国际经济学,选择题集(含答案)

1、 ContentsChapter3LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:TheRicardianModel2TOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark6 Chapter4SpecificFactorsandIncomeDistribution13 HYPERLINK l bookmark14 Chapter5ResourcesandTrade:TheHeckscher-OhlinModel22Chapter6TheStandardTradeModel31Chapter7EconomiesofScale,imperfectCo

2、mpetition,andInternationalTrade41 HYPERLINK l bookmark26 Chapter8InternationalFactorMovements50 HYPERLINK l bookmark36 Chapter9TheInstrumentsofTradePolicy60Chapter3:LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage-TheRicardianModelMultipleChoiceQuestionsCountriestradewitheachotherbecausetheyareandbecauseofd

3、ifferent,costssimilar,scaleeconomiesdifferent,scaleeconomiessimilar,costsNoneoftheabove.Tradebetweentwocountriescanbenefitbothcountriesifeachcountryexportsthatgoodinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage.eachcountryenjoyssuperiortermsoftrade.eachcountryhasamoreelasticdemandfortheimportedgoods.eachcountryha

4、samoreelasticsupplyforthesuppliedgoods.BothCandD.TheRicardiantheoryofcomparativeadvantagestatesthatacountryhasacomparativeadvantageinwidgetsifoutputperworkerofwidgetsishigherinthatcountry.thatcountrysexchangerateislow.wageratesinthatcountryarehigh.theoutputperworkerofwidgetsascomparedtotheoutputofso

5、meotherproductishigherinthatcountry.BothBandC.InordertoknowwhetheracountryhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofoneparticularproductweneedinformationonatleastunitlaborrequirementsonetwothreefourfiveAcountryengagingintradeaccordingtotheprinciplesofcomparativeadvantagegainsfromtradebecauseitisprodu

6、cingexportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcouldalternatively.isproducingimportsindirectlymoreefficientlythanitcoulddomestically.isproducingexportsusingfewerlaborunits.isproducingimportsindirectlyusingfewerlaborunits.Noneoftheabove.6.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitLaborRequirementsHomeForeignClothW

7、idgets10206030Neithercountryhasacomparativeadvantage.Homehasacomparativeadvantageincloth.Foreignhasacomparativeadvantageincloth.Homehasacomparativeadvantageinwidgets.Homehasacomparativeadvantageinbothproducts.IfitisascertainedthatForeignusesprison-slavelabortoproduceitsexports,thenhomeshouldexportcl

8、oth.exportwidgets.exportbothandimportnothing.exportandimportnothing.Alloftheabove.IftheHomeeconomysufferedameltdown,andtheUnitLaborRequirementsineachoftheproductsquadrupled(thatis,doubledto30forclothand60forwidgets)thenhomeshouldexportcloth.exportwidgets.exportbothandimportnothing.exportandimportnot

9、hing.Alloftheabove.IfwagesweretodoubleinHome,thenHomeshould:exportcloth.exportwidgets.exportbothandimportnothing.exportandimportnothing.Alloftheabove.Iftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgetswere4Cloths,thenbothcountriescouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.neithercountrycouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.ea

10、chcountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.neithercountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.bothcountrieswillwanttospecializeincloth.Giventhefollowinginformation:NumberofUnitsProducedbyoneUnitofLaborClothWidgetsHome1020Foreign6030Neithercountryhasacom

11、parativeadvantage.Homehasacomparativeadvantageincloth.Foreignhasacomparativeadvantageincloth.Foreignhasacomparativeadvantageinwidgets.Homehasacomparativeadvantageinbothproducts.TheopportunitycostofclothintermsofwidgetsinForeignisifitisascertainedthatForeignusesprison-slavelabortoproduceitsexports,th

12、enhomeshouldexportcloth.exportwidgets.exportbothandimportnothing.exportandimportnothing.Alloftheabove.IfwagesweretodoubleinHome,thenHomeshouldexportcloth.exportwidgets.exportbothandimportnothing.exportandimportnothing.Alloftheabove.Iftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgetswere4Cloths,thenbothcountriescoul

13、dbenefitfromtradewitheachother.neithercountrycouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.eachcountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.neithercountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.bothcountrieswillwanttospecializeincloth.Iftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgetsw

14、ere40cloths,thenbothcountriescouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.neithercountrycouldbenefitfromtradewitheachother.eachcountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.neithercountrywillwanttoexportthegoodinwhichitenjoyscomparativeadvantage.bothcountrieswillwanttospecializeincloth.Ina

