机械类外文文献

1、附录：2原文：Mechanical Technology in the rubber industry outlined in the application In the development of human society is the modern process. Rubber Industries is an indispensable Economy, Trade and Industry. In the rubber industry in the development of rubber technology and rubber machinery (or electr

2、omechanical) to the progress and development of technology played an important role in promoting this. The development of rubber industry, rubber and rubber machinery industry technology constitutes of technical rubber products all the technical process and industrial technology system. In 1820 by t

3、he British made the human-driven single-roller rubber mixing machine. 1826 twin-roll Drum open rubber mixing machine into production beginning of the human rubber machinery production prelude. So far, human society has been the application of rubber machinery 180 years of history. Since 1839. A seri

4、es of rubber machinery and equipment will come out, in addition to the application of vulcanized rubber vulcanization facilities, and other rubber machinery, such as plunger hose extrusion machine (1858), screw extruder (1879), rubber rolling mill (1843 1900), Closed rubber mixing machine (1916) rub

5、ber machinery and equipment. At that time, has spent the rubber industry production process, the promotion of the development of rubber industry has played a facilitating role.1904, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, such as the discovery of inorganic curing agent, in particular 1919 organic to fide D, th

6、e discovery and use of M, and further promote the improvement of production efficiency has greatly improved the performance of the use of rubber products, expanded use. 1920 accession the carbon black to rubber, makes rubber products would be an overall improvement in performance and improvement. Th

7、erefore, the application of carbon black in rubber is improve the industry and promoting the progress and all-round development. In the early 20th century and the middle of the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, Germany, France and other countries, has invented a synthetic rubber industrial t

8、echnologies, and the establishment of a series of synthetic rubber production equipment and factories. Coupled with the regions natural rubber production of large-scale resources for the mankind modern rubber industry opened up the comprehensive development of the material resource base. Is a highly

9、 flexible rubber typical materials, its physical properties are very complicated. Most of the processing of rubber molding process are similar to the melt flow and deformation process, but also in the processing of rubber products, the Health and plastic to go through plastic necklace, mixing, press

10、ure-type, shape, curing process procedures, in order to become products. In the modern chemical products, such as rubber, plastics, paints, fibers, lubricants, ceramics, and other similar material production and engineering applications, the complexity of its mechanical properties. Purely based on t

11、he elasticity, viscosity or plasticity theory can not meet these materials processing requirements of the deformation process. So based on the nature of the complex mechanics of the research topic - theological theory will be referred to the new human research subjects on the agenda. 1928, the Unite

12、d States set up the Evolution Society, 1940, the British set up the theological Club (later renamed the Institute of Evolution). In addition, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Japan and other countries have also set up a corresponding flow Institute. 1948 convene the International Society of Th

13、eology. In 1953 the establishment of the International Association of theology is hold. Since then one involving applied mathematics, physics, elasticity, the material mechanics, fluid mechanics, geology, engineering and other subjects on the verge of disciplines - have emerged theology, and gradual

14、ly has been extensively applied. Theology not only in the rubber, plastics, coatings, printing, Portland, foodstuffs, and other industrial production has been extensively applied, but also to infrastructure, machinery, transport, irrigation, chemical industry and many other industrial sectors: invol

15、ves many substances from solid to liquid processes. Theology made in the rubber industry. Widely used in the processing of rubber molding products research and application. Such as rubber mixing、rolling、extrusion、injection molding and other processes. Because of its macromolecular polymer chain stru

16、cture and movement characteristics of the physical state gathered on showing four kinds of physical state: a crystalline and non-crystalline 3 crystalline (glass state, high-elastic state, viscous flow state).Rubber in normal circumstances is the use of high-elastic state. In the course of processin

17、g molding viscous flow state, in the vulcanized only basic treatment before losing mobility, and a high flexibility based elastic material. Because of the late 19th century and early 20th century, the theory of rubber is exploration and the principles of the invention. Especially theology and applic

18、ation of the theoretical study of the development of rubber industry makes, whether in the filler, vulcanization accelerator, or in the process principle aspects have undergone profound changes. On the development of the rubber industry is a qualitative change. At the same time, all kinds of rubber

19、machinery also made great progress and development. At that time, not only the names many rubber machinery, and its structure, specifications, varieties, and so had been reached a certain level of the scale, fine, and the degree of automation and linkage. If rubber mechanical transmission power to h

20、undreds of to thousands of kilowatts stem watts, which weight machines to a few hundred tons. Rubber products in the process of production plastic necklace, mixing, rolling, extrusion, molding, in the process of curing six have a complete matching of mechanical devices.Compound rubber machinery indu

21、stry is one of the basic equipment. At present production machinery to open dozens of rubber mixing. Health glue used plastic necklace, plastic material mixing; pressed for the compression machine for plastic, decorticating machine compound mainly used for preheating and plastic; crusher for crushin

