美国文学富兰克林

1、American LiteratureMandy ZhangThe Outline of American LiteratureI Colonial Period (16071765)II Revolutionary Period (17651800)III The Age of Romanticism (18001865)IV The Age of Realism (18651918)V American Modernism (19181945)VI Contemporary Literature (1945- ) Revolutionary Period (1765-1800)Genera

2、l Backgrounds: The Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards The Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin The War of Independence (1775-1783)Major Writers: Roger Williams John Woolman Thomas Paine Philip Freneau Charles Brockden Brown Thomas Jefferson Other eminent 18th-century novelists of transitionThe Great Awaken

3、ing (1730s1740s) series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards Enlightenment An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man. Revolutionary War The War

4、of Independence (1775-1783), fought by the American colonies against Great Britain. Enlightenment (detailed information)Enlightenment is an intellectual revolution originated in the European Continent, and then its impact found expression in America. The Enlighteners advocated publicly to study “man

5、 instead of “God, and pointed out that the “evils in human civilization stemmed from the social injustice, not from “original sin. The Enlightenment emphasized on “reason, required people to pay attention to the social reality, advocated education and scientific research, believed man could decide h

6、is own destiny. Meanwhile, they promote the views of the social progress, humanism and the ideas of equality.Jonathan Edwards (17031785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹Outstanding representative of Puritanism His Life His Works His PositionHis LifeBorn into a very religious familyEntered Yale at 13Stayed at Yale for a cou

7、ple of yearsWent to a New York Scotch Presbyterian churchReturned to Yale, took his M.A and became a tutorAssistant to minister of the church of Northampton, MassachusettsBe the minister of that church himselfAdvocated the Great AwakeningLeft for Stockbridge, Mass. as a pastor Meditated and wrote hi

8、s greatest worksHis WorksPersonal Narrative ?自述? Freedom of the Will ?意志的自由?The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend?原罪说辩?The Nature of True Virtue ?真正美德的本质?Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God ?发怒的上帝手中的罪人?Images or Shadows of Divine Things ?神灵的形影?His Position1 He was the last great voice that was ever h

9、eard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.2 He was in part instrumental in bringing about the Great Awakening3 He was the first modern American and the countrys last medieval man.Benjamin Franklin (17061790) 本杰明.富兰克林His Life His positionHis Life1 Bor

10、n into a poor candle-makers family in 1706 (poor and obscure)2 Had little formal education3 Voracious reader and made up for the deficiency of formal education4 Apprentice of printer at 125 began to publish essays at 166 Went to Philadelphia to make his own fortune at 177 set up himself up an indepe

11、ndent printer and publisher8 became financially independent at 42 and retired to do what liked (read, make scientific experiments and do good to his fellow men)His Position 1) social reformer2) scientist3) politician4) writerSocial Reformer1 Junto Club2 subscription library3 Pennsylvania Hospital Un

12、iversity of Pennsylvania4 American Philosophical Society5 volunteer fire departmentsScientisteffective street lightingefficient heating devicesFranklin StoveBifocal glassesLightning-rodPoliticianA member of Pennsylvania AssemblyDeputy Postmaster-General for the coloniesRepresentative of the colonies

13、 in London for 18 yearsA delegate to the Continental Congress A member of the committee to write Declaration of IndependenceInstrumental in bringing France into an alliance with America against EnglandPlayed a decisive role at the Constitutional ConventionThe only American to sign the four documents

14、 that create the United Statesthe four documentsThe Declaration of IndependenceThe Treaty of Alliance with FranceThe Treaty of Peace with England The ConstitutionwriterPoor Richards Almanac ?格言历书?Popular for a quarter of a centuryExpand its literary part to readersThe Autobiography ?自传?Poor Richards

15、 Almanac ?格言历书?Content: 1 poems 2 essays 3 adages and commonsense witticismsSources 1 borrow from other writers 2 write himself 3 rewriteExamples (see P35)The Autobiography ?自传?Its WritingIts StyleIts SignificanceComments on itThirteen VirtuesIts Writingfour parts written at four different times 1st

16、 part: 1771; seemingly a letter to his son; about 80 pages; his life before the age of 252nd part: 1784; his life between the age of 25 and 42;3rd part: 1788; his social and scientific life;4th part: 1790; his life between his retirement and death;the style of the AutobiographyIt is the pattern of P

17、uritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features.why is his Autobiography important? 1) It is the first of its kind in American literature.2) It is a puritan document

18、.3) It is the illustration of American dream.4) It is the best example of plain style.Comments on Autobiography1) Autobiography realistically described the life of Franklin whose rags-to-riches experiences became the prototype of many Americans dream of success.2) The prototype characterized by self

19、-culture, self-improvement, self-reliance, self-cultivation, faith in the progress of society and the ideals of the future, practical and optimistic attitude toward life, and final success have been inspiring generations of Americans.3) It shows that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18-ce

20、ntury Enlightenment that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.“Thirteen Virtues 13条美德in The Autobiography (1)1 Temperance: 节制 eat not to dullness; drink not to el

21、evation;2 Silence: 缄言 speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid trifling conversation;3 Order: 秩序 let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4 Resolution: 决心 resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5 Frugality: 俭

22、朴 make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.6 Industry: 勤奋 lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.7 Sincerity: 真诚 use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak, speak accordingly.“Thirteen Virtues 1

23、3条美德in The Autobiography (2)8 Justice: 公正 wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9 Moderation: 适度 avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10 Cleanliness: 清洁 tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.11 Tranquilit

24、y: 安静 be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12 Chastity: 节欲 rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or anothers peace or reputation.13 Humility: 谦虚 imitate Jesus and Socrates.Roger Williams (1603-1683) 罗杰.威廉斯r

25、eligious leader and one of the founders of Rhode Island preached for civil and religious libertyHe questioned the right of the colonists to take the Indians land Works: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience John Woolman (1720-1772) 约翰.乌尔曼a preacher traveling far and wide in Ame

26、rica; teaching goodness and piety; speaking against total depravity, original sin and limited atonement; attacking all forms of iniquity; Works: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes A Plea for the Poor - plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system The Journal

27、 recording his spiritual experiences Thomas Paine (17371809) 托马斯.潘恩Fight for the rights of manHelp to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions of his ageWorks: Common Sense ?常识? (1776) The American Crisis ?美国危机?(1776.12 1783.4) The Rights of Man ?人的权利?(1791- 92) The Age of Reason ?理智时代?(1794 - 95)“

28、Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one - Common Sense“These are the times that try mens souls, “The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. - The American CrisisPhilip Freneau (17521832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺Use his poetic talents to serve his nation writing verses for the righteous cause of his people exposing British colonial savageriesRepresentative of dawning nationalism pointed forward to the intellectual and liberty independenceWorks: The British Prison ship ?英国囚船? The Rising Glory of Am