三家牧场的SCC分布课件

1、Meori Rosen Ph.D.罗森博士Expert for Dairy Farm ManagementEMBASSY OF ISRAEL IN BEIJING驻以色列大使馆牧场管理专家r.meoriCenter for International Cooperation国际合作中心DHI Record Analysis In 三元 farmsDHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011翻译：付海涵（阿菲金）Im coming from Israel我来自以色列DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011How DH

2、I system works in Israel ?以色列DHI系统是如何运行的？DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Registration of bulls and cows牛只注册（包括公牛）Data recording (input)数据记录（录入）Data validation (logic tests)数据校验（逻辑校验）Data processing (statistical analysis)数据处理（数理统计）Genetic evaluation遗传评估Special professional production reports

3、 (output)专业化生产报告（输出）THE ISRAELI DHI HERD-BOOK以色列DHI牛群登记DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011INSEMINATIONSERVICES配种服务Sires, InseminationsLABORATORYof MILKPRODUCTIONCONTROL牛奶质量实验室控制Fat, Protein, SCC脂肪，蛋白，体细胞LABORATORYof MASTITISCONTROL实验室细菌数控制DAIRY FARMS牧场Milk, Data, Events产奶、数据和事件VETERINARYDAIRY

4、ASSOC.奶牛兽医组织Diagnosis, Treatments, Pathology诊断、治疗和病理DAIRYPLANTS饲草饲料 Bulk MilkInformation主要奶业信息DHI HERD BOOK DATA BANKDHI牛群登记数据库BREEDING SYSTEM育种系统STATISTICREPORTS统计报告WEB NETWORKWeb网络DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011DATA and EVENTS out of NORMAL VALUES异常数据和事件REGULARREPORTS onPRODUCTIVITY生产常规报

5、告HEALTHREPORTS健康报告FERTILITYREPORTS繁育报告GENETICEVALUATIONS遗传评定REPORTS onindividualCOWS个体牛只报告BREEDING SYSTEM育种系统STATISTIC REPORTS统计报表DHIHERDBOOKDATABANKDHI牛群登记数据库DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011When all this started in Israel and what has been achieved ?在以色列，这一切从什么时候开始，而我们又得到了什么？DHI Record Ana

6、lysis Jinan conference 2011DHI-recording system summary in Israel 1939 - 2009Year年份Herds牛群Cows牛只Cow/yearCow/yearFat %乳脂率Cow/year1934121,0293,6901363.691939312,8783,8471393.611944695,3034,2271503.551949888,7334,0441423.51195419814,3374,1971493.55195918116,9175,3471863.48196420224,0135,6941863.2719692

7、1234,1326,2712043.25197421447,1616,8332203.22197921261,9477,8552563.26198420566,0008,7342873.29198947972,6459,0922883.172733.00561199480292,1759,7483023.102892.96591199991698,48510,4693413.263213.07662200477599,53710,6683813.573313.107122008688103,89511,4614153.523673.16782Data from the “israeli her

8、dbook report, 2009Milk prod.(Kg)年单产 Fat prod.(Kg)乳脂 Protein prod.(Kg)蛋白Protein %蛋白率Cow/year Fat and prot Prod. (Kg) 2009 68083,556 11,945 419 3.51 374 3.13 786DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011每头牛每年平均产量1934-2008（公斤/年）ANNUAL AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER COW 1934 - 2008 (KG/YEAR)产奶量kgMilk Yield (Kg)乳

9、脂和乳蛋白重kgFat and Protein Yield (Kg)数据来自以色列奶业年鉴-2008Data from the “Israeli Herdbook Report- 2008产量乳脂率乳蛋白DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Annual milk production, milk-fat and Milk-protein percent between 1995 - 20091995-2009年间年产量、乳脂及蛋白率MILK (Kg)% solids in milk (Kg)Data from the “Israeli Herdbo

10、ok Report- 2009FatProteinMilk乳脂蛋白牛奶DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011 欧洲荷斯坦协会和动物档案国际委员会（ International Committee for Animal Recording）的良种家畜登记册记录的泌乳周期（305天）平均奶产量AVERAGE YIELD (305 days) of RECORDEDCOWS REGISTERED by HERDBOOKS of the EUROPEAN HOLSTEIN ASSOCIATION and I.C.A.R. 以色列ISRAEL 2004 110