15、twoproducttwocountryworld,internationaltradecanleadtoincreasesinconsumerwelfareonlyifoutputofbothproductsisincreased.outputofbothproductsandconsumerwelfareinbothcountries.totalproductionofbothproductsbutnotconsumerwelfareinbothcountriesconsumerwelfareinbothcountriesbutnottotalproductionofbothproduct

16、s.Noneoftheabove.Asaresultoftrade,specializationintheRpletewithconstantcostsandincompletewithincreasingcosts.incompletewithconstantcostsandcompletewithincreasingcosts.incompletewithconstantcostsandincompletewithincreasingcosts.Noneoftheabove.AnationengagingintradeaccordingtotheRicardianmodelwillfind

17、itsconsumptionbundleinsideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.onitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.outsideitsproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.insideitstrade-partnersproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.onitstrade-partnersproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.IntheRicardianmodel,ifacountrystradeisrestricted,thisw

18、illcauseallexceptwhich?Limitspecializationandthedivisionoflabor.ReducethevolumeoftradeandthegainsfromtradeCausenationstoproduceinsidetheirproductionpossibilitiescurvesMayresultinacountryproducingsomeoftheproductofitscomparativedisadvantageNoneoftheabove.Ifaverysmallcountrytradeswithaverylargecountry

19、accordingtotheRicardianmodel,thenthesmallcountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.thelargecountrywillsufferadecreaseineconomicwelfare.thesmallcountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.thelargecountrywillenjoygainsfromtrade.E.Noneoftheabove.Iftheworldtermsoftradeforacountryaresomewherebetweenthedomesticcostr

20、atioofHandthatofF,thencountryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.Noneoftheabove.IftheworldtermsoftradeequalthoseofcountryF,thencountryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.

21、countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.neithercountryHnorFwillgainfromtrade.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.Noneoftheabove.Iftheworldtermsoftradeequalthoseofcountry,FthencountryHbutnotcountryFwillgainfromtrade.countryHandcountryFwillbothgainfromtrade.neithercountryHnorFwi

22、llgainfromtrade.onlythecountrywhosegovernmentsubsidizesitsexportswillgain.Noneoftheabove.Ifaproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisbowedout(concavetotheorigin),thenproductionoccursunderconditionsofconstantopportunitycosts.increasingopportunitycosts.decreasingopportunitycosts.infiniteopportunitycosts.Noneo

23、ftheabove.Iftwocountrieshaveidenticalproductionpossibilityfrontiers,thentradebetweenthemisnotlikelyiftheirsupplycurvesareidentical.theircostfunctionsareidentical.theirdemandconditionsidentical.theirincomesareidentical.Noneoftheabove.Iftwocountrieshaveidenticalproductionpossibilityfrontiers,thentrade

24、betweenthemisnotlikelyiftheirsupplycurvesareidentical.theircostfunctionsareidentical.theirdemandfunctionsdiffer.theirincomesareidentical.Noneoftheabove.TheearlieststatementoftheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageisassociatedwithDavidHume.DavidRicardo.AdamSmith.EliHeckscher.BertilOhlin.Ifonecountryswagel

25、evelisveryhighrelativetotheothers(therelativewageexceedingtherelativeproductivityratios),theniftheybothusethesamecurrencyneithercountryhasacomparativeadvantage.onlythelowwagecountryhasacomparativeadvantage.onlythehighwagecountryhasacomparativeadvantage.consumerswillstillfindtradeworthwhilefromtheirp

26、erspective.Noneoftheabove.Ifonecountryswagelevelisveryhighrelativetotheothers(therelativewageexceedingtherelativeproductivityratios),thenitisnotpossiblethatproducersineachwillfindexportmarketsprofitable.itisnotpossiblethatconsumersinbothcountrieswillenhancetheirrespectivewelfaresthroughimports.itisn

27、otpossiblethatbothcountrieswillfindgainsfromtrade.itispossiblethatbothwillenjoytheconventionalgainsfromtrade.Noneoftheabove.TheRductqualityvariesamongnations.Noneoftheab

28、ove.Ricardosoriginaltheoryofcomparativeadvantageseemedoflimitedreal-worldvaluebecauseitwasfoundedonthelabortheoryofvalue.capitaltheoryofvalue.landtheoryofvalue.entrepreneurtheoryofvalue.Noneoftheabove.AccordingtoRicardo,acountrywillhaveacomparativeadvantageintheproductinwhichitslaborproductivityisre

