭曲。 分号与冒号Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterinterpretationthe act or result of explaining or interpreting something : the way something is explained or understoodcharitabledone or designed to help people who are poor, sick, etcvaguenot clear in meaning : stated in a way that

27、 is general and not specificcolorto change (someones ideas, opinion, attitude, etc.) in some waycoherentlogical and well-organized : easy to understand Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 分号与冒号 Tautology逻辑二状语修饰Signal 1在题干中出现介词状语，并修饰独立句子StructureA (介词 + 名词短语), B (句子).A (形容词 + to do sth.), B (句子).Signal

28、2在题干中出现形容词状语，修饰独立句子MechanismA 与 B 构成同义重复Signal 3介词状语或形容词状语的前置/插入语后置MechanismWith the development of the career, YM es a rich/successful man. Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism DemonstrationSample 1AnalysisThe (i) _ costumes of Renaissance Italy, with their gold and silver embroidery and

29、figured brocades, were the antithesis of Spanish (ii) _, with its dark muted colors, plain short capes, and high collars edged with small ruffs. Blank (i) Blank (ii)unpretentious D. sobrietysumptuous E. obliquenessaustere F. informality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, with B, C, with D.L

30、ogic Counterpartgold and silver & sumptuousdark muted colors, plain & sobriety 核心逻辑: 意大利服饰华贵, 西班牙服饰肃穆。Translation因为他们的金银刺绣和华丽的锦缎, 文艺复兴时期意大利豪华奢侈的衣服与西班牙节制严肃的衣服对立, 因为西班牙的衣服有黑色的静穆的颜色, 素短披肩和高领并配戴小领结。Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterunpretentiousnot having or showing the unpleasant quality of people who w

31、ant to be regarded as more impressive, successful, or important than they really are sumptuousextremely costly, rich, luxurious, or magnificent austeresimple or plain; having few pleasures: simple and harshsobrietythe state of not being drunk; the quality of being seriousobliquenot direct: not state

32、d directly; of a line: having a slanting direction or position: neither perpendicular nor parallelbrocadea cloth with a raised design in gold or silver thread Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterfiguredof e.g. fabric designantithesisthe state of two things that are

33、directly opposite to each otherembroiderythe process or art of sewing a design on clothcollara part of a piece of clothing that fits around a persons neck and is usually folded downcuffsomething (as a part of a sleeve or glove) encircling the wrist Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism Demo

34、nstrationSample 2AnalysisUsually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiment she let a number of _ results slip by. inaccurateirregularredundantsalientanomalousverifiable Session 1GRE Text Completion 315Structurefirst to A, B.Logic Counterpartin c

35、onsistent with other findings & irregular, anomalous 核心逻辑: 排除异类数据。Translation通常她是第一个发现和其他研究结果不一致数据的人, 但是在这个特殊的实验中, 她让大量反常的结果蒙混过关。 状语修饰Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterslipto move with a smooth sliding motion; to escape from memory or consciousnessredundantrepeating something else and therefore unnec

36、essarysalientvery important or noticeable anomalousinconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expectedverifiablecapable of beingverified Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism DemonstrationSample 3AnalysisIna most impressive demonstration, Pavarotti sailedthrough Verdis“Ce

37、leste Aida,” normally a tenors(i) _, with the casual enthusiasm of a folk singer performing one of his favorite (ii) _.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. nightmare D. balladsB. delight E. choralesC. routine F. recitals Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B, C, with D.Logic Counterpartimpressive, Pava

38、rotti & normally nightmare singer & ballads核心逻辑: 帕瓦罗蒂很牛逼。Translation在一场极度精彩的演出中, 帕瓦罗蒂轻松地演唱威尔第的歌剧圣洁的阿依达, 就像一个民谣歌手表演他最喜爱的民歌一样迸发出很随意的激情, 然而, 这部歌剧通常是男高音的噩梦。 状语修饰Word ClarificationMerriam-Websternightmarea dream that frightens a sleeping person: a very bad dream; a very bad or frightening experience or s

39、ituationdelighta strong feeling of happiness : great pleasure or satisfactionballada slow popular song that is typically about lovechoralea hymn or psalm sung to a traditional or composed melody in churchrecitala dance or musical performance; the act of reading something out loud or saying something

40、 from memory usually for an audience Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism DemonstrationSample 4In her startlingly original writing, she went further than any other twentieth-century author in English (perhaps in any language) in (i) _ literary language and form, (ii) _ stylistic convention

41、s, and (iii) _ a rich and diverse structure of meaning.Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii) A. reinventing D. undoing G. replicatingB. canonizing E. over-praising H. borrowingC. stabilizing F. misunderstanding I. introducing Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism DemonstrationAnalysis Session 1G

42、RE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B, C, and D.Logic Counterpartstartling original writing & reinventing, undoing conventions, and introducing rich and diverse核心逻辑: 该作家的原创性写作。Translation在该作家令人惊叹的原创性写作中，她比任何一位20世纪的英语作家(也许是任何语言的作家)要更进一步，她重新创造了文学语言和形式，废除了文体上的传统方面，并引进了丰富多样的结构。 状语修饰Word ClarificationMe

43、rriam-Websterstartlingvery surprising, shocking, or frighteningstylisticof or relating especially to literary or artisticstylecanonizein the Roman Catholic Church: to officially give a dead person a special status as someone very holy : to declare (someone) to be a saintundoto change or stop the eff