11、92 3.54 3.08 734Why to increase milk/cow ?为什么会增加单产？DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011生产性能Herd Performance日均产 Milk/Cow/Day我们的利润来自增加的35公斤牛奶The cheapest milk a producer can make is the next 3-5 kg each cow produces固定的成本已经涵盖，除了饲料成本就是利润。Fixed costs already covered; only additional associated costs

12、 are marginal costs mostly feed目标：2545公斤/天 Goal: 25 45 kg/cow/dayDHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Feed cost for production of 1 kg of milk in 三元 farms三元的每公斤奶饲料成本Milk/d kg日均产DMI* kg干物质采食量NE l* Mcal/kg净能CP* %粗蛋白比率Diet Price* 日粮价格Cost of1kg milk 公斤奶成本25201.3803523.51.49545

13、26.51.551654.11.2054301.6216.763.81.18* NRC 2001 * December 2010 DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011The effect of milk yield on production profitability产奶量对生产效率的影响 DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Israel-三元 cooperation in China中国以色列在三元的合作DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011% solid

14、s in milk (Kg)MILK (Kg)Annual milk production, milk-fat and Milk-protein percent between 2004 2010 in 中以 farm2004至2010年中以牧场的年产量以及乳脂率和乳蛋白率DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011DHI record analysisDHI记录分析I came to China in March 2010 and started my consulting work at 中以 farm.2010年我来到中以牧场从事顾问工作In Jun

15、e 2010 I was asked to identify the problems of金 星 farm that dropped down in milk production.2010年6月我被要求去金星牧场解决产奶量下降问题三元 company publish a weekly list of farms ordered by their milk per cow production.三元集团面向集团发布产奶量周排名This farm went down from # 5 to # 23 in the list, over long period of time.该牧场从第5名下滑

16、到第23名DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Evaluating 金 星 farm problems金星牧场的问题评估1.Analyze 金 星 DHI and Afifarm data分析金星牧场DHI和“阿菲金”系统数据2.Compare the analysis of 金 星 使用其他牧场与金星牧场对比To 中 以 - the highest milk production farm 中以-最高水平To 德 茂 an average farm.德茂-平均水平DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011三

17、元绿荷奶牛养殖中心产奶周报2010年4月5日-4月11日 指标本 周 总产奶日 均 总产奶成母牛泌乳牛成泌比% 单位平均 头数头日 产奶排名上周头日产奶头日产增减 平均 头数头日 产奶排名区里中心区里中心总 计39824965689281948429.20 29.23 -0.03 1778132.00 91.3南区管理部238262234037511654 29.21 29.10 0.11 10496 32.43 90.1中 以20778029683896 33.13 1133.45 -0.32 789 37.63 1188.1半截河11207016010571 28.05 122027.42

18、 0.63 511 31.30 101889.6渠 头13085018693692 27.00 142427.15 -0.15 605 30.90 111987.4德 茂14047620068655 30.65 3630.42 0.23 585 34.28 3389.4金银岛288720412461368 30.15 4730.62 -0.48 1254 32.90 6891.6鹿 牛12936118480631 29.31 91430.00 -0.69 561 32.92 5789.0绿牧园581008300294 28.20 111927.59 0.62 270 30.72 142291.

19、8金 星232712332451217 27.33 132327.40 -0.08 1078 30.84 122088.6DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Weekly list of milk production in三元 farmsDHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Milk production/milking cow 金 星金星牧场头均单产237MILK (Kg)DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011What are the main princi

20、ples of DHI record analysisDHI记录分析的主要原则DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Management of a dairy herd focuses around these five “Key Management Areas.”牛群管理关键在于以下五个“关键管理方面”DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Key Management Areas关键管理方面Production产奶Herd Lactation Status牛群胎次分布Reproduction繁殖Udde

21、r Health乳房健康Culling & Replacements入群与淘汰The performance of a herd in each of the management areas can be quickly assessed usingfive “Key Performance Indicators.”牛群在每个管理方面的生产性能可以使用五个“生产关键要素”快速评定DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Key Performance Indicators关键生产要素Milk per cow per day 日单产Days in mil

22、k 泌乳天数Pregnancy rate 妊娠率Somatic cell count 体细胞数Culling rate 淘汰率DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011将关键管理方面（KMA）与关键生产要素（KPI）KMA KPIProductionMilk/Cow/Day产奶日产量Herd Lactation StatusDays in Milk（DIM）牛群胎次分布泌乳天数ReproductionPregnancy rate 繁殖妊娠率Udder HealthSomatic cell count 乳房健康体细胞数Culling & Replaceme

