牛津译林版高中英语模块三back to past

1、 Object complement Either or and neither nor Subject-verb agreementGrammar and usageObject complement宾语补足语宾语补足语对宾语作出进一步的补充说明。 They called her the Loulan Beauty.在这句话中，her是宾语，the Loulan Beauty作宾语补足语，补充说明宾语her的情况。Position V. + Object + object complement The inspector shot the drug-dealer dead.(= The dr

2、ug-dealer was shot dead by the inspector).两种结构：1. 主表型：1) make our country beautiful (adjective)2) call him Lao Li (noun)3) find sb. out (adv.)4) find sb. at home (Prep. phrase)2. 主谓型：1) ask sb. to do sth.（有to 不定式）2) have sb. do sth. （无to 不定式）3) see sb. doing sth. （现在分词）4) have sth. done. （过去分词）具体说明：

3、（一）副词作宾语补足语I found him in yesterday. （二）常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, make, find等。如：We must keep our classroom clean. （三）常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, make, think等。如：We call them mooncakes. （四）常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, find, keep等。如：In the country, we can hear birds singing.（五）常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有：kee

4、p, find, leave等。如：I left my pen on my desk at home. （六）不定式作宾语补足语1. 常接带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等；2. 接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order,

5、warn, cause等。如：I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. We dont allow such things to happen again.Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.She asked me to answer the phone in herabsence.Please remind me to leave her this note.She requested him to go with her.3

6、. 用不定式作宾语补足语的几种说明： help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。如：I often help my mother (to) do some housework.在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有：一感二听三让四观看。一感：feel二听：hear,listento三让：let,have,make四观看：observe,see,watch,lookat这类动词有：make,let,have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式(have没有被动语态)。 （七）分词作宾语补足语 用现在分词作宾补，

7、说明宾语是动作的发出者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；用过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是动作的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系。1. 跟分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如： There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard.由于十分吵闹，讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。When he awoke, he found himself being look

8、ed after by an old woman.他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。2. 几种用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况说明：表示“意欲；命令”的动词如 like, want, wish, order 等，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。 感官动词 see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： I saw an old man knocked down by a car just n

9、ow. 刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。 使役动词 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： Have you got your films developed? 你拿胶卷去冲洗了没有？ “ with 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词 with 的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。例如：The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。(表方式) With water heated, we

10、can see the steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气。（表条件） With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决，我们都回家了。（表原因） 注意：在这一结构中，当宾语为某一身体部位，且作宾 补的动词是及物动词时，身体部位通常是过去分词的逻辑宾语，因而用过去分词。例如： She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他。 (fix ones eyes on 为固定短语，因此，不可将句中 fixed 换为 fixing) He sto

11、od for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。 当用某些不及物动词的分词形式作身体部位的宾补时，用现在分词的形式。例如： She stood there with her heart beating fast. 她觉得心跳很快。 (beat 意为“心跳”，是不及物动词) 3. 作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语之间的关系 及物动词（短语）的过去分词用作宾语补足语时，宾语即是过去分词的逻辑宾语，宾语和过去分词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。例如： I want the letter posted. 我想把这封信寄出去。 少数不及物动词如

12、go, change, fall 等的过去分词作宾语补足语时，仅表示动作完成。因此，宾语与过去分词之间不存在逻辑上的被动关系。例如： She found her necklace gone on her way home. 在回家的路上，她发现项链不见了。 动词 seat, hide, dress 等的过去分词作宾语补足语一般表示状语而不表示被动的意义，因此，虽然宾语与它们存在逻辑上的主动关系，但也只能用它们的过去分词作宾语补足语。例如： When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner. 我进来时，发现一个陌生的女孩坐在角

13、落里。We believe Professor Zhang _. His devotion to the study of Lolan has made him _ in this field. a famous expert to be a great scholar in the hotel crazy really hot very kind and patient recoverUse the words and phrases in the box to complete the following.to be agreat scholar a famous expertWe hav

14、e also found professor Zhang _. He took the time to answer all our questions and his answers were very wise. When we walked in the desert this afternoon, we found the weather _. The extreme heat almost drove me _. I sweat a lot and very thirsty. very kind and patient really hotcrazyUnfortunately, it

15、 turned out that I had left my water bottle _! Jane shared her water with me. This helped me _ some strength. in the hotelrecovereitheror and neither nor 一、either.or. either.or.意为“或者或者；不是就是”之意。表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分。例如： When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那个女孩高兴时，不是唱就是跳。 (此句中either.or.连

16、接两个动词，因为主语是单数第三人称，谓语动词要用其相应的形式。) either.or.连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“就近原则”。例如： Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。 注意：如果把上句变成一般疑问句，助动词形式与主语 you 保持一致，所以要用are提问，而不是am。例如： Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你还是我去那里？ Either you or he has lunch at school.

17、其一般疑问句应为：Do either you or he have lunch at school? 是你还是他在学校吃午饭？ 二、neither.nor. neither.nor.表示“既不也不”。其含义是否定的，可连接任意两个并列的成份。例如： She likes neither butter nor cheese. 她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪。此句中neither.nor.连接两个宾语。当neither. nor. 连接两个主语时，也应遵循“就近原则”。 例如： Neither dad nor mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。 若将neither.nor.句

18、型变为肯定句，只需把neither.nor.改为both.and.即可，同时谓语动词必须用复数形式。例如： Both dad and mum are at home today. 今天父母都在家。 还可以单独使用neither作主语，表示“两者中没有一个”。例如： Neither of them likes football. 他们俩都不喜欢足球。 neither或nor还有另外一种用法，就是当表达一个人没有做某事，另一个人也没做同一类事时，可用neither或nor进行简略回答，其结构为：Neither / Nor+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语。例如： He doesnt go to s

19、chool by bike. Neither / Nor do I. 他不是骑自行车上学，我也不是。 They didnt go to the park yesterday. Neither / Nor did we. 昨天他们没去公园，我们也没去。 More examples (1) Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.(2) Do you like reading books or watching TV? Either will do. (3) Neither John nor Tom knows how to

20、 go skiing.(4) I tried two dresses, but neither fits me.Subject-verb agreement 主谓一致是指： 1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致 2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致 3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 e.g. Ten thousand tons of coal

21、 were produced last year. Large quantities of water are needed. In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day. 1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意： 当主语由and 连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very impor

22、tant to our life. 典型例题 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were B注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A，C。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好像是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。 2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则

23、1) 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）当either or 与neither nor， 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go. He

24、re is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 4. 谓语需用单数 1) 代词each和由every, some,

25、no, any 等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) Three weeks was allo

26、wed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。 All is right. (一切顺利。) All are present. (所有人都到齐了。) 2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如 family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee 等词后用复数形

27、式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。 His family isnt very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词 people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around? 3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。 A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number o

28、f +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 6. 与后接名词或代词保持一致 1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more t

29、han one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。 主谓一致练习1. Each of you _ responsible for the accident. a. am b. be c. is d. are2. Each man and woman _ the same right

30、s. a. has b. have c. had d. is having Subject-verb agreement3. Every means _ tried but without much result. a. has been b. have been c. are d. is4. There _ in this room. a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture5. The manager or his assis

31、tant _ planning to go. a. were b. are c. was d. be6. Not only I but also David and Iris _ fond of playing basketball. a. am b. is c. are d. was7. Neither Tom nor his parents _ at home. a. is b. are c. has d. was8. Either the dean or the principal_ the meeting. a. attends b . Attend c. are attending d. have attended9. _ was wrong. a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher10. “_ twenty dollars a big sum to her?” “