苏教译林版初中英语八年级下册语法专项解析与巩固练习

1、被动语态【概念引入】一、含有被动语态的名言欣赏Life is measured by thought and action, not by time.衡量生命的尺度是思想和行动，而不是时间长短。Men are known by his companions.观其友而知其人。Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。A friend without fault will never be found.没有缺点的朋友永不可得。二、被动语态的概念英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。Many

2、people speak Chinese.许多人说汉语。谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。Chinese is spoken by many people.汉语被许多人说。主语Chinese是动词speak的承受者。【用法讲解】一、被动语态结构【高清课堂：Passive Voice与时态】一般现在时：am / is / are +及物动词的过去分词You are wanted on the phone.有你的 。一般过去时：was / were +及物动词的过去分词China was liberated in 1949

3、.1949 年中国解放。一般将来时：will / shall be +及物动词的过去分词The problem will be discussed tomorrow.明天将对这个问题进行讨论。现在完成时：have / has been +及物动词的过去分词Not a book in the library has been taken away.图书馆里没有一本书被人拿走。现在进行时：am / is / are being +及物动词的过去分词My bike is being repaired.我的自行车正在修理。过去完成时：had been +及物动词的过去分词The book had be

4、en borrowed when I got to the library.我到了图书馆时，那本书已经借出去了。二、主动语态与被动语态的转换1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2）把谓语变为被动结构（be+过去分词）注意：根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决 定be的形式。3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。All the people laughed at him.所有人都嘲笑他。【巩固练习】一、单项填空。Li Hong has the army for 2 years.A. joined B. be in C. been i

5、n D. joined inWe have been friends since.A. childrenB. five yearsC. five years agoD. five years beforeMike the story for a month.D. has borrowedD. since a week agoD. have studiedD. liveA. has bought B. has had C. had hadYou that question three times.A. already askedB. have already askedC. already ha

6、ve asked D. asked alreadyThose foreign friends left Guangzhou.A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week1 at this school for two years.A. am studying B. study C. studiedThey in the city since last summer.A. live B. didnt live C. have livedMrs. Wang has lived in Haikou 1992.A. since B. from C. af

7、terD. inMr. Black China since the summer of 1998.A. has been to B. has been in C. has come toD. came toHis father for years.A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies真题链接一 Beibei, is Mr. Chen in the office?No. He for half an hour.A. leftB. has leftC. has been away一 Is Miss Green in the office?一 No

8、, she to the library.A. goesB. had goes C. has gone D. would goAnew shop fbr a week nearby. Lets have a look there.一 Good idea. But it doesnt on Mondays.A. opened; opened B. has been opened; openC. has opened; opened D. has been open; open二、用 already 或 yet 填空。Have they taken down the old pictures? N

9、o, not.Most of us have finished our compositionsHe said he hadnt visited the exhibition.三、用since或for填空。We have learned five lessons the beginning of this term.Mrs. Liao has been in hospital last week.I have stayed at my aunts two weeks.四、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各种形式填空。一 Where is Ja

10、ck?一 He his country.John England since he came back.How long you this village?The Smiths Beijing for years.一 you ever America? Yes, I there many times.I this school since three years ago. When he?一 He an hour ago. Would you like to the zoo with me?一 Yes, but I there before.一 Where you just now?一 I t

11、he zoo.He often swimming.you there last year?they often skating in winter?五、句型转换，每空一词。He has already gone home.He home.（否 定句）he home?（一般疑问句）He has lunch at home.He lunch at home.（否认句）he lunch at home?（一般疑 问句）He has been there twice.（对划线局部提问） he been there?have lunch at school.（对划线局部提问） you lunch.The

12、y have been here since 2000. have they been here?（对划线局部提问）This factory opened twenty years ago.（改为同 义句） This factory for twenty years.Miss Gao left an hour ago.（改为同义句）Miss Gaoan hour ago.Her mother has been a Party member for three years.（改为同 义句） Her mother the Party three years.The Green Family mov

13、ed to France two years ago.（改为同义句） two years the Green family moved to France.The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago.（把两个句子合并成一个句子）【参考答案】一、单项填空。l.Co现在完成时在肯定句中，与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是 短暂性动词。在此题中join是短暂性动词，不能与for+时间段连用，须把它改成相应的延续 性动词。此题join要改成be in。这两种词的转换是学习现在完成时需要注意的。Co现在完成时表示过去

