现在完成时的重点和难点

1、现在完成时的重点和难点一、现在完成时的完成用法”和未完成用法”.现在完成时的“完成用法”现在完成时的完成用法”指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对 现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如： He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。）现在完成时“完成用法”的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定 的过去时间状语（如：already , yet, before , recently等）、频度时间状语（如： never,ever,once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this mor

2、ning / month /year., today 等）连用。例如：Have you found your pen yet ?你已找到你的钢笔了吗？.现在完成时的未完成用法现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现 在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。（动 作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。）

3、此种用法的句中常 需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表 示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now , so far到目前为止）等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 至U目前为止我没有他的任 何消息。注意：（1）现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性 动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come , go, arrive , leave , join ,become , die 等。（2）现在完成时常见两种句型：主语 + have / has been + for 短语It is + 一

4、段时间+ since从旬例如： He has been in the League for three years. 或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和 终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay

5、 等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作， 这种动作发生后立即结束。 如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。4、延续性动词的用法特征.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示段时间”的状语连用。表示“段时间的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如：I have learned English sinc

6、e I came here.自从我来至U这儿就学英语了。.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的点时间状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误)rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示点时间、前后显然 矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助 come, begin, get等终止 性动词来表示。上旬可改为： It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正)又 如：-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.-Then youve known

7、each other for more than two years. -Thats right.5、终止性动词的用法特征.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： The train has arrived. 火车到了。Have you joined the computer group?你力口入电月而小组了吗？.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间 的状语连用(只限肯定式)0如：(1)他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He di

8、ed three years ago.正：It is three years since he died.正：Three years has passed since hedied.(2)他来这儿五天了。误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days.正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动

9、词，不能与表示段时间的状语连用。 那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以米用下面的四种方法：(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正 确表达方式。下面歹U举几例：leave-be away, borrow -keep, buy-have,begin/startfbe on, die fbe dead, move to flive in, finishfbe over, join fbein/be a member of, open sth.fkeep sth. open, fall illfbe ill, get upfbe up,catch a coldf have a c

10、ol d(2)将句中表小段时间的状语改为表小过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型It is+段时间+since.”表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达 方式。(4)用句型时间+has passed+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正 确表达方式。.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与 表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986. I haventheard from my father for two weeks.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成not+终止性动词

11、+until/till . 的句型，意为”直到才o 如：You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。.终止性动词可以用于 when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是“点时间（从何谓语动词用终止性动 词），也可以是段时间”（从何谓语动词用延续性动词）。而while表示的是一个较 长的时间或过程，从何谓语动词用延续性动词。如：

12、When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. （reach 为终止性动词）Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. （be away 为延续 性动词短语）.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用（只限于肯定式）。如： 误：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here? 正： When did you come here?二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的

13、动作。说 话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对 现在”产生的影响。如：He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。（只说明去桂林的时间）.现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不 与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。（着重点是现在有了 一台新电脑）.两种时态的区分（1）一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是助动词 have /has + 过去分词”。如：The film started at 7 o clocHe has been a t

14、eacher for many years.（2）一般过去而通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等; 而现在完成时贝U常与 just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since., for. 等表示一段时间的状语连 用。看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？Have you seen the film?（A） Did you see the film?（B）说明你看过这部电影吗？ （A）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（B）旬强

15、 调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it?（A） How did he do it?（B）说明他是怎么做的这件事？ （A）旬强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某 种影响；（B）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.（A）He lived in Beijing for 8years.（B）说明他在北京住了 8年。（A）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（B）句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难掌握、中考

16、考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:一、考查其构成助动词have （has） +动词过去分词”构成现在完成时。如：Kates never seen Chinese films , ? A. hasnt she B. has she C. isntshe D. is she析：陈述旬部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式，又因 Kates是Kate has的缩写，故选BoHis uncle has already posted the photos to him.（改为否定句）His uncle posted the photos to him.析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否

17、定旬、疑问句中，故填 hasnt, yet。-Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So her parents. A. has B. had C. didD. have析：so+助/系/情态动词+主语”结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持 一致，又后句的主语为her parents是复数，故选D。二、考查其用法与标志词（一）当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before 等时，常用现在完成时。如：-Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -you yourhomework yet?A. Do;

18、 finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished-you anywhere before? -Yes, but I cant remember whereIA. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfedC. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed析：据yet和before可知，应用现在完成时，故1题选D, 2题选D。（二）当句中有for +段时间或since +点时间”等时，主句常用现在完成时，谓语 动词必须是延续性动词，

19、若是非延续性动词，要改为延续性动词或表状态的词（短 语）。如：His brother has been to Stone Forest twicehe came to Yunnan.A. after B. before C. since D. for析：主句用的是现在完成时，而从何用的是一般过去时，故选 CoTomthe CD player for two weeks.A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had析：A、B、C均为非延续性动词，在肯定句中不与表段时间”的短语连用，故选DoIa letter from him since

20、 he left.A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard析： 据 since 可知， 应排除 A、C, hear from sb尸receive/get/have a letter from sb.意为收到某人的来信，故选B。三、 考查 have/has been （to, in）/have/has gone （to） 的区另U。 如：-Have you everLintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, Ihave.A. went to B. gone to C

21、. been in D. been to析：据句中的have,排除A, B项意为“去某地了，C项意为”一直呆在某地， D项意为去过某地，符合题意，故选D。My parents Shangdong for ten years.A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been析：本题句中有for+段时间”结构，据此可排除C, B项意为去过某地二不合题 意，D项缺介词，故选A o四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如：Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.（ 改成正确的句子 ）析：非

22、延续性动词与段时间”连用时，除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外， 还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型Its +段时间+since+从旬进行句子转 换。故答案为： Suns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns aunt went there.Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.（ 改为同义句） more than ten years Susan to this city.

