EXPERTISEENGLISHFORGEMOLOGY珠宝专业英语

1、羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄

2、芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈

3、肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅

4、羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿

5、膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃

6、羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈

7、芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂

8、肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆

9、衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁

10、膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇

11、羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂

12、芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆

13、肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀

14、衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅

15、膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿

16、羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆

17、芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀

18、聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄

19、袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿

20、膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃

21、羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇

22、腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄

23、肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈

24、袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蚀芅膆蒅袅膁膅薇蚈肇芄虿袃羃芃荿蚆衿节薁袂芇节蚄螅膃芁螆羀聿芀蒆螃羅艿薈羈袁莈蚀螁膀莇莀羇肆莆蒂蝿羂莆蚅羅羈莅螇袈芆莄蒆蚁膂莃蕿袆肈莂蚁虿羄蒁莁袄袀蒀蒃蚇腿蒀薅袃

25、肅葿螈蚅肁蒈蒇羁羇蒇薀螄芆蒆蚂罿膂蒅螄螂肈薄蒄羇羃膁薆螀衿膀虿羆芈腿蒈蝿膄膈薀肄肀膈蚃袇羆膇螅蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁螈羀羁膀薁袆羀芃螆袂羀蒅虿螈罿薇蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁螈羀羁膀薁袆羀芃螆袂羀蒅虿

26、螈罿薇蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁螈羀羁膀薁袆羀芃螆袂羀蒅虿螈罿薇蒂肇羈芇蚇羃羇荿蒀衿羆蒁蚅螅肅膁蒈蚁肄芃蚄罿肄莆蒇羅肃薈螂袁肂芈薅螇肁莀螀蚃肀蒂薃羂聿膂蝿袈膈芄薁螄膈莇螇蚀膇葿薀肈膆艿莃羄膅莁蚈袀膄蒃蒁螆膃膃蚆蚂膂芅葿羁节莇蚅袇芁蒀蒇螃芀腿蚃蝿艿莂蒆肈芈蒄螁羄芇薆薄袀芇芆蝿螆袃莈薂蚁羂蒁 Contents TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc254959843 Unit

27、1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEMOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc254959843 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959844 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959844 h 3 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959845 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959845 h 5 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959846 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959846 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc2549

28、59847 Part IV Business Nature PAGEREF _Toc254959847 h 8 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959848 Unit 2 WHAT IS A GEM? PAGEREF _Toc254959848 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959849 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959849 h 10 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959850 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959850 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc25495

29、9851 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959851 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959852 Part IV Products（I） PAGEREF _Toc254959852 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959853 Unit 3 WHAT ARE SYNTHETIC DIAMONDS PAGEREF _Toc254959853 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959854 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959854 h 16 HYPERLINK l _Toc

30、254959855 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959855 h 19 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959856 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959856 h 21 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959857 Part IV Products（II） PAGEREF _Toc254959857 h 22 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959858 Unit 4 COLOR PAGEREF _Toc254959858 h 24 HYPERLINK l _T

31、oc254959859 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959859 h 24 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959860 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959860 h 26 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959861 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959861 h 29 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959862 Part IV Products (III) PAGEREF _Toc254959862 h 31 HYPERLINK l

32、 _Toc254959863 Unit 5 REFRACTIVE INDEX AND REFRACTOMETER PAGEREF _Toc254959863 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959864 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959864 h 33 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959865 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959865 h 35 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959866 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc2549

33、59866 h 37 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959867 Part IV Products (IV) PAGEREF _Toc254959867 h 38 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959868 Unit 6 MAINLAND CHINA：A VAST MARKET FOR COLORED GEMSTONES PAGEREF _Toc254959868 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959869 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959869 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959870 Part II Word

34、s and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959870 h 42 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959871 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959871 h 44 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959872 Part IV Introduction (I) PAGEREF _Toc254959872 h 47 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959873 Unit 7 MAKE A FASHION STATEMENT WITH GEM-SET JEWELRYS PAGEREF _Toc254959

35、873 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959874 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959874 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959875 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959875 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959876 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959876 h 54 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959877 Part IV Introduction (II) PAGEREF _Toc

36、254959877 h 56 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959878 Unit 8 HOW DOES NEW TECHNOLOGY BENEFIT THE DIAMOND AND JEWELRY INDUSTRY PAGEREF _Toc254959878 h 58 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959879 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959879 h 58 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959880 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959880 h 60 HYPERLINK l

37、_Toc254959881 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959881 h 61 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959882 Part IV Introduction (III) PAGEREF _Toc254959882 h 62 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959883 Unit 9 JEWELRY-MAKING TECHNIQUES OF ANCIENT GREEK PAGEREF _Toc254959883 h 64 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959884 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc

38、254959884 h 64 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959885 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959885 h 71 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959886 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959886 h 74 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959887 Part IV Introduction (IV) PAGEREF _Toc254959887 h 76 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959888 Unit 10 THE HISTOR

39、Y OF LAPIDARY PAGEREF _Toc254959888 h 78 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959889 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959889 h 78 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959890 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959890 h 85 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959891 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959891 h 87 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959892 Part I

