英语学习高级英语课件

1、Unit TenStraight- A Illiteracy第1页，共60页。1Learning objectivesLearn to write in a concise and clear way.Develop full consciousness of style. 第2页，共60页。2Teaching proceduresDictionary and Library workComprehensive questionsDetailed learning of the textText analysis第3页，共60页。3plight: condition, state, or si

2、tuation; esp. a serious, sad, difficult or unfavorable oneas often as not: at least half the time; frequentlyarticulate: using language easily and fluently; having facility with wordsa coveted fellowship: a fellowship (i.e., the money given to postgraduate students to allow them to continue their st

3、udies at an advanced level) that everyone longs jealously to possessallegorically: figurativelyDictionary and Library work1第4页，共60页。4gibberish: talk or writing containing many obscure, pretentious, or technical words; meaningless or unintelligible talk or writingprovidentially: fortunately; luckilyi

4、nexorably: inescapablyprofundity: profound or deep mattersE.g.: a scholar of great profundity.grapple with: try to deal with第5页，共60页。51. Allegory2. Pleasure principle3. Brights disease第6页，共60页。61. Allegorya form of imaginative literature constructed in such a way that their readers are encouraged to

5、 look for meanings hidden beneath the literal surface of the fiction. a narrative in which the characters, events and setting represent deeper truths or generalizations than those suggested by the surface story.a broad term covering any piece of writing or image which has meanings additional to the

6、literal sense.第7页，共60页。7Greek word allegoria, which means “speaking otherwise”. Allegory is a story either in verse or in prose with a double meaning: surface meaninga story, and under-the-surface meaninga hidden truth.Allegory are effective in teaching or explaining some abstract idea. They are fav

7、orably used in moral teaching.第8页，共60页。8讽喻文学体裁的一种。含有讽喻或明显教训意义的故事。它的结构简短。主人公可以是人，可以是动物，也可以是无生物。多用借喻手法，使富有教训意义的主题或深刻的道理在简单的故事中体现。寓言式文学作品这种体裁，常带有讽刺或劝戒的性质，用假托的故事或拟人手法说明某个道理或教训。“寓”有“寄托”的意思，最早见于庄子寓言篇。有同名歌曲和音乐专辑。第9页，共60页。9Allegory is a story or visual image with a second distinct meaning partially hidden b

8、ehind its literal or visible meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape, as in public statue of Liberty or Justice. The most famous religious allegory in English is Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress.第10页，共60页。10In allegories, names o

9、f the characters and places are often symbols of certain qualities. In Banyans Pilgrims Progress, from the names of the characters “Christian”（基督徒，信徒 ）, “Mr. Blind-man”, Mr. No-good”, the names of places “Vanity Fair（浮华世界 ）”, “Celestial City（天国 ）”, we can easily understand the meaning behind these n

10、ames. 第11页，共60页。11The Pilgrims ProgressA religious allegory第12页，共60页。12这部英国古典文学名著被誉为“英国文学中最著名的寓言”。 十七世纪英国清教徒约翰班扬因不信奉国教，被关押在狱十二年之久。天路历程作为他狱中心血凝成的杰作，被译成多种文字，在世界各地不断再版，家喻户晓的程度仅次于圣经。本书讲述了一个坚韧的基督徒为寻求永生而踏上荆棘遍布的漫漫长旅，充满危险，诱惑与灾难的尘世被他一步步抛弃，只为负罪的灵魂在高天之上得到迎接。小说人物形象丰满，想像奇特，故事生活化，对人性弱点的观照尖锐而深刻，理想主义的热情震撼人心，因而超越了时间

11、和宗教的局限，在成书三百多年后的今天依然光彩夺目。第13页，共60页。13Allegory, Fable和Parable相同点：不直接说明一个道理。不同点：1. 寓言（Allegory）是建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。 2. 言浅意深的寓言(Fable), 是大师级的儿童文学家李欧.李奥尼 最惯用的创作语言,是隐喻却浅显得连幼儿都看得懂的手法. 3. 指(道德说教性的，犹指圣经中的)寓言，比较简洁。第14页，共60页。14 2. Pleasure principle: Man is both a biological animal and so

12、cial being. In keeping with his biological endowment, man tends to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. This truism is known as the pleasure principle. 第15页，共60页。15In Freudian psychology, the pleasure principle is the psychoanalytic concept describing people seeking pleasure and avoiding suffering (pain

13、) in order to satisfy their biological and psychological needs. Specifically, pleasure principle is a driven force of id. Furthermore, the counterpart concept, the reality principle, describes people choosing to defer gratification of a desire when circumstantial reality disallows its immediate grat

14、ification. 第16页，共60页。16In infancy and early childhood, the id rules behavior by obeying only the pleasure principle. People in that age would only seek for immediate gratification in order to reduce their urges such as hunger, thirst or even sex. Maturity is learning to endure the pain of deferred g

15、ratification, when reality requires it; thus, the Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud proposes that “an ego thus educated has become reasonable; it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also, at bottom, seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure whic

16、h is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished”.第17页，共60页。17Sigmund Freud discusses this idea, pleasure principle, and its limits in more details in his book, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, published in 1921. In his discussion of the opposition be