23、ntCulling rate 死淘淘汰率The analyzing principle分析原则若下降若下降若升高DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011For this work I used材料DHI files of 三元 DHI center1. 三元DHI中心的DHI文件2. AFIFARM reports of the farms2. 阿菲金系统牧场报告3. JMP statistical package3. JMP统计程序包DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Milk production, L

24、actation curve and stage of lactation奶产量、泌乳曲线和泌乳期DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011First step 第一步Monthly DHI dataDHI月报数据DHI ReportDHI报告DHI fileDHI 文件Yearly dbase file年度数据文件 JMP analysisJMP分析DHI centerDHI中心DHI ReportDHI 报告Lactation curve of 中以 farm in 20102010年中以牧场泌乳曲线+2.5DHI Record Analysis J

25、inan conference 2011 Standardized peak phase milk Definition校正高峰产奶量Standardized peak phase day milk: The expected production per day at given range days in milk.校正高峰产奶量：特定时间内的预期日产量50-200 1st lactation 一胎 50-200天30-150 2nd & 3rd lactation 二胎和三胎 30-150天It removes the variation in test day production d

26、ue to stage of lactation and it allows production on one test day to be compared to production on another test day.该参数消除了测奶日不同产奶时期的影响，并且可以比较不同测奶日的产量DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Stages of Lactation产奶阶段 Peak milk高峰奶 Peak phase 高峰期DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Simple average of m

27、onthly milk production月平均产奶DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Monthly milk production in Peak phase月高峰产奶 DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Cows # distribution牛群分布DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Standardized peak phase day milk (JIB)校正高峰日产奶MILK PRODUCTION YIELD产奶量BenchmarkKg/cow

28、/day校正奶Benchmark%校正比率# cows牛头数Actual%实际比率ActualKg/cow/day实际产奶1st. Lactation 50-200 DIM36.575-8010283.136.612nd. Lactation 30-150 DIM45.392-956398.243.443rd. Lactation + 30-150 DIM48.710011310044.23DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Peak milk 高峰奶 Peak milk is the highest daily milk production a

29、chieved by each cow in the herd during their current lactation.高峰奶 是指每头牛当前胎次每头牛的高峰期产奶量Highest value (Kg of milk) in the 6 milk tests (1-6) that are considered.前6次测定日中最高产奶量Peak days The ordinal days of Lactation in which the Peak of Lactation took place.高峰期 高峰产奶出现日Ideally, a cow will peak around 60-1

30、00* DIM and remain at that level through the next test.理想来说，高峰日出现在泌乳期的60-100天并且持续到下一个测定日DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011* (1st lactation cows 80-100 d and 2nd +adult 60-80 d) Stage of lactation胎次分布Peak milk高峰奶 Peak phase 高峰阶段DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Peak milk 高峰奶Milk peaks d

31、irectly impact dairy farm profitability. 高峰奶直接影响牧场收益Each increase of one kg in peak milk production equals an additional 110-140 kg of milk per cow per lactation.高峰日产奶增加1kg，整个泌乳期产奶量增加110-140kgDHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Monthly peak milk production月平均高峰日产奶DHI Record Analysis Jinan confe

32、rence 2011Cows # distribution牛群胎次分布DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Peak of lactation胎次高峰PEAK OF LACTATION (Kg)GoalKg%lactation# ofcows%lactationActualkg1st. Lactation 38.575-8027776.838.142nd. Lactation 48.092-9524910349.613rd. Lactation + (ADULT)50.610026310047.94TIME OF PEAK OF LACTATION

33、(months)1st. Lactation 3.32773.262nd. Lactation 2.32492.313rd. Lactation + (ADULT)2.32632.07DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Persistency 持续力Persistency is a measure of how well animals are maintaining production. 持续力衡量牛群生产维持能力Production normally decreases 7 to 8% per month after peak milk is

34、 achieved. 到达产奶高峰后，产奶量每月降幅是7%到8%Larger decreases are referred to as poor persistency. 降幅大了持续力差DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Production should increase from the first test to the second test, remain fairly constant from the second test to the third test. 产奶量从首测日到第二个测奶日会有增长，第二个测奶日到第三个测奶日保持恒

35、定After the third test, cowsshould average 92 to 93% of the previous months production per month throughout the lactation.泌乳期内，从第三个测奶日往后，每月测奶产量是上个测奶日得92%到93% Heifers will average 94 to 96% of the previous months production from following the third test through the lactation.头胎牛是上月的94%到96%Heifers - 94