40、V Introduction (V) PAGEREF _Toc254959892 h 91 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959893 Unit 11 FIND OUT YOUR BIRTHSTONE PAGEREF _Toc254959893 h 93 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959894 Part I Text PAGEREF _Toc254959894 h 93 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959895 Part II Words and Expressions PAGEREF _Toc254959895 h 101 HYPERLINK l _Toc254

41、959896 Part III Reading Material PAGEREF _Toc254959896 h 102 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959897 Part IV Introduction (VI) PAGEREF _Toc254959897 h 106 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959898 Appendix I Gems Nomenclature PAGEREF _Toc254959898 h 108 HYPERLINK l _Toc254959899 Appendix II Vocabulary PAGEREF _Toc254959899 h 111

42、Unit 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEMOLOGYby Don Clark CSMPart = 1 * ROMAN I TextGemology is the study of gemstones. Some dictionaries define it as the nonscientific study of gemstones, but it is almost impossible to remove the scientific element. There may be investors whose only interest is in the value o

43、f the stones, but if they ever need to distinguish one gem from another, they are dealing with science. There are many categories of gemologists. For the jeweler it is a key element of their business. They need to be able to answer their customers questions and identify the gems brought into them. T

44、he gold smith needs specific knowledge about the physical characteristics of gems. A setting that would be ideal for a diamond would be inappropriate for an opal and vice versa. The amount of pressure used to set the prongs on a garnet would break a tanzanite. Some gems will withstand the heat of re

45、pair work that involves high temperature soldering. Some can be left in the setting if steps are taken to moderate the amount of heat they receive. Still others are so heat sensitive they need to be removed. The lapidary also needs special knowledge. Cutting and polishing techniques vary from gem to

46、 gem. What would work well for one material would be a waste of time on another and disastrous on something else. When gem-cutting needs to be given to color management，how the rough is oriented can make a lot of difference in the appearance of the finished gem. The style of cutting is also a part o

47、f color management. The choice of cut can lighten or darken a gem which will have considerable effect in both the appearance and the value of the stone. The choice of a cut, which includes the shape, number and location of facets, also influences the brilliance of the gem. The angles the facets are

48、cut at have to be carefully chosen. Then these factors are balanced, or compromises made, so as to not sacrifice too much material in the pursuit of beauty. Another category of gemologist is the scientist. These are people with degrees in geology, chemistry and sometimes physics. While one of the sm

49、allest categories of gemologists, they are at the same time one of the most influential. At the heart of gemology is gem identification. Some rubies and garnets are impossible to tell apart from each other by observation, but their values are considerably different. A precise and accurate means to t

50、ell them apart is absolutely necessary. When dealing with whole crystals, the ruby and garnet are easy to distinguish. Garnets form in the cubic system. While they vary in shape, they tend to be roundish and the number of sides is always a multiple of four. Rubies on the other hand, form long thin c

51、rystals. They are in the trigonal system and always have three or six sides. Most of the material that gets cut into gems is not found in whole crystals, but in broken pieces. Using the techniques of mineralogy, they are easily distinguished from each other. Scratch tests, where the unknown is scrat

52、ched by various substances, will determine its hardness. Other useful tests are the reaction to acids and the flame of a blow torch. These are categorized as destructive tests and are obviously inappropriate for cut gems. For centuries it was the lapidary who was in a position to most easily recogni

53、ze the differences in like appearing gems. During the cutting process gems get viewed intently, a perspective that no other gemologist has. Identifying inclusions are given a lot of attention, and then as many as possible removed. Differences in hardness are readily apparent when cutting and polishi

54、ng, as are other characteristics. A method needed to be devised where cut gems could be identified without damage. To this end scientists began to first, identify the measurable physical and optical properties of our gems. Next they devised instruments to measure these properties. There was a long p

55、rocess of systematically measuring and recording these properties so they could be looked up. (Though well established, this is actually an ongoing process.) Eventually all this got put together into methods that could be used by people without extensive scientific backgrounds or large and expensive

56、 laboratory equipment. That is not to say that it doesnt require substantial education to identify gems. It is a large and complex subject that is continuing to increase in complexity as new gems are discovered and new ones are created in the laboratory. However, one doesnt need a degree in chemistr

57、y or physics to simply measure the properties of our gems. The most esoteric part was discovering those properties and creating the tools to measure them. If you are interested in learning about gems the first step would be to learn how they are categorized. Also important in the early stages is lea

58、rning the terminology used to describe gems. Next you can learn what the physical and optical properties are. When you have this background, you can get into gem identification. Of course there are many side roads to travel. You may find a fascination with phenomenal gems or their inclusions. Many p

59、eople find a desire to collect gems and this often leads to making jewelry or learning how to cut gems.Whether your interest is casual or professional, there is much to delight and amaze. It is something you can do from your desk, or something that allows you to get your hands dirty. Plus the subjec

60、t of gemology is one of those where you will never run out of new elements to discover.Part = 2 * ROMAN II Words and Expressionsgemology demldi n. 宝石学 gemstone demstun n. 经雕琢的宝石investor invest n. 投资者distinguish distiwi v. 区别, 辨别category ktiri n. 种类, 别, 逻范畴 gemologist demldist n. 宝石学家jewel du:l n. 宝石