22、g such as natural rubber, remove plastic washing machine for Health and plastic waste compound impurities; mill mainly used for waste plastic block grinding; refining machine used to remove the hard plastic renewable impurities; reclaimed rubber mixing machine, mainly for the reclaimed rubber pinch;

23、 breathing machine for plastic pressure breathing Film compression; crepe-pressure machine, mainly for crepe-compression; experimental rubber mixing machine, the main compound used in a small number of experiments, etc. . Rubber rolling mill, which is rubber products processing in the process of one

24、 of the basic equipment. Since 1843 three-roll calendar application, we have 160 years of development history. From the modern to modern specifications and various new calendar will continue to emerge, its specifications, speed, semi product of high accuracy, a high degree of automation machinery, t

25、he machinery has become the modern calendar of the main structural features. At present production largest calendar has reached more than 1055 3000 (mm), roller line speed of up to 120(m / min) above, the semi-finished calendar has reached its thickness error within 0.0025 (mm). And achieve full ele

26、ctronic control of the computer and automation level. The Closed Compound (mixer), rubber and plastic mixing refining is one of the main equipment. The development of modern mixer, a high-speed, high-pressure and high-performance characteristics, and is divided into low-speed (20 to the rotor speed

27、/ min), the velocity (speed of 30 to 40 / min) and high-speed (60 to speed / min) 3. In recent years also appear to speed in the 80 / mixer at high speed over armed Rubber extruder (screw extruder), the worlds first since 1879-screw extruder Since the birth of all kinds of screw extruder machinery i

28、n a large number of different varieties have been supporting complete specification has been adapted to different product performance characteristics of the request. If pressure extrusion machine, mainly for the shape of the semi-finished production; filter plastic extrusion machine for removing pla

29、stic mix and the Health and the impurity; plastic extrusion machine for the continuous plastic glue Health: granulation extruders for plastic compound and the Health and the granulation; compression extruder. To compound the pressure plate; desulfurization renewable plastic extruder for the desulfur

30、ization: extrusion dehydration mixing rubber extruder for dehydration and regeneration plastic dry: Cable extruder for the cable coated molding; row Gas extruder. The mixing compound got out of the air and water and volatile compounds, such as low-molecular-weight. These specifications complete extr

31、usion machinery, the development of the rubber industry and was credited. It has become the driving force of the rubber products processing and optimization of the equipment. Injection Molding Machine, also known as the Note Press, mainly for the production of rubber molded products. Note pressure m

32、achinery, its structure, is divided into horizontal injection press, vertical injection press, injection machine and the Multi-Position Press Note 4. Press each note is divided into many different sizes of the specifications. Tire rubber industry is the largest number one product. Whether raw materi

33、als from the use of rubber and rubber products, put out of rubber products which occupy the lions share of the market, consume about 80% of the volume of rubber resources. Therefore, the tire molding machinery is also important. Since the invention of pneumatic tire in 1888, with the development of

34、the automobile industry, various specifications, the various properties of a large number of rubber tires. A high-performance, high-quality car, if there is no corresponding performance and quality of the tire support is equivalent to scrap general. And the development of tire industry tire molding

35、machinery participation is crucial. Tubeless tire or whether they would have to be certain to die molding machinery stereotypes. Forming particular tire, tire production is in the process of core processes, tire various parts of the assembly process, will soon cord, bead, wrapper, tread, and other c

36、omponents of processed into paste composition tire embryo. Therefore tire molding machinery determines to a large extent the performance and quality of tires. As human socio-economic and cultural progress and development, a wide range of a large number of vehicles. Therefore the various types and sp

37、ecification is endless. Such as cars, buses, trucks, construction vehicles and other special vehicles and aircraft, which have their own dedicated tire varieties and specifications. In recent years there has high strength and high wear resistance of the steel skeleton radial tire, making automobile

38、tires, performance and the structure and quality to a new level. This constant tire molding machinery put out a higher demand. Tire molding machine many of the types, according to the method of forming: sleeve-law and two kinds of stickers; by shaping the contours of the drum: drum, semi-drum, and t

39、he core-wheeled four-wheel-core. In addition, all other uses of different shapes and rubber products, there is a basic molding process. Therefore a variety of rubber molding machines and even offers a dazzling. Only a wide variety of ring is tens of thousands of species on the number. This shows tha

40、t the rubber molding machinery industry is also very complicated and very important. Vulcanization machinery, a variety of rubber products of the final steps in the processing machinery, mainly for the various rubber products, plastic, rubber products, such as sulfide processing. The main structure

