Professional English for Chemical Engineering(化工专业英语)-8

1、Sichuan UniversityProfessional English -for Chemical EngineeringChapter 4 Professional English Writing Section 1： Mathematics and Chemicals Specific Words元素符号 大部分元素为直接英文名字一到两个字母缩写 oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = Mg一些元素缩写来自拉丁名 iron = Fe (ferrum) copper = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum)少数几个元素缩写来自早

2、期误以为是元素的化合物 sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate) potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate)Alkali Metals：Lithium，Sodium，Potassium，Rubidium，CesiumAlkaline-Earth Metals：Beryllium，Magnesium， Calcium，Strontium，BariumHalogen Family Elements：Fluorine，Chlorine，Bromine，IodineNoble MetalsGold，Silver，Pa

3、lladium，PlatinumNon-MetalHydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Silicon, Helium,Main Group Element，Transitional Element，Oxygen Family Elements，Inert gas elements， 主要元素离子的命名盐类通常是由一定比例阴阳离子组成的物质，其命名由阴、阳离子名字组成 NaCl, sodium chloride; Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide; FeBr2 iron (II) bromide o

4、r ferrous bromide; Ca(OAc)2 calcium acetate; Cr2(SO4)3 chromium (III) sulphate or chromic sulphate.阴离子包括单原子monatomic和多原子polyatomic阴离子单原子阴离子以元素名+“-ide”结尾 Oxygen Oxide Carbon Carbide Bromine - Bromide双原子阴离子也已“-ide”结尾 OH- - Hydroxide CN- - Cyanide O22- - Peroxide 在含氧的多原子阴离子中，氧原子的数目通过后缀“-ite”，“-ate”表示，分

5、别是少的或多的氧原子。对于含有更少或更多的氧原子时，可能会使用前缀“hypo-”， “per-”Hypochlorite ClO-Chlorite ClO2-ChlorateClO3-Perchlorate ClO4-常见阴离子NameSymbolNameSymbolNitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-CarbonateCO32-SulphiteSO32-SulphateSO42-PhosphitePO33-PhosphatePO43-ArseniteAsO33-Hydrogen sulphateHSO4-Hydrogen sulphiteHSO3-Hydrogen carbonate

6、HCO3-Hypo-chloriteClO-ArsenateAsO43-CyanideCN-IodateIO3-IodideI-ChlorateClO3-FluorideF-ChromateCrO4-ChlorideCl-DichromateCr2O72-BromideBr-PerchlorateClO4-SulphideS2-PermanganateMnO4-OxideO2-AcetateOAc-HydrideH-OxalateC2O42-HydroxideOH-氧化物的命名 在金属氧化物命名中，主要使用来源于希腊语的前缀表示氧原子的数目以及化合物中的其他元素。常用前缀包括： (1) mon

7、o-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- , (10) deca-前缀中所包含的字母a常常被省略，比如： tetra-， Tri-iron tetroxide氧化物的命名 对于多价态金属，高价一般以“-ic”结尾，低价一般以“-ous”结尾对于非金属氧化物，mono-常被省略掉Cu+ CuprousCu2+ CupricMn2+ ManganousMn3+ ManganicMn7+ Permaganic

8、常见金属氧化物FormulaNameFeOiron(II) oxideferrous oxideFe2O3iron(III) oxideferric oxideFe3O4tri-iron tetroxideferroferric oxide Cu2Ocopper(I) oxidecuprous oxideCuOcopper(II) oxidecupric oxideV2O5vanadium(V) oxidevanadium pentoxideVO2vanadium(IV) oxidehypovanadic oxideHg2Omercury(I) oxide mercurous oxide Hg

9、Omercury(II) oxidemeruric oxide常见非金属氧化物FormulaNameNameCOcarbon(II) oxideCarbon monoxideCO2carbon(IV) oxideCarbon dioxideSO3sulphur(VI) oxideSulphur trioxideN2O3nitrogen(III) oxideDinitrogen trioxideP2O5Phosphorus(V) oxideDiphosphorus pentoxideCl2O7chlorine(VII) oxideDichlorine heptoxide酸的命名酸的命名由前面阴离

10、子命名对应例如：The Ion in Table 2Corresponding Acid-ate-ic-ite-ous-ide-icAcid IonAcidacetateacetic acidperchlorateperchloric acidsulfitesulfurous acidcyanidehydrocyanic acid常见金属氧化物、碱和盐FormulaNameSn(OH)2tin(II) hydroxideStannous hydroxideSn(OH)4tin(IV) hydroxidestannic hydroxideHg2SO4mercury(I) sulphateMerc

11、urous sulphateHgSO4mercury(II) sulphateMercuric sulphateNaClOsodium hypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassium dichromateCu3(AsO4)2copper(II) arsenatecupric arsenateKVO3potassium metavanadatepotassium vanadate(NH4)2C2O4 ammonium oxalateCr(OAc)3Chromium(III) acetateChromic acetate酸式盐、碱式盐的命名对这类复杂盐类，通常按离子及其数目直接命名 Na

12、2HPO4 disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate. 由于历史原因，前缀“bi-”被用于命名某些酸式盐 NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite. 碱式盐和复合盐命名，按离子数目直接命名 Bi(OH)2NO3 bismuth dihydroxy nitrate NaKSO4 sodium potassium sulphate络合物先读出络离子，然后按原化合物命名 Cu(NH3)4SO4 tetrammine copper sulfate 所

