旅游经济学-民航

1、Chapter 7AirlinesThe Economics of Tourism1Chapter 7 Airlines Growth of U.S. Domestic Scheduled Airline ServiceCivil AviationGeneral AviationCommercial AviationPrivately ownedCompanies wonedScheduled airline industryThe Economics of Tourism2Chapter 7 Airlines 800700600500400300200100 0 1934 1940 1946

2、 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006Figure 7.1 Annual U.S. Passenger Enplanements by Scheduled AirlinesThe Economics of Tourism3Chapter 7 Airlines U.S. Federal Regulation of the Airlines1938-1978, the CAB heavily regulated the U.S. interstate airline industryThe Airline Deregulation Ac

3、t of 1978 Congress voted to terminate the CAB and to end its oversight of most aspects of airline behaviorThe CAB ceased to exit in 1984The Economics of Tourism4Chapter 7 Airlines Recent Developmtnes in Commercial AviationThe start of 21C , the U.S. airline industry in turmoilby the end of 2005, one

4、-half of the U.S. airline industry in bankruptcysymbol LCC for the airline(low-cost-carrier), refers to the airlines are facing the most intense price competitionrising fuel prices as the major threat to the industryThe Economics of Tourism5Chapter 7 Airlines How Airlines Create Value-The Scheduled

5、Airlines Business ModelOperationsEquipmentLaborAircraft FuelMaintenanceAirport Landing and Other FeesOther Operating ExpensesPromoting and Selling Airline TicketsThe Economics of Tourism6Chapter 7 Airlines 1. OperationsPerform major functions:Financing, getting money to buy or lease airplanesHiring

6、pilots, flight attendantsPromoting services to customersSelling ticketsBuying fuel Operating flightsMaintaining aircraftOther activitiesThe Economics of Tourism7Chapter 7 Airlines CategorycExpense (Millions of Dollars)Wages, salaries, and benefits6813Aircraft fuel6402Maintenance, meterials, and repa

7、ir971Commissions, booking fees, and credit card expense1076Aircraft rentals606Other rentals and landing fees1283Depreciation and amortization1157Food Service508Other operating expenses2687Total21503Table 7.1 Operating Expenses-AMR Corporation-2006The Economics of Tourism8Chapter 7 Airlines 2. Equipm

8、entThe airlines buy many of their aircraft outrightnew aircraft from the manufacturersused aircraft from other airlinesThe airlines lease aircraft form financial services companiesTypes cSizeCapacityTurboprop aircraftsmall- or medium-sized20-40 passagersSingle-aisle jetsrange from small, regional je

9、ts to much larger aircraft50-240 passagersTwin-aisle jetsintermediate-sized 400 passagersThe airline industry operates three basic types of aircraft:The Economics of Tourism9Chapter 7 Airlines 3. LaborIt is the largest single category of costs, 30%Many airline employees are covered by union collecti

10、ve bargaining agreementsspecify wages, benefitsspecity certain work rulesThe Economics of Tourism10Chapter 7 Airlines 4. Aircraft Fuel the second highest category of costsAvergage U.S. Domestic Jet Fuel Price per Gallon-1979-2007$2.00$1.50$1.00$0.50 $0.00 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995

11、 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007The Economics of Tourism11Chapter 7 Airlines 5. Airport Landing and Other FeesRent airport facilities for their aircraftRent terminal facilities for passenger ticketing, baggage handling, aircraft boardingPay airport landing feesThe Economics of Tourism12Chapter 7 Airli

12、nes 6. Other Operating Expensesinsurance expensessecurity costscrew travelmany other costs of operatingThe Economics of Tourism13Chapter 7 Airlines 7. Promoting and Selling Airline TicketsOld promotions:television and print advertisingemploy sales forces to sell services to corporate clients and oth

13、ersNew promotions:use the Internet (the web sites or call centers)The Economics of Tourism14Chapter 7 Airlines Overview of the Performance of the U.S. Domestic Airline IndustryYearEnplanements(Thousands)RPM(Millions)ASM(Millions)Load Factor(Percent)NominalYieldReal Yield193447218936851.45.9028.71194

14、44.0272.1772,43589.45.4319.78195432.52916.80226,92262.45.4113.11196479,13944.14180,52454.86.1212.871974189,733129.732233,88055.57.529.951984321.047243,692422.50757.712.808.031994481,755378,990585,43864.713.125.772004640,698551,937741,67774.412.034.15Table 7.4 Operating Data for the U.S. Domestic Air

15、line IndustryThe Economics of Tourism15Chapter 7 Airlines the amount of U.S. domestic air travel has grown substantially yields have been generally rising very slowlyreal yields declined substantiallyairline ticket prices fell on averageleisure travel makes up and increasing share of totalAirline op

16、erating profits vary widely from year to yearThe Economics of Tourism16Chapter 7 Airlines Industry StructureThe FAA divides the firms in the airline industry into three categoriesCategoriesccAnnual RevenueGroup III (major airlines) $1 billionGroup II (national airlines)$100 million to $1 billionGrou

17、p I (regional airlines)$100 millionThe Economics of Tourism17Chapter 7 Airlines 1. Route StructureBefore deregulation, 3 kinds of airlines:nonstop flightdirect flightconnecting flightAfter deregulation, hub-and-spoke route structure:the system brought large numbers of passagers from smaller airports

18、 and thinner routes to hub airports, where passengers would board larger aircraft that fly heavily traveled routesThe Economics of Tourism18Chapter 7 Airlines Codesharinga process whereby an airline will sell some seats on some of its flights to a second airline. the airline buying the codeshare sea

19、ts will list those seats as flights of their ownThe Economics of Tourism19Chapter 7 Airlines 2. Distribution; Reservation SystemsIn 1960, American Airlines began a process of computerizing its reservation and ticketing processa big advantage in reducing costs and increasing efficiency of serviceIn t

20、he mid-1970s, Sabre, available within travel agencies and other travel and tourism service providersprovide enormous benefits for travelers, travel agents, and service providers by substantially reducing the cost of information gathering and transaction processingThe Economics of Tourism20Chapter 7

21、Airlines 3. Airline Pricing -Yield or Revenue ManagementThe Economics of Tourism21Chapter 7 Airlines The Economics of Tourism22Chapter 7 Airlines The Economics of Tourism23Chapter 7 Airlines The Economics of Tourism24Chapter 7 Airlines The Economics of Tourism25Chapter 7 Airlines The Economics of Tourism26Cha