17、tween Eros, the life instinct, and the Thanatos, the death instinct, he examines the role of the repetition compulsion caused by the pleasure principle and of the sexual instincts.第18页，共60页。183. Brights Disease - a historical classification of kidney diseases - named after Dr. Richard Bright, Englis

18、h physician who is famous for describing and defining severe kidney failure. 布赖特氏病亦称肾小球肾炎、肾炎。由于英国医师理查布赖特（1789一1858）首次描述了这种疾病的临床表现（如脊背疼、眼睛发亮，大都是酗酒所致）而得名。 第19页，共60页。191. Understanding the title.2. What is the writing purpose?3. How did the author organize the writing? Comprehensive questions2第20页，共60页

19、。20What kind of student is a straight-A student? Is a straight-A student admired? For what?Why does the author refer to a straight-A student as illiterate? Explain the paradox. 1. Understanding the title第21页，共60页。21 Straight-A student: The illiterate: - Ordinary illiterate: lowbrows - Special illite

20、rate: highbrows, well educated but cannot express themselves clearly in simple English, more influential to the society第22页，共60页。22This special group of illiterate people includes straight-A students in college, Ph.D. candidates, and even certain highly successful professors. They are illiterate not

21、 in the ordinary sense of the word, but in the sense that they can not say or write in plain/ simple English. Oxymoron第23页，共60页。23 Through description of his own teaching experiences, the writer exposes the phenomenon of “straight-A illiteracy” and explains its cause: Through years of higher educati

22、on, straight-A students are forced to read the textbooks and materials which are filled with professional jargons and gibberish writing. 2. The writing purpose第24页，共60页。24 3. Organization and Development:Part 1 (Para.1): Straight-A illiteracy is more influential than ordinary illiteracy.Part 2 (Para

23、.2-3): Analysis based on his own experience and observation.A. His student: Mr. BrightB. Brights diseasePart 3 (Para.4): conclusion: the textbook and professional journals are the cause of straight-A illiteracy.第25页，共60页。25Detailed learning of the text3Para 1:In the 1st paragraph, the author compare

24、s two kinds of illiteracy, what are they? Explain the characteristics of each. Why does the author regard the second type as more infectious and therefore harmful?What does the author do in the first paragraph? Is he justified in doing so? Explain the last sentence. 第26页，共60页。26fuss: unnecessary or

25、unwelcome attention, excitement, or anxiety, etc. make a fuss about sth.E.g. They wanted a quiet wedding without any fuss. 他们想要一个平淡的婚礼，不想弄得沸沸扬扬。第27页，共60页。27- There has been great concern over our schools being crowded with so many pupils who cannot read or write. However, we tend to forget that ther

26、e is another kind of illiterate and give less attention to their difficulty with reading and writing than the previous kind. But we should give more attention to this kind, because these people belong to those who exert influence on others. 尽管我们学校为数众多的普通文盲目前得到极大的关注，但是，我们却忽略了另一类文盲， 这类文盲的困境，从很多方面来讲，更加

27、事关重大，因为他们更具有影响力。第28页，共60页。28Why influential?He is usually one who occupies a position at the top of the academic hierarchy; the way he writes is considered exemplary, and his judgment of what is appropriate is directive.第29页，共60页。29Publicize: make sth widely known to the public Counterpart: another

28、person or thing that has a similar function or position in a different place. - I am writing the essay to give this special group of illiterates as much attention as has been paid to ordinary illiterates who are widely known to the public. （The purpose of this writing is to let people pay the same a

29、ttention to the straight-A illiterates as they have paid to the ordinary illiterates.)第30页，共60页。30 ordinary illiterateThe Illiterate straight-A illiterate Who? Definition Why? The writing purpose Supporting evidences第31页，共60页。31Para 2: What does the author do in this paragraph?Why does the author in

30、sert the word “ allegorically” in “ whom I shall call, allegorically, Mr. Bright”?What rhetorical and linguistic devices does the author use to highlight the extreme difficulty in understanding Mr. Brights paper?In what way is the paragraph connected with the 1st ?第32页，共60页。32Exogenous: introduced f

31、rom or produced outside the organism or system外生的Contingent: If something is contingent on something else, the first thing depends on the second in order to happen or exist. E.g.: In effect, growth is contingent on improved incomes for the mass of the low-income population.事实上，发展有赖于大量低收入人群收入的增长。第33页

32、，共60页。33 I am interrogating, I am cross-examining, I am prying and probing for the meaning of a students paper. - I am asking questions thoroughly, for a long time and in detail in order to find out the meaning of a students paper. 第34页，共60页。34 - With his brow furrowed, Mr. Bright tries very hard to

33、 explain what his own writing meant. We both use all our grammatical knowledge and imagination, trying to figure out the actual meaning, and after practically one whole hour, we eventually are able to understand it. 聪明先生锁着眉头苦思。最终，结合了我们的语言学知识和想象力，用了好像又一个小时，我们终于破译了这句话。第35页，共60页。35 Rhetorical and lingu

