音图和拼写规则(全英文、音标版)

1、Spelling Rules ChartQ: Q is always followed by U. U is not a vowel here. (queen).C: The letter c usually says k (cat, cot, cut), but c says s before e, i, or y (cent, city, cycle)G: The letter g usually says g (gate, go, gust), butg may say d? before e, i, or y (page, giant, gym). The letters e and

2、i following g do not always make theg say d? (get, girl, give).A, E, O, U : Vowels a, e, o, u usually say their names/long sounds ei i: ?u ju: at the end of a syllable (na vy, me, o pen, mu sic). (These are referred to asopen syllables.) This rule helps students know how to divide unfamiliar vowel-c

3、onsonant-vowel words and then pronounce the word correctly.(re port rather thanrep ort).I & Y : The letter i and y may say ai at the end of a syllable (si lent, cy cle), but usually say i (in ci dent, cy cli cal). The unaccented suffix y may say i: at the end of a word (ba by, dad dy). The i at the

4、end of a syllable before another vowel that begins the next syllable may say i: (ra di o, me di a).Y not I: . English words do not end in i, j, u or v. The letter y, not i, is used at the end of an English word (my).Silent Final Es: They have at least five functions in English， Silent Final es shoul

5、d be thought of as having a job.The job of the #1 silent final e is to let the vowel say its second sound (letter name) bake gene time/type code cuteThe job of the #2 Silent final e is to prevent us from ending an English word with v or u， because English words do not end in i, j, u or v.love give b

6、lue trueThe job of the #3 Silent final e is to soften a c or g (to make c says s, g says d?). chance changeThe job of the #4 Silent final e is to prevent us from having a syllable with no vowel.Every syllable must have a written vowel.lit t le cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dleSilent e # 5: other jobs

7、or unknown reasonsThe E keeps a word that is not plural from ending in an s Ex: dense(not dens),purse (not purs), false (not fals)The E adds length to a short main-idea word.Ex.are, ewe, ryeThe E gives a distinction in meaning between homonyms. Ex.: or/ore for/foreThe E is left over from Middle Engl

8、ish or a foreign language where the final E was once pronounced.Ex： treatise giraffeWOR : The phonogramor may say ?: after the w (works).IE or EI: We use theie most often. We use theie to sayi: (piece), as a suffix (mov ie), to say ai(pie). We use theei after c (re ceive), if we say ei, and in some

9、exceptions. (either weird foreign sovereign forfeited leisure neither seize protein)SH: SH is used at the beginning of a word (she), at the end of a syllable/word (fish/fish es), but not at the beginning of any syllable after the first one (na tion), except for the ending -ship (friendship).TI, SI,

10、CI: The ti, si, ci say / at the beginning of any syllable after the first one (na tion, man sion, spe cial).12/13. SI:. The si say$/ when the preceding syllable ends with s (ses sion) and when the root word has an s (manse/man sion). Only si can sa?except for ti in equation. (vision)Rule 1-1-1 Suffi

11、x: With a one syllable word ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the last consonant before adding a vowel suffix (hop/hop ping).Rule 2-1-1 Accent: With a two or more syllable word ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the last consonant before adding a vowel suffix IF the accent is

12、on the last syllable (for got /for got/ten).E s Dropping Rulesilent final Es are dropped):When adding a vowel sllHix to a mol word (hopc/hcpiiig).Tile c is retained in root words with C or g before e, the e can only be dropped if the suffix begins with e, i, y (to let c say s, no tic ing) and g say

13、d? (chang ing). In suffixes that begin with another vowel, the e is retained (no tice able, change a ble). The e is retained in words that lose their root word meaning (dye/dye ing).I hc c is retained witli a consonant sllIIix (lone ly).F, L, S: We often double f, l, s, after a single vowel, at the

14、end of a one-syllable word. (full, puff, pass). Occasionally other letters also are doubled. (egg, odd, inn, jazz)AY: Root words do not end in the lettera saying ei except for the article a. The ay is used most often (play). When a word end witha, it says a:I & O : Vowels i and o may say ai and ?u w

15、hen followed by two consonants (find, cold).S, X & Suffix - es To make most nouns plural, add-s. The s never follows x. Words ending in s (dress es), x (box es), z (buzz es), ch (teach es), sh (bush es), tch (catch es) or the sound ? dge (bridg es) form their plural by adding -es. Some words change

16、f to v and end with -es (wiv es). Words ending in y after a consonant form their plurals by changing the y to i and adding -es (pup pies). See: Rule 24L Dismiss: The words all, full and till are written with one l when they are added to another syllable. (almost, careful, until)DGE: 3-letter d? (dge