14、已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。它的时间状语since + 表过去的时间点，for +时间段连用。B。在肯定句中，与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是短暂性动词， 在此题中buy是短暂性动词，不能与for+时间段连用，须把它改成相应的延续性动词。此 题buy要改成has had。Bo现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作或存在的状态对现在造成的影响或结果; already应放在have后面。Bo该题考查一般过去时。Do现在完成时表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。与for+时间段连用。Co since是现在完成时的标志词。Ao本句为完成时态，此处应该选择

15、since； since +表过去的时间点”是完成时态的标志 性时间状语。Bo与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是短暂性动词，come是短 暂性动词因此选B。B。现在完成时与since或for引出的时间状语连用的是延续性动词，不能是短暂性动词， die是短暂性动词，因此要用be dead来代替。真题链接Co句意：一贝贝，陈先生在办公室吗？一没有，他出去一个小时了。因为题中说道“他 出去一个小时了”，所以到应该用延续性动词，应选C。Co句意：一格林老师在办公室吗？一不在，她去图书馆了。此题考查动词的时态。由语 境可知她去图书馆了，现在还没回来，应选C项。Do此题意为：一这

16、附近有一家新开了一周的店，我们去看一下吧。一好主意，但是周一 不开门。此题第一空应该用延续性动词，第二空在助动词后面，应该用动词原形。应选D。 二、用 already 或 yet 填空。1. yet; yet 2. already 3. yet三、用since或for填空。1. since 2. since 3. for四、用 have/has been to/in, have gone to 及 go 的各种形式填空。1. has gone to 2. has been in 3. have; been in 4. have been in 5. Have; been to; have be

17、en6. have been in 7. did; go; went 8. go; have been 9. did; go; went to 10. goes11. Did; go 12. Do; go五、句型转换，每空一词。1. hasn t gone; yet; Has; gone; yet 2. doesn t have; Does; have 3. How many times has4. Where do; have 5. How long 6. has been open 7. has been away since8. joined; ago 9 It s; since 10.

18、 The bus has been here for ten minutes.f He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.他们在那家工厂制造自行车。f The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree.他砍倒了 一棵树。f A tree was cut down by him.4)含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成。Little Tom can work out this m

19、aths problem easily.小汤姆能容易地做出这道数学题。f This maths problem can be easily work out by little Tom.They should do it at once.他们应该立刻做那件事。fit should be done at once.5)含有双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态主动语态的双宾语句式：主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语+其他被动语态的双宾语句式：间接宾语+be+过去分词+直接宾语+其他或:直接宾语+be +过去分词+介词(for / to)+间接宾语+其他My father gave me a new boo

20、k on my birthday.我的父亲在我生日那天给我一本新书。一 I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father). A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father).My father bought me a new computer yesterday.我的父亲昨天给我买了一台新电脑。一 I was bought a new computer yesterday (by my father).一 A new computer was bought fbr me ye

21、sterday (by my father)6)带有复合宾语的主动语态变为被动语态带有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动语态的 主语，原来的宾语补足语不动。His teacher found him a very good pupil.他的老师发现他是一个很好的学生。一 He was found a very good pupil by his teacher.7)在主动句中，let, make, see, hear等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但在被动句中，那么要 还原tOoLindas parents make her practice the p

22、iano every Sunday.一Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.8)有些及物动词如have(有)，reach, cost等，以及有些联系动词如smell, taste, sound, feel等, 不用于被动语态。【误】Five dollars is cost by this book.【正】This book costs five dollars.这本书花费五美元。【误】 The food is tasted nice.【正】The food tastes nice.这种食物尝起来很好。被动语态【巩固练习】L把以下主动语

23、态的句子变为被动语态的句子。Do you sweep the floor every day?Did people in the old days grow tea?We have learned Lesson 60.We cant see many of the stars.China has sent up man-made satellites into space.They will plant the trees tomorrow.see him go to school every day.8. Our teacher made us close our eyes in the g

24、ame.IL使用被动语态翻译以下句子。.我们不把英语当作第一语言使用。.这些电视机是1990年日本出产的。.法国人说英语还是法语？中国什么地方生产盐？.这些树可以被种在道路的两边。.每天早晨都能听到小鸟唱歌的声音。.世界被变成了一个更小的地方。IIL单项选择。D. puttedLook! A big modern building in our city.A. is builtB. is being builtC. has been builtD. is building2. Your bike cant there.A. be put B. is put C. be puttedMary t