34、istic devices Repetition of the same structure to emphasize the difficulty of the task; use of a periodical sentence （圆周句，尾重句）: Finally, with both of us . we decode it.; use of cleft-sentence （分裂句/强调句）structure: We decide what exactly it is that .; e.g. 1) It was a dress that Mrs. Smith gave to Mary

35、;italicizing the word wants.第36页，共60页。36补充: Periodic Sentence A periodic sentence puts the main idea after all supplementary information. It is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The ending of a periodic sentence is usually emphatic as the key word or words do not appear until the

36、sentence comes to an end. The writer uses periodic sentences when he wants to achieve climax. 第37页，共60页。37Why “allegorically, Mr. Bright”?Literal: bright when judged by academic achievementsFigurative: The student given the name of Mr. Bright thus becomes a symbol. When the author calls his student

37、Mr. Bright allegorically, he does not mean to refer to this particular straight-A student only. He is using the term to cover all those students, college seniors, and Ph.D.s who may seem bright when judged by their academic records, but who nevertheless fail to express their ideas in plain and clear

38、 English in writing or speaking.第38页，共60页。38In what way is the paragraph connected with the 1st ?Although there seem to be no obvious cohesive ties between the first and the second paragraph, they are closely connected in the sense that in the second paragraph the author uses his personal experience

39、 as an example to illustrate the definition he has given in the first paragraph.第39页，共60页。39Para 3:The implied meaning of Brights disease? Do you think this comparison of straight-A illiteracy to a disease is appropriate? Why?Compare the differences between the two kinds of illiterate.What does the

40、author mean by saying that “ the ordinary illiterates are luckily protected from college and graduate school”?What does “Not our man” mean?第40页，共60页。40Like a disease, it victimizes healthy persons; it has its symptoms, and its agent. It attacks the best minds, and gradually destroys the critical fac

41、ulties, making it impossible for the sufferer to detect gibberish in his own writing or in that of others. (It does harm to the most intelligent individual and, by and by, wears away his ability to judge, eventually making him unable to detect nonsense either in his own writing or in that of others.

42、) Straight-A illiteracy as a disease? 第41页，共60页。41Gibberish: talk or writing containing many obscure, pretentious, or technical words; meaningless or unintelligible talk or writing E.gs: He was talking gibberish. Could the theory be sheer gibberish?第42页，共60页。42The differences between the two kinds o

43、f illiteratesOrdinary: misspellings, errors in punctuation, words misspelt like “ irregardless”, ungrammatical, double negative, Straight-A: ( in the worst way) incapable of saying simply and clearly, gibberish 第43页，共60页。43The eg sentences from the writings of the two groupsOrdinary illiterate: Thos

44、e people in the shop had better stop enough goods to meet the needs of our customers, otherwise we are not to be in good business.Straight-A illiterate: the shop keeper must know what the customers need so that he can tell what they really want from what they dont when getting new supplies of goods.

45、第44页，共60页。44stock up on/ with sth: buy a lot of sth, in case you cannot get it later. Entrepreneurial: having the qualities that are needed for people to succeed as entrepreneurs. E.g. Years of experience in business made him a competitive and entrepreneurial executive direct. 第45页，共60页。45Filter: (N

46、.) a device through which a substance is passed when it is being filtered (V.) to pass sth through a device which is designed to remove certain particles contained in it filter out sth from a substance or from light: to remove it by passing the substance or light through something acting as a filter

47、 第46页，共60页。46Double negative: In old English double negative is acceptable. Shakespeare wrote in Hamlet: “It is not, nor it cannot come to good.” (不是好事，更绝不会有好的结果。)But in modern English some double negative patterns are widely used to lay emphasis or reach the goal of euphemism.第47页，共60页。47E.gs of do

48、uble negative:Nothing is changeless.一成不变的东西是没有的。Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。No law, no liberty. 没有法律则没有自由。Whats done cannot be undone.已经做了的事，后悔也没有用。Nothing venture, nothing have.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。No sweet without sweat.不尝辛苦，不知甜。第48页，共60页。48Providentially: fortunately; luckily; accor

49、ding to Gods plan; happen when desired E.gs: She was providentially elsewhere when the earthquake happened.Protect: to keep sb. or sth. safe from injury, damage, loss or other unpleasant effects or events. 第49页，共60页。49Providentially protected from ?The ordinary illiterates are unfortunately prevente

50、d from studying at colleges and graduate schools.But, in this sentence, it ironically indicates that they are fortunately kept out of institutions of higher learning. 第50页，共60页。50Not our man.?Our manThe complete sentence is: This is not what our man would say.This ellipsis contrasts the two types of

51、 illiteracy (Straight-A and ordinary illiteracy), and with it the author turns back from one type to the other.第51页，共60页。51Cue: hintIf you take your cue from someone, you use their behavior as an indication of what you should do or how you should behave in a particular situation.E.g. Michael took hi

52、s cue from the Dukes toneIn this sentence, the author reveals that the straight-A illiterate mechanically copies what he has swallowed from the books he had read for years.第52页，共60页。52Para 3:What conclusion does the author draw?How does the author conclude the essay?How do you account for the effect ?第53页，共60页。53Stuff: things such as a substance, a collection of things, events, or ideas, or the contents of some