29、lativelylow.laborproductivityisrelativelyhigh.labormobilityisrelativelylow.labormobilityisrelativelyhigh.Noneoftheabove.Inatwo-country,two-productworld,thestatementGermanyenjoysacomparativeadvantageoverFranceinautosrelativetoshipsisequivalenttoFrancehavingacomparativeadvantageoverGermanyinships.Fran

30、cehavingacomparativedisadvantagecomparedtoGermanyinautosandships.GermanyhavingacomparativeadvantageoverFranceinautosandships.FrancehavingnocomparativeadvantageoverGermany.Noneoftheabove.AssumethatlaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandthatwagesintheUnitedStatesequal$20perhourwhilewagesinJapanare$10perho

31、ur.ProductioncostswouldbelowerintheUnitedStatesascomparedtoJapanifU.S.laborproductivityequaled40unitsperhourandJapans15unitsperhour.U.S.productivityequaled30unitsperhourwhereasJapanswas20.U.S.laborproductivityequaled20andJapans30.U.S.laborproductivityequaled15andJapans25unitsperhour.Noneoftheabove.3

32、5.IftheUnitedStatesproductionpossibilityfrontierwasflattertothewhereasGermanyswasflattertothebutteraxis,weknowthattheUnitedStateshasnocomparativeadvantageGermanyhasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.theU.S.hasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.Notenoughinformationisgiven.Noneoftheabove.36.SupposetheUnitedStat

33、esproductionpossibilityfrontierwasflattertothewidgetaxis,whereasGermanyswasflattertothebutteraxis.WenowlearnthattheGermanmarkissharplydepreciatedagainsttheU.S.dollar.WenowknowthattheUnitedStateshasnocomparativeadvantageGermanyhasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.theUnitedStateshasacomparativeadvantagein

34、butter.Notenoughinformationisgiven.Noneoftheabove.37.SupposetheUnitedStatesproductionpossibilityfrontierwasflattertothewidgetaxis,whereasGermanyswasflattertothebutteraxis.WenowlearnthattheGermanwagedoubles,butU.S.wagesdonotchangeatall.WenowknowthattheUnitedStateshasnocomparativeadvantage.Germanyhasa

35、comparativeadvantageinbutter.theUnitedStateshasacomparativeadvantageinbutter.Notenoughinformationisgiven.Noneoftheabove.EssayQuestionsManycountriesinSub-SaharanAfricahaveverylowlaborproductivitiesinmanysectors,inmanufacturingandagriculture.Theyoftendespairofeventryingtoattempttobuildtheirindustriesu

36、nlessitisdoneinanautarkiccontext,behindprotectionistwallsbecausetheydonotbelievetheycancompetewithmoreproductiveindustriesabroad.DiscussthisissueinthecontextoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage.In1975,wagelevelsinSouthKoreawereroughly5%ofthoseintheUnitedStates.ItisobviousthatiftheUnitedStatesha

37、dallowedKoreangoodstobefreelyimportedintotheUnitedStatesatthattime,thiswouldhavecauseddevastationtothestandardoflivingintheUnitedStates.,becausenoproducerinthiscountrycouldpossiblycompetewithsuchlowwages.DiscussthisassertioninthecontextoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage.Theevidencecitedinthec

38、hapterusingtheexamplesoftheEastAsiaNewIndustrializingCountriessuggeststhatasinternationalproductivitiesconverge,sodointernationalwagelevels.WhydoyousupposethishappenedfortheEastAsianNICs?Inlightofyouranswer,whatdoyouthinkislikelytohappentotherelativewages(relativetothoseintheUnitedStates)ofChinainth

39、ecomingdecade?Explainyourreasoning.Whenweexaminethe2Good2CountryversionoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,wenotethatcomparativeadvantageistotallydeterminedbyphysicalproductivityratios.Changesinwageratesineithercountrycannotaffectthesephysicallydeterminedcomparativeadvantages,andhencecannotaff

40、ect,whichproductwillbeexportedbywhichcountry.However,whenmorethan2goodsareaddedtothemodel(stillwith2countries),changesinwageratesinoneortheothercountrycaninfactdeterminewhichgoodorgoodseachofthecountrieswillexport.Howcanyouexplainthisanomaly?AnexaminationoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantageyiel

41、dstheclearresultthattradeis(potentially)beneficialforeachofthetwotradingpartnerssinceitallowsforanexpandedconsumptionchoiceforeach.However,fortheworldasawholetheexpansionofproductionofoneproductmustinvolveadecreaseintheavailabilityoftheother,sothatitisnotclearthattradeisbetterfortheworldasawholeasco

42、mparedtoaninitialsituationofnon-trade(butefficientproductionineachcountry).Arethereinfactgainsfromtradefortheworldasawhole?Explain.Quantitative/GraphingProblems1.Giventhefollowinginformation:HomeForeignUnitLaborRequirementsClothWidgets1002006030WhatistheopportunitycostofClothintermsofWidgetsinForeig

43、n?2.Giventhefollowinginformation:HomeForeignUnitLaborRequirementsClothWidgets1002006030IfthesetwocountriestradethesetwogoodsinthecontextoftheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,thenwhatisthelowerlimitoftheworldequilibriumpriceofwidgets?3.Giventhefollowinginformation:HomeForeignUnitLaborRequirements

44、ClothWidgets1002006030IfthesetwocountriestradethesetwogoodswitheachotherinaccordingtotheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,whatisthelowerlimitforthepriceofcloth?4.Giventhefollowinginformation:HomeForeignUnitsProducedbyOneWorker/HourClothWidgets1002006030WhatistheopportunitycostofclothintermsofWwdg

45、etsinForeign?5.Giventhefollowinginformation:UnitsProducedbyOneWorker/HourClothWidgetsHome100200Foreign6030IfthesetwocountriestradethesetwogoodswitheachotherinthefollowingtheRicardianmodelofcomparativeadvantage,thenwhatisthelowerlimitfortheworldequilibriumpriceofcloth?Homehas1200unitsoflaboravailable

46、.Itcanproducetwogoods,applesandbananas.Theunitlaborrequirementinappleproductionis3,whileinbananaproductionitis2.GraphHomesproductionpossibilityfrontier.Whatistheopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananas?Intheabsenceoftrade,whatwouldthepriceofapplesintermsofbananasbe?Why?Homeisasdescribedinproblem1.The

47、reisnowalsoanothercountry,Foreign,withalaborforceof800.Foreignsunitlaborrequirementinappleproductionis5,whileinbananaproductionitis1.GraphForeignsproductionpossibilityfrontier.Constructtheworldrelativesupplycurve.Nowsupposeworldrelativedemandtakesthefollowingform:Demandforapples/demandforbananas=pri

48、ceofbananas/priceofapplesa.Graphtherelativedemandcurvealongwiththerelativesupplycurve.b.Whatistheequilibriumrelativepriceofapples?Describethepatternoftrade.ShowthatbothHomeandForeigngainfromtrade.Supposethatinsteadof1200workers,Homehad2400.Findtheequilibriumrelativeprice.Whatcanyousayabouttheefficie

49、ncyofworldproductionandthedivisionofthegainsfromtradebetweenHomeandForeigninthiscase?SupposethatHomehas2400workers,buttheyareonlyhalfasproductiveinbothindustriesaswehavebeenassuming.Constructtheworldrelativesupplycurveanddeterminetheequilibriumrelativeprice.Howdothegainsfromtradecomparewiththoseinth

50、ecasedescribedinproblem4?“Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcantimporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”Discuss.7.请对下列观点加以评价：（1）只有当一个国家的生产率达到足以在国际竞争中立足的水平时，它才能从自由贸易中获益；（2）如果来自外国的竞争是建立在

51、低工资的基础上，那么这种竞争是不公平的，而且会损害其他参与竞争的国家；（3）如果一个国家的工人比其他国家工人的工资低，那么贸易就会使这个国家受到剥削并使福利恶化。奶酪葡萄酒本国a=10小时/磅a=15小时/加仑外国LCa*=4小时/磅LWa*=10小时/加仑8.用标准的李嘉图假设，分析如下模型：表1单位产品劳动投入LC1LW假设本国共拥有3000万工时的劳动量，而外国共有2000万工时的劳动量。哪个国家在葡萄酒的生产上具有绝对优势？哪个国家在奶酪的生产上具有绝对优势？哪个国家在葡萄酒的生产上具有比较优势？哪个国家在奶酪的生产上具有比较优势？在开放贸易后，两个国家各出口何种商品？如果均衡国际价格