25、he song at a party.A. heard singB. was heard singC. heard to sing D. was heard to singtrees usually in April?A. Have, plantedB. Are, plantedC. have, been planted D. Do, plantedMy room tomorrow.A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. will be cleaned 6. When your school?A. did, builtB. was, builtC. is, builtTh

26、e window of our house once a week.A. have been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned 8. The sick girl to the hospital at once.A. must sendB. be must sent C. must be sentMany books on science since I went to college.A. were boughtB. have been boughtC. will be boughtD. are boughtPeople have come to kno

27、w that their health must.A. pay more attentionB. pay more attention toC. be paid more attention D. be paid more attention to 11. A beautiful picture the children in the classroom.A. was shown toB. was shown C. were shown toD. is cleaningD. was, buildingD. are cleaningD. be sentD. is cleaningD. was,

28、buildingD. are cleaningD. be sentD. were shownA new bike Tom tomorrow.A. will lendB. will lentC. will be lentD. will be lent toSome eggs and a glass of milk the Frenchman.A. have been brought toB. has been brought toC. have been broughtD. has been broughtMiss White said she some beautiful coats in t

29、he shop.A. had been showB. has been shownC. had been shown toD. had been shownJack answer the question in French.A. asked to B. was ask C. was askedD. was asked to【真题链接】The novel by many people today.A. is readB. are readC. readsD. were readA. are madeA. are madeB. were made C. makeD. madeThese mode

30、l cars in China in 2013.一 How clean your car is!一 Thank you. It very often.A. is washed B. washes C. was washed D. washedWhen you a difficult task, try to continue with it and finish it.A. giveB. are givingC. gaveD. are givenWe to start at once, or we will miss the train.A. tellB. have toldC. are to

31、ldD. toldIV.看图完成以下对话。Whats that? It looks strange.Its an old machine.What it used 2?It 3 4 for getting water from a river or a lake.How did it work?Usually two people stood on it. They pushed the pedals（踏 板）down hard with their feet. Then 5 could 6 brought up.What 7 it made 8?I think it 9 10 1wood.

32、It can 12 hardlyseen in China now.【答案与解析】I.把以下主动语态的句子变为被动语态的句子。Is the floor swept (by you) every day?Was tea grown by people in the old days?Lesson 60 has been learned by us.Many of the stars cant be seen by us.Man-made satellites have been sent up into space by China.The trees will be planted tomor

33、row.He is seen to go to school every day.We were made to close our eyes in the game.IL使用被动语态翻译以下句子。English isnt used as our first language.The TV sets were made in Japan in 1990.Is English or French spoken by Frenchmen?Where is salt produced in China?These trees can be planted at the sides of the ro

34、ad.The birds are heard to sing every morning.The world is made to be a much smaller place.HL单项选择。l.Bo本句结构为：现在进行时的被动语态。句意为“在我们城里，一座现代化的楼房正在 被建”。2.A。本句结构为：含有情态动词的被动语态。句意为“你的自行车不能被放在那二3.Do本句结构为：一般过去时的被动语态。此句中复合宾语的不定式to不能省略。句意为 “玛丽被听到在宴会上唱歌”。4.Bo本句结构为：一般现在时的被动语态。句意为“植树通常是在四月份吗？二5.Co本句结构为：一般将来的被动语态。句意为“我

35、的房间将在明天被清扫”。6.Bo本句结构为：一般过去时的被动语态。句意为“你们学校是什么时候被建造的？ 7.Bo本句结构为：一般现在时的被动语态，且主语是单数，用be动词is。句意为“我们房 子的窗户一周被清洗一次二8.Co本句结构为：情态动词的被动语态。句意为“那个生病的女孩必须马上被送到医院”。 9.Bo本句结构为：现在完成时的被动语态。句意为“自从我上大学，已经买了许多关于科 学的书”。10.D。本句结构为:情态动词的被动语态，这里pay attention to是固定搭配，它的宾语是heal th。 句意为“人们已经渐渐意识到必须关注他们的健康工H.Ao本句结构为：一般过去时的被动语态