36、-96% of previous production after the third test2nd Lactation & Mature Cows - 92-93% of previous production after the third testDHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Stage of lactation胎次分布DIM45751051351651952252552853501203138353836353833282264451434338403831253+32415149413636383019startpeak peak

37、Avg. 1Diff.10.76.73-2.813.58-1.84-1.282.3-4.52-4.67-1.322Diff.17.87.02-7.830.02-4.851.36-1.33-7.23-5.6-3.643+Diff.8.2610-2.04-7.09-5.770.781.76-7.7-11-4.44PersistencyAvg. 10.950.971.090.870.850.9420.841.000.881.050.950.820.810.913+0.960.840.881.001.060.790.630.88DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference

38、2011A comparison between JX and the 2 other farms: ZHY (high) and DM (average) in main lactation parameters. 与其它两个牧场主要产奶参数的比较DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011The effect of DIM on milk production泌乳天数对产奶量的影响DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Distribution of cows less than 300 DIM in the

39、3 farms3个牧场的牛群产奶分布DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011JXZHYDMLess than 300 days (DIM)300天泌乳日以下HTM kgUpper tenth465346Lower tenth1925.223.6More than 300 days (DIM)300天泌乳日以上Upper tenth314036.2Lower tenth1217.515.6The upper and the lower tenths of milk production in the 3 farms最高和最低的10头平均产奶量For co

40、ws with less than 300 DIM in the upper tenth there are no differences between JX and DM farms, the difference is in the lower tenth. 泌乳天数300天以内的最高10头平均产奶没有差异，最低10头平均产奶有差异Average milk production is lower because of the lower tenth cows. 平均产奶低是因为最低10头产奶低As for the cows with more than 300 DIM the upper

41、 and the lower tenth of JX are much lower.对于泌乳天数300天以上的牛只最高和最低的10头产奶量都较低DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Distribution of DIM with threshold of 300 DIM以泌乳天数300天为界的牛只比例JXZHYDMLess than 300 DIM%1st lactation65.370642nd lactation76.988823rd+ lactation81.98887More than 300 DIM1st lactation34.7303

42、62nd lactation23.112173rd+ lactation18.11213DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Cows in the 2 nd and the 3 rd lactation in this farm are the main problem.该场第二胎和第三胎牛是主要问题 Their DIM is too high. 泌乳天数太大Milking cows with more than 300 DIM in 2nd and 3rd lactation should not be more than 13 %. 第二胎和第

43、三胎牛中泌乳天数超过300天的不应该超过13%The main reason for high % of cows with more than 300 DIM is poor fertility that can be a function of malnutrition or bad insemination practice and heat detection accuracy. 泌乳天数超过300天的牛头数比率过高是由于营养不良、不当输精和发情鉴定失误DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011JXZHYDMMilk yield kg/cow/d

44、ay产奶量The situation now 全群3037.633.6Only cows with less than 300 DIM 泌乳天数300天牛只3339.535.6Difference差异31.92Distribution of DIM with threshold of 300 DIM以泌乳天数300天为界的牛只比例DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Milk production vs. DIM产量和泌乳天数的线性相关性DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011The average DIM

45、of the 3 farms are: 230, 216 and 193 in JX, DM and ZHY respectively (at the time of measurement). 三个牧场的泌乳天数：JX230天，DM216天，ZHY193天In order to reduce DIM of JX farm to 190 days we need to cull 10% of the low producing cows.为降低泌乳天数到190天，我们需要淘汰10%的低产牛 In a case like this average milk production of JX mi

46、lk will increase from 30.1 to 33.1 kg.如果这样，JX牧场的单产会从30.1公斤上升到33.1公斤Even though the DIM will be shortened still daily milk yield of JX cows will be lower than the 2 other farms.即使是泌乳天数降低，JX牧场单产依然低于其他两个牧场 The longer DIM is only part of the story and there are more elements that influence cows milk yie

47、ld in JX farm.DIM仅仅是影响JX牧场奶产量的众多因素之一DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Parity 胎次Milk production increases with lactation number and is maximized in the fourth or the fifth lactation. 随着胎次的增加，产奶量逐胎上升，到第四和第五胎到达最高峰Therefore, the distribution of cows in parities could be also an important factor t

48、hat influences the average milk production of a herd.因此，胎次同样也是一个影响牛群产量的重要因素In ZHY farm 1st lactation cows produce 30.6% of the total milk where in DM farm 28.9% and in JX farm 35.5%. 在ZHY牧场 一胎牛产奶占总产量的30.6%，DM牧场占28.9%，JX牧场占35.5%DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011ParityJXZHYDM1st34.6%34.8%30.3%2

