经济学常用词汇中英对照

1、经济学常用词汇（中英对照）Aaccounting会计accountingcost会计成本accountingprofit会计利润adverseselection逆向选择allocation酉己置allocationofresources资源酉己置allocativeefficiency酉己置效率antitrustlegislation反托拉斯法arcelasticity弧弹性Arrowsimpossibilitytheorem阿罗不可能定理Assumption假设asymetricinformation非对称性信息average平均averagecost平均成本averagecostprici

2、ng平均成本定价法averagefixedcost平均固定成本averageproductofcapital资本平均产量averageproductoflabour劳动平均产量averagerevenue平均收益averagetotalcost平均总成本averagevariablecost平均可变成本Bbarrierstoentry进入壁垒baseyear基年bilateralmonopoly双边垄断benefit收益blackmarket黑市blisspoint极乐点boundarypoint边界点breakevenpoint收支相抵点budget预算budgetconstraint预算约

3、束budgetline预算线budgetset预算集Ccapital资本capitalstock资本存量capitaloutputratio资本产出比率capitalism资本主义cardinalutilitytheory基数效用论cartel卡特尔ceterispuribusassumption其他条件不变”的假设ceterispuribusdemandcurve其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlinmodel张伯伦模型changeindemand需求变化changeinquantitydemanded需求量变化changeinquantitysupplied供给量变化changeins

4、upply供给变化choice选择closedset闭集Coasetheorem科斯定理Cobb-Douglasproductionfunction柯布一道格拉斯生产函数cobwebmodel蛛网模型collectivebargaining集体协议工资collusion合谋commandeconomy指令经济commodity商品commoditycombination商品组合commoditymarket商品市场commodityspace商品空间commonproperty公用贝才产comparativestaticanalysis比较静态分析compensatedbudgetline补偿

5、预算线compensateddemandfunction补偿需求函数compensationprinciples补偿原则compensatingvariationinincome收入补偿变量competition竞争competitivemarket竞争性市场complementgoods互补品completeinformation完全信息completeness完备性conditionforefficiencyinexchange交换的最优条件conditionforefficiencyinproduction生产的最优条件concave凹concavefunction凹函数concavep

6、reference凹偏好consistence一致性constantcostindustry成本不变产业constantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变constraints约束consumer消费者consumerbehavior消费者行为consumerchoice消费者选择consumerequilibrium消费者均衡consumeroptimization消费者优化consumerpreference消费者偏好consumersurplus消费者乘U余consumertheory消费者理论consumption消费consumptionbundle消费束consumption

7、combination消费组合consumptionpossibilitycurve消费可能曲线consumptionpossibilityfrontier消费可能性边界consumptionset消费集consumptionspace消费空间continuity连续性continuousfunction连续函数contractcurve契约曲线convex凸convexfunction凸函数convexpreference凸偏好convexset凸集corporatlon公司cost成本costbenefitanalysis成本收益分costfunction成本函数costminimizat

8、ion成本极小化Cournotequilihrium古诺均衡Cournotmodel古诺模型Cross-priceelasticity交叉价格弹性Ddead-weightsloss重负损失decreasingcostindustry成本递减产业decreasingreturnstoscale规模报酬递减deduction演绎法demand需求demandcurve需求曲线demandelasticity需求弹性demandfunction需求函数demandprice需求价格demandschedule需求表depreciation折旧derivative导数derivedemand派生需求d

9、ifferenceequation差分方程differentialequation微分方程differentiatedgood差异商品differentiatedoligoply差异寡头diminishingmarginalsubstitution边际替代率递减diminishingmarginalreturn收益递减diminishingmarginalutility边际效用递减directapproach直接法directtaxes直接税discounting贴税、折扣diseconomiesofscale规模不经济disequilibrium非均衡distribution分酉已divis

10、ionoflabour劳动分工distributiontheoryofmarginalproductivity边际生产率分酉己论duoupoly双头垄断、双寡duality对偶durablegoods耐用品dynamicanalysis动态分析dynamicmodels动态模型EEconomicagents经济行为者economiccost经济成本economicefficiency经济效率economicgoods经济物品economicman经济人economicmode经济模型economicprofit经济利润economicregionofproduction生产的经济区域econo

11、micregulation经济调节economicrent经济租金exchange交换economics经济学exchangeefficiency交换效率economy经济exchangecontractcurve交换契约曲线economyofscale规模经济Edgeworthboxdiagram埃奇沃思图exclusion排斥性、排他性Edgeworthcontractcurve埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworthmodel埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率,效益efficiencyparameter效率参数elasticity弹性elasticityofsubstitution替代弹性en

12、dogenousvariable内生变量endowment禀赋endowmentofresources资源禀赋Engelcurve恩格尔曲线entrepreneur企业家entrepreneurship企业家才能entrybarriers进入壁垒entry/exitdecision进出决策envolopecurve包络线equilibrium均衡equilibriumcondition均衡条件equilibriumprice均衡价格equilibriumquantity均衡产量eqity公平equivalentvariationinincome收入等价变量excesscapacitytheor