41、of three kinds of forms: one is flat vulcanize, and the autoclave (including pressure autoclave) and the drum machine sulfide. Flat-curing the use of broader is more variety. In addition to direct use of vulcanized rubber products processing, can also be used in the plastics industry thermoplastic o

42、r thermosetting plastic plastics processing repression. Because of their body structure and working principle is basically the same. The types and forms are many. According to the purpose, has the vulcanized rubber model of flat products, with flat-curing machine, V-belt plate curing machine, sheet

43、plate curing machine. Vulcanized rubber products tank is the first production application of curing equipment, mainly for the vulcanization of rubber products work. Can also be used to autoclave the curing soles, adhesive tape and model products. Therefore, omnipotent said curing machine. Drum curin

44、g machine, belt and the V-belt two categories. Mainly used for curing surface shape and surface quality of the special requirements of thin strip of rubber products, such as tread rubber and plastic sheet printing and dyeing, such as the conduction band. If accompanied by the necessary accessories d

45、evice can be used to transport sulfide zone, belts and other similar products vulcanized rubber processing. Drum Machine continuous vulcanization sulfide, easy assembly and the formation of automated production lines. Substantially reduce labor intensity and improve efficiency and product quality.Fo

46、r the development of rubber industry, mechanical and process technology research determines its speed and level of development determines the performance and quality of products. Generally speaking, industrial technology research and product cycle faster some frequency. Changes in technology and mac

47、hinery cycle is slow, it decided to change the cycle of the life of the equipment, work efficiency and product quality. It is precisely because of machinery and equipment has a clear life, it makes the certain inertia of the operation. Thus create a difficult change or do not need rapid changes in t

48、he direct experience. This is a reality for many people, the community and even some scientific research and departments only attaches great importance to technology innovation and ignore changes in mechanical and technological advances and the development of one of the main reasons. The mindset of

49、the people is to determine awareness of changes and developments. Any material production originated in the first production practice on the real social needs of the objective.or the rubber industry development, which is not only the normal process of production is rubber products. Mechanical techno

50、logy and the increasing need in-depth study of technology and joint development of modern commodity market competitive situation also not tolerate such people wait wait-and-see or delay time, and in addition to the sustenance of mankind growing material and cultural wealth, the need for rapid develo

51、pment of the rubber industry, large piles of scrap rubber, people also need to face the urgent and effective treatment. This is not only the rubber resources conservation needs, but also the living environment of human security requirements. To solve the normal development of rubber industry and scr

52、ap rubber recycling use of resources, only mechanical technology and the joint development of technology to achieve their goals. Contemporary rubber industry development so that the waste rubber recycling of resources must take machines improvement and progress in the joint development of the road i

53、s the only correct way. And the improvement of machinery technology is the essence of mechanical work of the progress of chemical process technology is the core content of their joint development of the modern rubber industry is able to quickly and efficiently optimize and promote the development of

54、 intrinsic motivation. Of course also includes scientific management technology decision-making body elements.Machinery, physics, chemistry (or chemical), the four basic skills of a development of the human society science technology system, and science and technology system known as compulsory, and

55、 social management technology is soft science and technology system. Taken Flex became a more complete scientific and technological system. Rubber industry in the development of rubber industry and technology and scientific management technology industries with the economic structure of the industry

56、 is related to the development of rubber industry carrot and stick scientific measures. Mechanical Technology is a hard attribute technology, technology is a soft attributes, which is a carrot and stick form of the technology. In the mechanical technology of the technical attributes of both tangible

57、 and intangible. All of investigation and study, the work of design techniques are soft attributes that in the manufacturing of construction involves the technical attributes of hardware technology, the results of pre-main soft technology embodied in the design and construction drawings and manuals;

58、 after a hard stage technical achievements on various material on the output of products. This is a hard and soft technology into the outcome of the objective process. Rubber industrial development, we must attach importance mechanical technology and the joint development of technology. Strengthenin

59、g the role of rubber machinery technology, mechanical technology to the development and application, the whole social development is not only the production of the material and cultural needs, but also the harmonious development of the ecological environment of human needs, but also to be cherished

60、rubber, Using and frugal behavior needs .译文：机械技术在橡胶工业中的应用概述在人类社会发展的现代进程中橡胶工业也是一门不可缺少的经济产业。而在橡胶工业发展过程中，橡胶工艺及橡胶机械（或机电）技术的进步和发展起了重要的推动作用。橡胶工业的发展，橡胶工业技术及橡胶机械技术构成了橡胶制品的全部技术过程和产业技术体系。1820年英国制成了由人力驱动的单辊式炼胶机。1826年双辊筒式的开放式炼胶机投入生产，拉开了人类橡胶机械生产的序幕。至今，人类社会橡胶机械的应用已有180多年的历史了。 1839年以来一系列的橡胶机械设备陆续问世，除适应橡胶硫化技术应用的硫化设