13、谓烃类，就是指只包含碳氢的有机化合物，比如苯，甲烷等，统称HydrocarbonHydrogen + carbon aliphatic hydrocarbon: Methane, Ethylene, aromatic hydrocarbon: Benzene, Toluene alicyclic hydrocarbon: Cyclohexane烃类命名烷烃：saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon / Alkyls/ Alkane/ Paraffin烯烃：unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon /Alkene/Olefin 炔烃：Alkyne

14、/Alkine/Alkynyl compounds,环烷烃：saturated cylic hydrocarbon/ cycloparaffin/ naphthene芳香烃：Arene/ aromatic hydrocarbon/aromatic compound. 烃类命名直链烷烃命名CH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H10ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadeca

15、neC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22DecaneC20H42Eicosane烯烃和炔烃对于含双键的不饱和烯烃通常是把烷烃结尾的“-ane”变化为“-ene”进行命名。如果含有两个或两个以上的双键，则以 “-adiene” “-atriene”等结尾。对于含三键的不饱和炔烃通常是把烷烃结尾的“-ane”变化为“-yne”进行命名如果含有两个或两个以上的三键，则以“-adiyne” “-atriyne”等结尾。烷烃，烃基，烯烃和炔烃 AlkanesAlk

16、ylsAlkenesalkynesIUPAC*CommonMthaneMethylEthaneEthylEtheneEthyleneAcetylenePropanePropylPropenePropylenePropyneButaneButylButeneButyleneButynePentanePentyl (amyl)PentenePentylenePentyneHexaneHexyl*International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry主要石油烃类产品Liquefied petroleum gas: 液化石油气Naphthas: 石脑油Whi

17、te Spirit: 石油溶剂油Regular and Premium Gasoline: 常规或高级汽油Jet Fuel: 航空煤油Lamp Oils: 煤油Home Heating Oil and Diesel Fuel: 家用燃油和柴油Paraffins: 石蜡Heave Fuel: 重油Base Stocks: 基本汽油Waxes: 蜡Asphalts: 沥青含氧有机物苯酚 : Phenol - substituting a hydrogen by a hydroxyl group, OH, in an aromatic ring.呋喃和苯并呋喃：Furanes and benzofu

18、ranes: an oxygenated ring is condensed into one or more aromatic rings.羧酸：Carboxylic acid, R-COOH: where R is a alkyl radical, an aromatic ring, or a saturated ring.酯：Esters, R-COO-R: where R and R (R prime) are alkyl radical or aromatics. 原油中其他主要有机化合物含硫有机物硫醚：Sulfide - where sulfur is positioned as

19、part of a saturated chain or as cyclic sulfides having 4 or 5 carbon atoms in a ring.二硫醚：Disulfides - having the general formula R-S-S-R, often present in light fractions.硫醇：Thiols or mercaptans - found in low boiling fractions wherein the hydrogen bonded to the sulfide has acid characteristics.噻吩及其

20、衍生物：Thiophenes and their derivatives - often present in fraction boling over 250 C, constitute an important goup of sulfur compounds. The sulfur atom is positioned in the aromatic ring. 原油中其他主要有机化合物含氮有机物酰胺：saturated or aromatic amides. 胺：amines - a nitrogen atom linked with one, two or three differe

21、nt alkyl radicals. 咔唑：Carbazoles - where a ring containing nitrogen is condensed with one or more aromatic rings, forming neutral compounds.嘧啶：Pyridines - nitrogen is incorporated in a hexagonal ring having three double bonds. 原油中其他主要有机化合物H2OWater; H-two-ONa2SO4Sodium sulphate; N-a-two-S-O-fourCa2(P

22、O4)32H2OCalcium phosphate two hydrate; C-a-two-pause-P-O four-pause-three times-dot-two-H two-OZn(NH3)42+Tetra-ammonium zinc complex cationMg(OH)2Magnesium hydroxide; M-g-pause-O-H-pause-twice; M-g-in brackets twice怎么读分子式？ CO32- + Ca2+ = CaCO3 a carbonate anion with a valancy of two plus a calcium c

23、ation with a valancy of two produce a calcium carbonate precipitate 2H2O2 = 2H2O+O2 Two hydrogen peroxide yield two water and give off oxygen in the precence of a manganese dioxide as a catalyst on heatingMnO2 怎么读反应方程式？Very Important怎么读数字？年号的读法：1979nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) sev

24、enty-nine电话号码、货币的读法：1023one o two three;1227one double two (or two two)seven;.25four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);小数点的读法： 13.91thirteen decimal(point)nineone; 0.23=nought demical two three; point two three.算术式的读法： 2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five. 5-3=2 Five minus three is equ

25、al to two. 32=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six. 93=3 Nine divided by three makes three. 1.2310-4: one point two three times ten to the minus four In some circumstances without misunderstanding, it can be read simply as: one point two three times ten minus four科学计数法读法Plus, minus, mul

26、tiply/times, divide/overx to the power n, x to the nth, x squared, x cubednth root of x, square root of x, cube root of x6 % 6 percent3 3 per mille2 : 3 the ratio of two to threex orx the increment of xdx differential x infinity degrees Centigrade; Degree C degrees Fahrenheit; Degree FlognX logX to the base nXa SubscriptXb superscript a*, a, a star, or a asterisk; a prime, a dash数学符号数学符号数学符