44、ect of (something)replicateto repeat or copy (something) exactly Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism DemonstrationSample 5AnalysisInsearching for norms in the sense of authoritative standards of what ought to be, rather than in the sense of what is average and thus can be considered norma

45、l, normative ethics aims to _.A. predictB. mitigateC. questionD. dictateE. personalize Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B, C.Logic Counterpartauthoritative, what ought to be & dictate核心逻辑: 规范伦理学的主导特性。Translation并非是通过平均化的常规意义而是通过权威标准规定应该是怎样的来寻求一定的准则，规范伦理学目标是支配控制。 状语修饰Word ClarificationM

46、erriam-Websternormstandards of proper or acceptable behaviorethicsrules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and badmitigateto make (something) less severe, harmful, or painfuldictateto say or state (something) with authority or powerpersonalizeto mark (something) in a way that show

47、s it belongs to a particular person Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰Mechanism DemonstrationSample 6AnalysisIna strong indication of the way the entire party is _ the candidate with moderate credentials, the outspokenly conservative former mayor of a major city has promised to raise a substantia

48、l amount of money for the candidates campaign.A. rallying behindB. incensed overC. undecided aboutD. mortified overE. embarrassed aboutF. coalescing around Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureIn A, B.Logic CounterpartRallying behind, coalescing around & entire party, raise a substantial amount

49、of money核心逻辑: 全力支持候选人。Translation明确表示全党都支持该候选人参与选举, 这个直率但又保守的前任市长承诺筹集一大笔竞选经费。 状语修饰Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstercandidatea person who is trying to be electedsubstantiallarge in amount, size, or numberrallyto muster for a common purposeincenseto arouse the extreme anger or indignation ofmortifyto

50、cause (someone) to feel very embarrassed and foolishcoalesceto come together to form one group or mass Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 状语修饰 Tautology逻辑三定语从句Signal 1在题干中出现完整定语从句/非限制性定语从句, 空格在主句StructureA that B.A, which B.Signal 2在题干中出现完整主句, 空格在非完整定语从句/非限制性定语从句MechanismA 与 B 构成同义重复Signal 3题干中出现不完整主句

51、和定语从句/非限制性定语从句, 空格分别位于主句和从句中Markthat, which, whose, who, whom, when, where, why, 介词 + which, 介词 + whom Session 1GRE Text Completion 315Mechanism DemonstrationSample 1AnalysisMelodramas, which presented stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and (i) _ , good and evil, were popula

52、r precisely because they offered the audience a world (ii) _.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. serenity D. bereft of theatricalityB. corruption E. deprived of polarityC. fertility F. devoid of neutrality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, which B, C.Logic Counterpartopposition & virtue and corruption,

53、 devoid of neutrality核心逻辑: 情节剧中的对立世界。Translation情节剧表现清白和犯罪，道德和堕落，善良和罪恶之间完全的对立, 它们之所以流行是因为他们给观众提供了一个缺乏中立的世界。 定语从句Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterstarkhaving a very plain and often cold or empty appearance; unpleasant and difficult to accept or experience; very obvious, very plain and easily seensere

54、nitya disposition free from stress or emotioncorruptiondishonest or illegal behavior especially by powerful people (such as government officials or police officers) deprivednot having the things that are needed for a good or healthy life devoidbeing without a usual, typical, or expected attribute or

55、 panimenttheatricalityan artificial and mannered quality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 定语从句Mechanism DemonstrationSample 2AnalysisExposure to sustained noise has been claimed to (i) _ blood pressure regulation in human beings and, particularly, toincreasehypertension, eventhoughsome researchers h

56、ave obtained inconclusiveresults that (ii) _ the relationship.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. sharpen D. buttressB. increase E. obscureC. impair F. partiality Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, even though B that C.Logic CounterpartExposure to sustained noise & impair; inconclusive & obscure 核心逻辑: 噪

57、音有害身体健康。Translation人类长期暴露在噪音环境中会削弱血压的调节机制并明显地增加高血压的出现, 尽管有一些研究者获得了一些不确定的结果, 这些结果掩盖了噪音和血压的关系。 定语从句Word ClarificationMerriam-Websterimpairto make (something) weaker or worsebuttressto support, strengthen, or defend (something) obscureto make (something) difficult to understand or know; to hide or cove

58、r (something); to be in front of (something) so that it cannot be seenpartialityan unfair tendency to treat one person, group, or thing better than another Session 1GRE Text Completion 315 定语从句Mechanism DemonstrationSample 3AnalysisIn many science fiction films, theopposition of good and evil is por

59、trayed as a _ between technology, which is (ii) _, and the errant will of a depraved intellectual.Blank (i) Blank (ii)A. fusion D. dehumanizingB. struggle E. unfetteredC. parallel F. beneficent Session 1GRE Text Completion 315StructureA, B, which C, and D.Logic Counterpartopposition & struggle; good

60、 technology & beneficent; evil & errant will核心逻辑: 科幻电影的一大主题就是正义与邪恶的对抗。(参考蝙蝠侠, 金刚狼等作品)Translation在很多科幻电影中, 善与恶的对立体现为好的技术和颓废的知识分子变态的想法之间的冲突。 定语从句Word ClarificationMerriam-Webstererrantbehaving wrongly; straying outside the proper path or boundsdepravedvery evil: having or showing an evil and immoral c