语法专题7-被动语态和虚拟语气

1、语法专题复习-被动语态-（The Passive voice)英语的两大语态：主动语态和被动语态A.主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓语动词的对象。B.被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者(动作的对象)。 (把主动语态改为被动语态也就是把主动句中的宾语改为被动句的主语，这是最关键的着眼点，同时谓语动词作相应的变化。)被动语态的谓语构成:助动词be动词过去分词什么时候要用被动语态呢？在下列三种情况之一要用被动语态：不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。请

2、看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：主动语态:主语谓语宾语被动语态:例： We clean our classroom every day. （主动）注意把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上 例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也 要用一般现在时。如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词 by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语we改为us。主语by+宾语be+过去分词Our classroomis cleanedby usevery day（被动）各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表时 态主动语态被动语态1一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+过去分词

3、2一般过去时didwas/were+过去分词3一般将来时will/be going to+动词原形will/be going to+be+过去分词4过去将来时would+动词原形would+be+过去分词5现在进行时am/is/are+现在分词am/is/are+being+过去分词6过去进行时was/were+现在分词was/were+being+过去分词7现在完成时have/has+过去分词have/has+been+过去分词8过去完成时had+过去分词had+been+过去分词9含情态动词情态动词+动词原形情态动词+be+过去分词被动语态的构成:“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”被动语态

4、中be在各时态中的具体形式： 1.一般现在时中被动语态的构成, am, is ,are + PP(过去分词)。 注:助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化。3.一般将来时中被动语态的构成，will be +PP 或 be going to be。 例句: I /She/We will be taught Japanese next term.2.一般过去时中被动语态的构成，was, were + PP. 例句: I /she was criticized by the head teacher. We were criticized by the head teacher例句: Silk is pr

5、oduced in Suzhou and Hangzhou. Bicycles are widely used in China.5.现在进行时态中被动语态的构成: is/am/are being +pp.例句: New bridge is being built near our school. 6.过去进行时态中被动语态的构成:was/were being +pp.This road was being built this time last year.4. 过去将来时态中被动语态的构成： would be + pp 或 was/were going to be + ppThe mana

6、ger said the project would be completed soon. =The manager said the project was going to be completed soon.7.现在完成时中被动语态的构成:have / has been +pp.8. 过去完成时态中被动语态的构成:had been +pp. When I got home, the fish had been eaten up by the cat.例句: The work has been finished. A lot of rivers have been polluted9. 含

7、有情态动词的被动语态的构成: can/ may /must/should + be + done +（by sb）例句：The classroom must be cleaned right now. Can the work be done in two days. Dont play with the knife. Your fingers may be hurt. Practice 1-Turn the following sentences into passive voice:People grow rice in South China. -Rice is grown in Sou

8、th China.2. Helen broke the glass yesterday. -The glass was broken by Helen yesterday.3. Doctor Smith is carrying out medical research now. -Medical research is being carried out by Doctor Smith.Workers were building this road this time last year. - This road was being built this time last year by w

9、orkers.5. They will send Lily to study abroad next term. - Lily will be sent to study abroad next term.6. The boss said he would deal with the problem right away. -The boss said the problem would be dealt with right away.7. People have translated “Harry Porter” into many languages. -”Harry Porter” h

10、as been translated into many languages.8. By the end of last July, I had finished all the homework. -By the end of last July , all the homework had been finished.You must design the poster before lunch. - The poster must be designed before lunch.10. All of us should protect the environment. -The env

11、ironment should be protected by us all.11. We cant learn English well in such a short time. -English cant be learnt well in such a short time. 12. Im not sure they might ask Tom to speak at the meeting. -Im not sure Tom might be asked to speak at the meeting.在学习被动语态中要注意的问题在上面我们已经初步了解了被动语态的构成和主动变被动的方

12、法。下面我们接着学习在被动语态中要注意的问题。I: 一些使役动词(let, have, make等)或感观动词(see, hear, watch, notice等) 在主动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要 补上to。如：The boss makes the workers work 18 hours a day. -The workers are made to work 18 hours a day by the boss.I saw him enter the house. -He was seen to enter the house （by me）.The tea

13、cher let them leave the classroom after class. -They were let to leave the classroom by the teacher after class.We hear her sing in the room every day. -She is heard to sing in the room every day.注意当使用see/hear/watch/notice sb doing sth的句式变为被动语态时， doing保持不变。如： I saw him running on the playground.(主动)

14、 -He was seen running on the playground.(被动) I 使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表主动语态被动语态使役动词make sb do sthsb be made to do sthhave sb do sthsb be had to do sthlet sb do sthsb be let to do sth感观动词see sb do sthsb be seen to do sthwatch sb do sthsb be watched to do sthhear sb do sthsb be heard to do sthnotice sb do st

15、hsb be noticed to do sthgo II：有的动词没有被动语态结构。 1）不及物动词没有被动语态 一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动 词才有承受者。常见的不及物动词有：die, last(持续), rise, happen, sit, stand, lie, become, appear, 等等，所以你们平 时说：He was died 2 years ago. 是完全错误的。应该去掉 was. 2) 连系动词或者说是五觉动词没有被动语态 因为连系动词或者说是五觉动词属于不及物动词 如：look, sound, smell, feel, taste 这些动词