13、em过度生产能力定理excesssupply过度供给exchange交换exchangecontractcurve交换契约曲线exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusionprinciple排他性原则existence存在性existenceofgeneralequilibrium总体均衡的存在性exogenousvariables外生变量expansionpaths扩展径expectation期望expectedutility期望效用expectedvalue期望值expenditure支出explicitcost显性成本externalbenefit外部收益externalcost夕卜

14、部成本externaleconomy夕卜部经济externaldiseconomy夕卜部不经济externalities外部性FFactor要素factordemand要素需求factormarket要素市场factorsofproduction生产要素factorsubstitution要素替代factorsupply要素供给fallacyofcomposition合成谬误finalgoods最终产品firm企业firmsdemacdrveforlabor企业劳动需求曲线firmsupplycurve企业供给曲线first-degreepricediscrimination第一级价格歧视fi

15、rstordercondition一阶条件fixedcosts固定成本fixedinput固定投入fixedproportionsproductionfunction固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动forwhomtoproduce为谁生产freeentry自由进入freegoods自由品，免费品freemobilityofresources资源自由流动freerider搭便车，免费搭车function函数futurevalue未来值Ggametheory对策论、博弈论generalequilibrium总体均衡generalgoods一般商品Giffengoods吉芬品

16、收入补偿需求曲线GiffensParadox吉芬之谜Ginicoefficient吉尼系数goldenrule黄金规则goods货物governmentfailure政府失败governmentregulation政府调控grandutilitypossibilitycurve总效用可能曲线grandutilitypossibilityfrontier总效用可能边界Hheterogeneousproduct异质产品Hickskaldorwelfarecriterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneousdemandfunction齐次需求函数homogene

17、ousproduct同质产品homogeneousproductionfunction齐次生产函数horizontalsummation水平和household家庭howtoproduce如何生产humancapital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfectcompetion不完全竞争implicitcost隐性成本income收入incomecompensateddemandcurveincomeconstraint收入约束incomeconsumptioncurve收入消费曲线incomedistribution收入分酉己incomeeffect收入效应

18、incomeelasticityofdemand需求收入弹性increasingcostindustry成本递增产业increasingreturnstoscale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率indexnumber指数indifference无差异indifferencecurve无差异曲线indifferencemap无差异族indifferencerelation无差异关系indifferenceset无差异集indirectapproach间接法individualanalysis个量分析individualdemandcurve个人需求曲线individualdeman

19、dfunction个人需求函数inducedvariable弓I致变量induction归纳法industry产业industryequilibrium产业均衡industrysupplycurve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferiorgoods劣品inflectionpoint拐点information信息informationcost信息成本initialcondition初始条件initialendowment初始禀赋innovation创新input投入inputoutput投入一产出institution制度institutionaleconomics制度经济学in

20、surance保险intercept截距interest禾息interestrate利息率intermediategoods中间产品internatizationofexternalities夕卜部性内部化invention发明inversedemandfunction逆需求函数investment投资invisiblehand看不见的手isocostline等成本线，isoprofitcurve等利润曲线isoquantcurve等产量曲线isoquantmap等产量族Kkindeddemandcurve弯折的需求曲线labour劳动labourdemand劳动需求laboursupply劳

21、动供给labourtheoryofvalue劳动价值论labourunions工会laissezfaire自由放任Lagrangianfunction拉格朗日函数Lagrangianmultiplier拉格朗乘数，land土地law法则lawofdemandandsupply供需法lawofdiminishingmarginalutility边际效用递减法则lawofdiminishingmarginalrateofsubstitution边际替代率递减法贝Ulawofdiminishingmarginalrateoftechnicalsubstitution边际技术替代率lawofincre

22、asingcost成本递增法贝Ulawofoneprice单一价格法则leader-followermodel领导者-跟随者模型leastcostcombinationofinputs最彳氐成本的投入组合leisure闲暇Leontiefproductionfunction歹！J昂节夫生产函数licenses许可证lineardemandfunction线性需求函数inearhomogeneity线性齐次性inearhomogeneousproductionfunction线性齐次生产函数ongrun长期ongrunaveragecost长期平均成本longrunequilibrium长期均衡

23、longrunindustrysupplycurve长期产业供给曲线longrunmarginalcost长期边际成本longruntotalcost长期总成本Lorenzcurve洛伦兹曲线lossminimization损失极小化1umpsumtax一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginalbenefit边际收益marginalcost边际成本marginalcostpricing边际成本定价marginalcostoffactor边际要素成本marginalperiod市场期marginalphysicalproductiv

24、ity实际实物生产率marginalproduct边际产量marginalproductofcapital资本的边际产量marginalproductof1abour劳动的边际产量marginalproductivity边际生产率marginalrateofsubstitution边替代率marginalrateoftransformation边际转换率marginalreturns边际回报marginalrevenue边际收益marginalrevenueproduct边际收益产品marginalrevolution边际革命marginalsocialbenefit社会边际收益margina