36、。句意为“一张漂亮的图片被出示给教室里的孩 子们二.Do本句结构为：一般将来时的被动语态。句意为“明天一辆新的自行车将被借给汤姆”。.Ao本句结构为：现在完成时的被动语态。句意为“一些鸡蛋和一杯牛奶已经被带给了那 个法国人”。.Do本句的主句是过去时，所以宾语从句要用过去完成时的被动语态。句意为“怀特小姐 说她在商店里被出示了一些漂亮的上衣二.Do本句结构为：一般过去时的被动语态。句意为“杰克被要求用法语回答以下问题”。【真题链接】l.Ao主语是the novel,所以谓语要用单数形式，所以排除答案B和D；题中出现明显时间 词today,所以时态应为一般现在时。故答案为A。Bo句意：这些模型汽

37、车是中国2013年制造的。由时间状语in 2013可知时态为一般过去 时，model cars与动词make之间为被动关系。应选B。Ao解析：句意：一一你的车真干净。一一谢谢，它经常清洗。根据often可知，应用一 般现在时；车应该是被洗，所以用被动语态。应选A项。Do句意：“当你被给一项艰巨的任务时，试图继续做并完成它。give sb. sth.改成被动是 sb. be given sth.；根据语境,应选DoCo句意：“我们被告知立刻出发，否那么将赶不上火车。”根据句意可知，主语we不是动 作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，因此要使用被动语态。IV.看图完成以下对话。l.was2. for3.

38、was4.used5. water6.be7.was8. of9.was10. made11.of12.be专项语法讲练 现在完成时【概念引入】如何学习时态？对中学生来说，最好还是从各个时态的基本概念、基本形式和基本用法 学起。在过了这一阶段之后，再放开步伐，通过大量的听、读和笔头实践，获得感性的知识。 现在，我们就从最基本的概念、形式和用法等方面来总结一种新的时态一一现在完成时。【用法讲解】一、现在完成时的定义现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。二、现在完成时的构成.肯定句现在完成时的肯定句式是“have (has) +过去分词”。注意：该句式中的have或ha

39、s是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。.否认句：现在完成时的否认句式是“havent (hasnt) +过去分词”。.疑问句：现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。回答用Yes, .have(has)./No, .haven,t(hasn,t).三、动词过去分词规那么变化与不规那么变化(一)规那么变化变化规那么：与动词过去式规那么相同。. 一般直接在词尾加上ed。look 一 looked.以e结尾的动词，直接加d。move 一 moved.以y结尾，y前面是辅音字母的动词，变y为i,再加ed。carry carried.局部动词需双写尾字母，加

40、ed。stop stopped(二)不规那么变化不规那么动词的变化因词而异。但是如果对不规那么动词的过去式和过去分词做一分析，就 可发现其中的“规那么”。同学们在记忆时，可按下面的形式对教材后不规那么动词表进行分析、 整理。例如：AAB型原形过去式过去分词中文beatbeatbeaten打败ABC型原形过去式过去分词中文1bewas / werebeen是，在beginbeganbegun开始blowblewblown吹breakbrokebroken破裂、折断AAA型原形过去式过去分词中文costcostcost花费cutcutcut砍、切、割hithithit打、撞ABA型原形过去式过去分

41、词中文becomebecamebecome成为comecamecome来ABB型原形过去式过去分词中文understandunderstoodunderstood理解、明白bringbroughtbrought带来buildbuiltbuilt建造burnburned/burntburned/burnt燃烧四、现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来 说明现在的某种情况。例如：We are good friends.（现在的情况）我们是好朋友。I knew him in 1997.（过去的动作）我1997年认识了他。We have know

42、n each other since 1997.我们自从 1997 年相互认识。（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、 already yet等副词修饰。例如:一 Have you had lunch yet?你（已经）吃午饭 了吗？一 Yes, I have. T ve just had it.是的，吃过了。我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了） （2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍 然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。例如：He has

43、 taught here since 1981.他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）I haven t seen her for four years.我有四年没见到她了。（3）表示说话前发生过一次或屡次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过二常带 有 twice, ever, never, three times 等时间状语。例如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。五、现在完成时常用的时间状语before, by now （so far）, once, twice., just, recently, yet（否/疑），already（W）

44、, ever, never, all one s life , in /during the past /last 5 years例如：We have already finished our homework.我们 已完成作业了。They haven t finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。一 Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？一 I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。I have seen her before, but I can not r

45、emember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。He has been there three times the last few days.近几天他去过那里三次了。六、现在完成时与一般过去时的比拟1） 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯表达过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为 过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.我看过这部电影了。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） 2） 一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用；现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连 用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday； last week； .ago； in 1990； in October； just now . 现在完成时的时间状语：already； ever； for； just； never； since； yet； so far； till