52、比率是每磅奶酪1/2瓶葡萄酒，各国的生产会发生什么变化？实际工资的含义是每小时劳动的报酬所具有的购买力。用每种产品表示，就是指一个工人用他1小时劳动的报酬所能买到的该产品的单位数量。在李嘉图模型中，对于某工人所生产的任何产品来说，他只是根据其劳动生产率得到报酬，这就是他的以这种产品表示的实际工资。请结合以下表格回答下列问题。表2单位产品劳动投入奶酪葡萄酒本国a=1小时/磅a=2小时/加仑外国LCa*=6小时/磅LWa*=3小时/加仑LC1LW在无贸易条件下，本国用各种商品表示的劳动的实际工资分别是多少？外国呢？哪个国家劳动的实际工资更高？假定在自由贸易条件下，均衡的价格比率为1，本国用奶酪表示

53、的实际工资是多少？国际贸易后，本国用葡萄酒表示的新的实际工资是多少？这表明本国的贸易收益状况如何？外国用葡萄酒表示的实际工资是多少？国际贸易后，外国用奶酪表示的新的实际工资是多少？这表明外国的贸易收益状况如何？在自由贸易情况下，哪个国家劳动的实际工资比较高？绝对优势的重要性体现在何处？我们重点讨论了只包含两个国家的例子。假定有许多国家能生产两种产品，每个国家都只有一种生产要素：劳动。在这种情况下，贸易模式和生产模式会怎样（提示：画出世界相对供给曲线）？在李嘉图模型中，如果A国在两种产品上都具有绝对优势，那么贸易后A国的名义工资水平肯定高于B国。这句话对吗？请评论。假设某一国家拥有20000万单

54、位的劳动，X、Y产品的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，试确定生产可能性边界方程。如果X的国际相对价格为2,该国的进口数量为2000个单位，试确定该国的出口量，并在图中画出贸易三角形。如果两国各在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么两国在相应的商品上也必然具有比较优势，这句话对吗？请评论。Chapter5:SpecificFactorsandIncomeDistributionMultipleChoiceQuestionsInternationaltradehasstrongeffectsonincomedistributions.Therefore,internationaltrad

55、eisbeneficialtoeveryoneinbothtradingcountries.willtendtohurtonetradingcountry.willtendtohurtsomegroupsineachtradingcountry.willtendtohurteveryoneinbothcountries.willbebeneficialtoallthoseengagedininternationaltrade.Factorstendtobespecifictocertainusesandproductsincountrieslackingcomparativeadvantage

56、.intheshortrun.incapital-intensiveindustries.inlabor-intensiveindustries.incountrieslackingfairlaborlaws.InaneconomydescribedbytheSpecificFactorsModel,theproductionpossibilityfrontierwillbelinear.concavetotheorigin.convextotheorigin.parabolicwithoneroot.collapsedtoapoint.Atthepointofproduction,thepr

57、oductionpossibilityfrontierwillbetangenttotheorigin.alinewhoseslopeistherelativequalityofthetwogoods.alinewhoseslopeistherelativequantityofthetwogoods.alinewhoseslopeistherelativepriceofthetwogoods.Noneoftheabove.Ifthepriceofthecapitalintensiveproductrisesmorethandoesthepriceofthelandintensiveproduc

58、t,thendemandwillshiftawayfromthecapital-intensiveproduct,anditsproductionwilldecrease.demandwillshiftawayfromthecapital-intensiveproduct,anditsproductionwilldecreaserelativetothatofthelandintensiveproduct.theproductionofthecapital-intensiveproductwillindeeddecrease,butnotforthereasonsmentionedinAorB

59、.thecountriesexportingthecapital-intensivegoodwillloseitscomparativeadvantage.Noneoftheabove.Ifthepriceofthecapitalintensiveproductrises,wageswillrisebutbylessthanthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.risebymorethantheriseinthepriceofthecapital-intensiveproduct.remainproportionallyequaltothepriceoft

60、hecapital-intensiveproduct.fall,sincehigherpricescauselessdemand.Noneoftheabove.IfAustraliahasrelativelymorelandperworker,andBelgiumhasrelativelymorecapitalperworker,theniftradeweretoopenupbetweenthesetwocountries,therelativepriceofthecapital-intensiveproductwouldriseinAustralia.theworldpriceofthela