16、This apple is tasted nice. 是错误的。 正确的是：This apple tastes nice. 3. 有些动词短语也没有有被动语态因为它们也相当于一个不及物动词，常见的有 belong to take place come out get on/off come about(发生）break out (爆发) show up(露面）如： This book was belonged to me. （ wrong) -This book belongs to me. (right) Great changes have been taken place in Chin

17、a. (wrong) -Great changes have taken place in China.( right) III: 要保持动词短语在被动语态中的完整性 极大多数动词短语相当于及物动词都可以有被动语态如： take care of、 pay attention to、make use of 但它们是不可 分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的 副词或介词。 如： 1）Our school will put off the Teachers Sports meeting -The Teachers Sports meeting will be put off. 2）Yo

18、u should pay more attention to your study this year. -Your study should be paid more attention to this year. 带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时， 不能把介词 或副词拆开。IV: 带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。 有些动词可以带两个宾语，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直 接宾语。 可以将其中一个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。 如 Her parents bought her a new computer yesterday. - She was bought a new com

19、puter yesterday. -A new computer was bought for her yesterday. They have given me some good advice. -I have been given some good advice. - Some good advice has been given to me. She will write a long letter to David Smith. -David Smith will be written a long letter. - A long letter will be written t

20、o David Smith.buy sth for sbgive sth to sb带双宾语的动词主要有以下几个：give, buy, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send等带双宾语的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词to或for.它们的句型主要有以下几个：give sth to sb=give sb sthbuy sth for sb=buy sb sthsell sth to sb=sell sb sthtake sth to sb=take sb sthbring sth to

21、sb=bring sb sthmake sth for sb=make sb sthhand sth to sb=hand sb sthpass sth to sb=pass sb sthkeep sth for sb=keep sb sthsend sth to sb=send sb sth 例：He passed me some paper.(主动) Some paper was passed to me by him.（被动）You must keep some fruit for him.(主动) Some fruit must be kept for him.（被动） A: 动词ne

22、ed. require. want. be worth. 后加v+ing的主动结构常表示被动含义e.g.: 1）My watch cant work, it needs repairing. =（needs to be repaired) 2) These children require looking after. =(. Required to be looked after.) 2）This film is really worth seeing. =(.worthy to be seen)V: 一些特殊的情况B: 当动词wash, write, sell, buy, 等表示主语的某种

23、 属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如： 1) This kind of cloth washes easily. 2) This pen writes well. 3) This kind of books sells quickly. 还有几个特殊的句型也必须用被动语态 如： Its said that. ( 据说。） Its reported that.（据报道。） Its thought that. （据认为。） Its hoped that Its known that. 虚拟语气 SUBJUNCTIVE MOODGRAMMER语法8/11/2022语气的分类陈述语气I went

24、to the theatre yesterday.Jack hadnt come back home yet.祁使语气Lets go.Dont touch anything on the table until the bell rings.虚拟语气If I were you,I would not leave her alone.If I had 20 million pounds now, I would give half of it to the charity.虚拟语气的概念 虚拟语气主要用于 虚拟条件句 , 它表示与事实相反, 或实现可能性极小的一种猜测, 假设和愿望.If we

25、had wings, we could fly .If there were heavy snow outside today, we could/ might play with snow after class.虚拟条件句 表示条件是无法实现或几乎无法实现的,采用虚拟语气. IF Sentence Structure IF虚拟条件句的结构IF虚拟条件句根据条件所处 时态分为三类.a. 表示与现在事实相反 的假设.b. 表示与过去事实相反 的假设.c. 表示与将来事实相反 的假设.Note: 表示与将来事实相反 的假设,暂时不作要求1.表示与现在事实相反的假设. If Jay Chou ca

26、me here now, what would you do? If I were you,I would try to get his autograph. Imagine what would happen if the sun went dim. 时态: if 条件句: did(were) 主句: would(should,could,might) do(be) be动词在虚拟语气中从句中一般用were ,很少用 was.PRACTICE1PRACTICE 1: Fill in the blanks. a. If they (be) here, they (take) your advi

27、ce. b. If the world-war (break) out again, what (happen) to people on earth?c. If the policeman (be not) on duty every day, it (be) very dangerous.If I (be) you, I (ask) teacher for help. KEYswere would broke would happenWere not would be were would ask2.表示与过去事实相反 的假设.If he had come yesterday,he wou

28、ld have gone with us. (He didnt come yesterday,so he didnt go with us.)If you had been more careful in the 1st monthly exam, you would not have made such a mistake.If it had not been for the terrorists, the twin tower would not have been destroyed . 时态: 条件从句: had done(been) 主句: would(should,could,mi

29、ght) have done(been) PRACTICE 2: Fill in the blanks a. If Tom _ (be) more careful in the exam, he _(pass) it already. b. If you _(get) up earlier, you_(catch) the first train. c. If I _(meet) you yesterday, we_(go) to the concert together. had been would have passed had got would have caught had met could/might have goneI wish I remembered the address.1.我要是现在记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）I wish he had not left.2. 要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）I wish I could speak English as well as the English native speakers.3