25、lsocialcost社会边际成本marginalutility边际效用marginalvalueproducts边际价值产品market市场marketclearance市场结清，市场洗清marketdemand市场需求marketeconomy市场经济marketequilibrium市场均衡marketfailure市场失败marketmechanism市场机制marketstructure市场结构marketseparation市场分割marketregulation市场调节marketshare市场份额markuppricing加减定价法Marshalliandemandfuncti

26、on马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimumwage最彳氐工资misallocationofresources资源误置mixedeconomy混合经济model模型money货币monopolisticcompetition垄断竞争monopolisticexploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断，卖方垄断monopolyequilibrium垄断均衡monopolypricing垄断定价monopolyregulation垄断调控monopolyrents垄断租金monopsony买方垄断NNashequilibrium纳什均

27、衡Naturalmonopoly自然垄断Naturalresources自然资源Necessarycondition必要条件necessities必需品netdemand净需求nonconvexpreference非凸，性偏好nonconvexity非凸性nonexclusion非排斥性nonlinearpricing非线性定价nonrivalry非对抗性nonpricecompetition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non-zerosumgame非零和对策normalgoods正常品normalprofit正常利润normativeeconomics规范经济学Oobjecti

28、vefunction目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopolymarket寡头市场oligopolymodel寡头模型opportunitycost机会成本optimalchoice最佳选择optimalconsumptionbundle消费束perfectelasticity完全有弹性optimalresourceallocation最佳资源酉己置optimalscale最佳规模optimalsolution最优解optimization优化orderingofoptimization(social)preference(社会)偏好NF序ordinalutility序数效用ordi

29、narygoods一般品output产量、产出outputelasticity产出弹性outputmaximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Paretocriterion帕累托标准Paretoefficiency帕累托效率Paretoimprovement帕累托改进Paretooptimality帕累托优化Paretoset帕累托集partialderivative偏导数partialequilibrium局部均衡patent专禾payoffmatrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceiveddemandcurve感觉至U的需求曲线perfectcompetition完全竞争per

30、fectcomplement完全互补品perfectmonopoly完全垄断perfectpricediscrimination完全价格歧视perfectsubstitution完全替代品perfectinelasticity完全无弹性perfectlyelastic完全有弹性perfectlyinelastic完全无弹性plantsize工厂规模pointelasticity点弹性positiveeconomics实证经济学postHocFallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好preferencerelation偏好关系presentvalue现值price价格

31、priceadjustmentmodel价格调整模型priceceiling最高限价priceconsumptioncurve价格费曲线pricecontrol价格管制pricedifference价格差另pricediscrimination价格歧视priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性priceelasticityofsupply供给价格弹性pricefloor最低限价pricemaker价格制定者pricerigidity价格刚性priceseeker价格搜求者pricetaker价格接受者pricetax从价税privatebenefit私人收益principala

32、gentissues委托一代理问题privatecost私人成本privategoods私人用品privateproperty私人财产producerequilibrium生产者均衡producertheory生产者理论product产品producttransformationcurve产品转换曲线productdifferentiation产品差异productgroup产品集团production生产productioncontractcurve生产契约曲线productionefficiency生产效率productionfunction生产函数productionpossibilit

33、ycurve生产可能性曲线productivity生产率productivityofcapital资本生产率productivityoflabor劳动生产率profit利润profitfunction禾润函数profitmaximization禾润极大化propertyrights产权propertyrightseconomics产权经济学proposition定理proportionaldemandcurve成比例的需求曲线publicbenefits公共收益publicchoice公共选择publicgoods公共商品purecompetition纯粹竞争rivalry对抗性、竞争pure

34、exchange纯交换puremonopoly纯粹垄断Qquantityadjustmentmodel数量调整模型quantitytax从量税quasirent准租金Rrateofproducttransformation产品转换率rationality理性reactionfunction反应函数regulation调节，调控relativeprice相对价格rent租金rentcontrol规模报酬rentseeking寻租rentseekingeconomics寻租经济学resource资源resourceallocation资源酉己置returns报酬、回报returnstoscale规

35、模报酬revealedpreference显示，性偏好revenue收益revenuecurve收益曲线revenuefunction收益函数revenuemaximization收益极大化ridgeline脊线risk风险Ssatiation饱和，满足saving储蓄scarcity稀缺性lawofscarcity稀缺法则seconddegreepricediscrimination二级价格歧视secondderivative-阶导数secondordercondition二阶条件service劳务set集shadowprices影子价格shortrun短期shortruncostcurve

36、短期成本曲线shortrunequilibrium短期均衡shortrunsupplycurve短期供给曲线shutdowndecision关闭决策shortage短缺shutdownpoint关闭点singlepricemonopoly单一定价垄断slope斜率socialbenefit社会收益socialcost社会成本socialindifferencecurve社会无差异曲线socialpreference社会偏好socialsecurity社会保障socialwelfarefunction社会福利函数socialism社会主义solution解space空间stability稳定性st