23、析：据上题分析，且since引导的从何要用一般过去时，故填It is, since, came。I wont go to the concert because I my ticket.A. lost B. dont lose C. have lostD. is coming析：因我丢了票的动作发生在过去，而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果， 符合现在完成时所表示的含意，故选 Co一、翻译下列句子：.你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？.我刚刚丢了我的英语书。.我以前从来没去过那个农场。.他已经吃过午饭了。.你已经看过这部电影了吗？.我哥哥还没回来。.我上星期看过这部电影。.在1992年他住在这里。.这

24、本书我已买了三年了。.他离开中国三年了。.我认识他们五年了。.他们已去了美国五年了。.自从他搬到福州，他就住这儿了。.这会已开了多长时间了？.这门已经关了两天了。16我入团2年了。I two years ago.I a for two years.I a of for two years.I the for two years.二、用过去时或现在完成时填空：1.“you(have) lunch ?Yes.Whenyou(have) it? ” “I(have) it at 12:00.2.“you(write) a letter to your aunt yet?Yes, I. I(write

25、) one last week.3.he(finish) his homework?”“Not yet. ”they ever(be) abroad? Yes, just once. ”Your father just(finish) his work.Your father(finish) his work just now.Last term I(learn) many English words.They(not read) the interesting books yet.He never(go) to the science museum.you ever(drink) coke?

26、“you(buy) a dictionary? Yes, I“Where you(buy) it? ”I(buy) it in a bookstore.“When y ou(buy) it? ” Yesterday.”三、用since和for填空1.two years 2.two years ago 3.last month 4.19995.yesterday 6.4 o7. clock 4 hours 8.an hour ago9.we were children 10.lunch time 11.she left hereHe has lived in Nanjing the year b

27、efore last.I ve known him we were children.Our teacher has studied Japanese three years.She has been away from the city about ten years.It s about ten years she left the city.四、短暂性动词转换为延续性动词 arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.f be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be the

28、reHe got to Beijing five minutes ago.He Beijing for.I moved to the USA last year.I the USA since.I went home yesterday.I home for.They came here last week.They ccccccccc ccccccccc here since ccccccccc cccccccccc. come/go back, return f be back come/go out f be outHe came out two years ago.He ccccccc

29、cc cccccccccc ccccccccc for cccccccccc cccccccccc.We return to Fuzhou yesterday.We to Fuzhou since. become f beI became a teacher in 2000.I cccccccc cccccccccc a teacher for ccccccccc ccccccccc.The river became dirty last year.The river ccccccccc ccccccccc dirty for ccccccccc cccccccccc. close f be

30、closed open f be openThe shop closed two hours ago.The shop cccccccc ccccccccc ccccccccc for ccccccccc ccccccccc.The door opened at six in the morning.The door for six hours. get up - be up; die - be dead; leave sw. f be away from sw.fall asleep/get tot sleep f be asleep; finish/end f be over； marry

31、 f be married;I got up two hours ago.I since.He left Fuzhou just now.HeFuzhou for five minutes.My grandpa died in 2002.My grandpa for.The meeting finished at six.The meeting for six hours.I got to sleep two hours ago.I since.They married in 1990.They since.start/begin to do sth. f do sth. ； begin f

32、be onI began to teach at this school in 1995.I at this school since.The film began two minutes ago.The film for.CD borrow f keep; lose f not have ; buy f have ; put on f wear catch/get a cold f have a cold; get to know f knowThey borrowed it last week.They it since.I bought a pen two hours ago.I a p

33、en for.I got to know him last year.I him sinceI put on my glasses three years ago.I my glasses for. have/has gone to f have been inHe has gone to Beijing.He Beijing for two days. join the league/the Party/the armyf be a league/a Party member/a soldierf be a member of the league/the Partyf be in the

34、league/the Party/the armyHe joined the league in 2002.He a for two years.He a the for two years.He the league for two years.My brother joined the army two years ago.My brother a for.My brother in for two years.五、用 have(has) been 或 have(has) gone 填空。Where Li Fei?He to Hainan Island.How long he there?

35、He there for three days.A: When will he come back , do you know?I m afraid he won t come back recently.Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?Sorry, I never there.How many times Li Fei to that place?He there only once.六、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各种形式填空。1) Where is Jack? He his country. 2) David the park just now.3) John England since he came back. 4) How long have t