17、) may be used after a single vowel which says ?- e- i- ?- A (badge, edge, ridge, lodge, fudge).TCH : 3-letter t /may be used after a single vowel which doenot say ei-i：-ai- ?u-ju: (match watch sketch blotch crutch butcher)Y s Suffixe sThe single vowel y (not phonograms ay, ey or oy) changes to i whe

18、n adding a suffix (try/tried, pup py/pup pies) unless the suffix starts with an i (-ing /try ing, -ish/ba by ish).CK: The ck may be used only after a single vowel which says ?- e- i- ?- A (back, peck, pick, pock et, truck).Caps: Capitalize words that are the individual name or title of a person, pla

19、ce or thing/idea.Z & S : The z, never s, is used to say z at the beginning of a root word (zebra, zoo).ED: The ed says d and t as the past tense ending of any root word that does not end in the sound d (killed) or t (liked). When the ed says ed after words ending with d (land/land ed) or t (act/act

20、ed) they form another syllable.Double Consonants:Double consonants within words of more than one syllable should both be sounded for spelling. (lit tle, but ton)Phonograms Chart音图美国音标国际音标例词1. a/?/-/ c-/ah/?-ei- a:have a ball2. b/b/bbumblebee3. c/k/-/s/k-scat in the city4. d/d/ddaddy s dragon5. e/?/-

21、/ e /e-i:help me6. f/f/ffunny face7. g/g/-/j/g- d ?goat and giraffe8. h/h/hhug9. i/?/-/ -/e /i-ai- i:it s a giant radio10. j/j/d?jumping jack11. k /k/ tall-letter /k/kking12. l/l/llollipop13.m /m/mmammoth14. n /n/nnoon15.o /o/-/ c-/?/-/oo/?- ?u- ?-u:Ox over? Love to!16.p /p/ppuppies17.qu /kw/kwqueen

22、 Always write q with u18. r /r /rroadrunner19. s /s/-/z/s-zSusie20. t/t/tteeter-totter21. u /?/-/ L-/OoZ?-ju:-uducks use output22. v /v/vvalentine23. w /w/wwiggle worm24. x /ks/ksx-ray a foxy /y/-/?/-/ -/e / j -i-ai-i：your gypsy can fly quicklyz /z/zzebra at the zoosh /sh/ used at the beginning of a

23、 word (she), at the end of a syllable (fish es), but not at the beginning of any syllable after the first one (nation), except for the ending-shipf she fi shes for friendshipee / e / double ee always says /e /i: peekth /th/-/th/0-ethree of themay / a /-letter / a / that we may use at the end of Engl

24、ish words ei play sailboatai / a /-letter / a / thet way not use at the end of English wordsei play sailboatow /ow/- / o / that we may use at the end of English words au- ?u cowboy showou /ow/- / &/oo/-/?/ that we may not use at the end of English words au- ?u-u:- A sound soul youth troubleaw /aw/ t

25、hat we may use at the end of English words?: auto lawau /au/ that we may not use at the end of English words?: auto lawew /oo/-/ u / that we may use at the end of English words u:-ju: brew a fewui /oo/-/ u / that wemay not use at the end of English wordsu: ju:fruit juiceoy /oy/ that we may use at th

26、e end of English words?inoisy boyoi /oi/ that we may not use at the end of English words?i noisy boyoo /00/-/00/-/ o / u: -u- ?ufoolish crook at the doorch /ch/-/k/-/sh/ said gradually faster, it resembles a traint -k- / chick echo chefng /ng/ used at the end of a word or syllable (a nasal sound)? s

27、ing a long songea / e/?/-/ a /i:-e-ei eating bread is greatar /ar/ the /ar/ of carar:carck /k/ 2-letter k used only at the end of a root word after a single vowel that says ? e i ? A k prick a pickleed /ed/-/d/-/t/ past tense endinged-d-t spotted, starred, stripedor /or/?r:form a swordwh /wh/ ( blow

28、 a feather off your palm )hw whisper to whale古英语传统读法是 hw ，现在大部分人是读成w 。您也可以教这个音图为w,加说 2-letter w, 以区别于w这个音图。即wh , 2-letter woa / o /-letter /o / thatmway no t use at the end of English words?utoad on a boatoe / o /-letter /o / that we may use at the end of English words?utiptoeer /er/ the /er/ of her

29、 ?:ir /er/ the /er/ of firstur /er/ the /er/ of nursewor /er/ the /er/of work (The wor = /w/-/or/, in most other words w before or makes or say ?:.)ear /er/ the /er/of earlyour /er/ the /er/ of journeyey / d- e / that we may use at the end of English words ei-i: they have the honeyei /& 6 / that wemay not use at the end of English wordsei-i: their leisureeigh / a /-letter / a /ei eight freight carsie /& i /i:-ai piece of pieigh / i -l3tter / i /ai night lightkn /n/