49、nd24.0%35.7%26.2%3rd+41.4%29.5%43.5%Distribution of cows by parity牛群胎次分布DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Reproduction 繁殖DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011等待天数VWP泌乳阶段12个月Lactation stages (12 months)繁殖Reproduction Chart产犊首配配孕产犊首配天数配准天数浪费天数干奶期怀孕期繁殖配准天数首配天数+发情鉴定率+怀孕率DHI Record Analysis Ji

50、nan conference 2011Reproduction (Terms)繁殖For an adequate evaluation of dairy cows fertility,we need to refer to certain standards.为了充分评估牛群繁殖，我们需要依据特定的标准Cow fertility is generally evaluated by the 指标如下:Average Days to 1st Service: DIM from calving to first service attempt. This is calculated by summi

51、ng the days to first service for all cows which have been bred at least once. The sum is divided by the number of those cows.头胎牛泌乳天数Wasted days: The time between DFS to DES.浪费天数：配种日期和配准日期间的时间段Days open:(the interval between calving and successfulAI)配准天数：产犊到成功配种的天数DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference

52、 2011Reproduction (Terms)繁殖Breeding interval : Intervals between Heats and Services is a summary of the distribution of all intervals (in days) between reported heats and services for cows currently in the herd. 繁殖间隔: 发情间隔的平均值Calving interval :(the interval between successive calving).产犊间隔Conception

53、 rate (CR): The percent of services with known outcomes over a specified period of time that result in a pregnancy, or, alternatively, the number pregnant divided by number inseminated (and subsequently determined to be pregnant or not pregnant) over some time period.妊娠率Pregnancy rate (PR): The perc

54、entage of eligible cows that becomes pregnant within a given time frame - usually 21 days. 情期受胎率DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011发情周期天数分布 Cycle length distribution 复配Double inseminations: 14天（发情时间长，发情初期开始配）1-4 days (long heats, inseminations on the early signs of the heat)短周期Short cycles: 51

55、7天（上次或当前配种时发情异常，卵泡囊肿）5-17 days (last or current insemination not on actual heat, cystic cows) 正常周期Normal cycles: 1824天 18-24 days (the usually assumed normal cycle length)长周期Long cycles: 2536天（上次或当前配种时发情异常，胚胎死亡）25-36 days (last or current insemination not on actual heat, embryonic death)双周期Double cy

56、cles: 3648天（遗漏了一个发情，或上次发情为安静发情）36-48 days (missed heats, “quiet” last heat)超长周期Very long cycles: 大于48天（遗漏了发情，怀孕异常）more than 48 days (usually missed heats, abnormal pregnancies)DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Heat Detection发情鉴定Heifers1st lact.2+ lact.All cowsTotalDistribution of cycles% % 5-

57、17 days-7.143.334.553.51 18-25 days76.9235.7130.0031.8242.11 26-35 days7.697.1416.6713.6412.28 36-60 days15.3850.0050.0050.0042.11Breeding interval产犊间隔26.0035.0035.0035.0033.00Heat Detection accuracy 发情鉴定准确率80.0060.0060.0060.0064.00Conception rate 受胎率55.8038.5043.6041.0545.97Pregnancy rate 妊娠率44.642

58、3.1026.1624.6329.42AFIFARM Fertility table (JIB)金星牧场“阿菲金”繁殖报表DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011发情周期分布情况Cycle length distribution 天天天天后备牛 1胎 2胎及以上 全部后备牛 1胎 2胎及以上 全部天天天天Breeding Intervals发情周期分布 以色列2009年Heat detection statistic Israeli Herd-book 2009 发情周期分布Cycle length distribution 后备牛 1胎 2胎及以上

59、全部DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011JXDMZHYAge at first calving (months)初产月龄282725.5Calving interval (days)产犊间隔436419409Milking days泌乳天数370350339Full lactation milk production kg胎次产奶11,10011,76012,746Three farms comparison of same production parameters

60、 DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Why heat detection is so important ?为什么发情鉴定如此重要Heat not detected 发情鉴定漏查Cow is not pregnant 牛只无法怀孕Open days increased 空怀期变长DIM increased泌乳天数增加Milk production decreased 产奶下降SCC increased 体细胞上升DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011Somatic Cell CountSCC体细胞数DH