51单片机英文及其翻译

1、英文翻译原文：51 Microcontroller IntroductionMicrocontrollers basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output

2、port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that during operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called break system, the system is a ja

3、nitor role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this janitor communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures.Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of comm

4、ercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical app

5、lication domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Platfor

6、m Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an envir

7、onment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with various h

8、ardware/software environmental components, and how to use AT89C51.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this syste

9、m until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge i

10、ncrease. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the numb

11、er of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end model is only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use

12、of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM relies on the program

13、, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some are great efforts are very difficult to achieve. A not very complex functions if the 50s with the United States develop

14、ed 74 series, or the 60s CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70s with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve hig

15、h intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include

16、modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well

17、 suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliab

18、le cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices t

19、hat operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financiallyProhibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means back annotating it across a product f

20、amily that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components are extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealedin modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive te

21、sting of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission

22、 successfully.Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides postSilicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testin

23、g are performed on the device.The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple ser -ail port, on-chip osc川ator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is

24、designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but free

25、zes the social -labor disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be

26、used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed lowered address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pulps.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program v

27、erification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/so -urge four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used

28、 as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Por

29、t 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 2 emits the high

30、-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accessesto Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses t

31、o external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the h

32、igh-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/soul -race four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull

33、-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latc

34、hing the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory.This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,

35、 that one ALE pulse is skipped dui -nag each access to external DataMemory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has

36、 no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during eac

37、h access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. A shoul

38、d be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in

39、the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once

40、 the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, andThe next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE g

41、oes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be ver

42、ified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.A microcomputer interface converts information between two forms. Outside the microcomputer the information handled by an electronic system exists as a physical signal, but within the program, it i

43、s represented numerically. The function of any interface can be broken down into a number of operations which modify the data in some way, so that the process of conversion between the external and internal forms is carried out in a number of steps.An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to con

44、vert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary values. If the output of the transducer does not vary continuously, no ADC is necessary. In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the incoming signal to a

45、form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface, the input/output section of the microcomputer itself.Output interfaces take a similar form, the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction; it is passed from the program to the outsid

46、e world. In this case the program may call an output subroutine which supervises the operation of the interface and performs the scaling numbers which may be needed for a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This subroutine passesinformation in turn to an output device which produces a corresponding e

47、lectrical signal, which could be converted into analog form using a DAC. Finally the signal is conditioned (usually amplified) to a form suitable for operating an actuator.The signals used within microcomputer circuits are almost always too small to be connected directly to the “ outsidevorld and so

48、me kind of interface must be used to translate them to a more appropriate form. The design of section of interface circuits is one of the most important tasks facing the engineer wishing to apply microcomputers. We have seen that in microcomputers information is represented as discrete patterns of b

49、its; this digital form is most useful when the microcomputer is to be connected to equipment which can only be switched on or off, where each bit might represent the state of a switch or actuator.To solve real-world problems, a microcontroller must have more than just a CPU, a program, and a data me

50、mory. In addition, it must contain hardware allowing the CPU to access information from the outside world. Once the CPU gathers information and processes the data, it must also be able to effect change on some portion of the outside world. T hese hardware devices, called peripherals, are the CPU o t

51、he outwididow tThe most basic form of peripheral available on microcontrollers is the general purpose I70 port. Each of the I/O pins can be used as either an input or an output. The function of each pin is determined by setting or clearing corresponding bits in a corresponding data direction registe

52、r during the initialization stage of a program. Each output pin may be driven to either a logic one or a logic zero by using CPU instructions to pin may be viewed (or read.) by the CPU using program instructions.Some type of serial unit is included on microcontrollers to allow the CPU to communicate

53、 bit-serially with external devices. Using a bit serial format instead of bit-parallel format requires fewer I/O pins to perform the communication function, which makes it less expensive, but slower. Serial transmissions are performed either synchronously or asynchronously.Its applicationsSCM is wid

54、ely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility,

55、 the advantagesof miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digit

56、al instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than the use of more powerful electronic or digital circuits. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).译文:51单片机简介单片机的基本组成是由中央处理器（即 CPlfr的运算器和控制器）、只读存贮 器（通常表示为ROM、读写存贮器（又称随机存贮器通常表示

57、为RAM、4&入/输出口（又分为并行口和用行口，表示为 I/O 口）等等组成。实际上单片机里面还有 一个时钟电路，使单片机在进行运算和控制时，都能有节奏地进行。另外，还有所 谓的“中断系统”，这个系统有“传达室”的作用，当单片机控制对象的参数到达 某个需要加以干预的状态时，就可经此“传达室”通报给 CPU使CPU艮据外部事 态的轻重缓急来采取适当的应付措施。单片机广泛应用于商业：诸如调制解调器，电动机控制系统，空调控制系统， 汽车发动机和其他一些领域。这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使 得它们适合于这种高速事件处理应用场合。然而，这些关键应用领域也要求这些单 片机高度可靠。健壮的测

58、试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的 单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险。Intel平台工程部门开发了一种面向对象的用于验证它的 AT89C51汽车单片机多线性测试环境。这种环境的 目标不仅是为AT89C51汽车单片机提供一种健壮测试环境，而且开发一种能够容易 扩展并重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机。开发的这种环境连接了AT89C51本文讨论了这种测试环境的设计和原理，它的和各种硬件、软件环境部件的交互性， 以及如何使用AT89C51早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031,因为简单可 靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在 8031上发展出了

59、 MCS5保列单片机系统。 基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。 随着工业控制领域要求的提高， 开始出现了 16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大的提高。随着 INTEL i960系列特 别是后来的ARMS列的广?S应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位， 并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起 80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的 32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz性能直追 90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。当代单片

60、机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理 的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的 Windows和Linux操作系统。单片机是靠程序的，并且可以修改。通过不同的程序实现不同的功能，尤其是 特殊的独特的一些功能，这是别的器件需要费很大力气才能做到的，有些则是花大 力气也很难做到的。一个不是很复杂的功能要是用美国50年代开发的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列这些纯硬件来搞定的tS,电路一定是一块大PCBfe!但是如果要是用美国70年代成功投放市场的系列单片机，结果就会有天壤之别！只因为 单片机的通过你编写的程序