静态与动态解析课件

1、静态与动态Static vs. Dynamic第1页，共23页。英语倾向于多用名词和形容词，因而叙述呈静态（static）; 汉语倾向于多用动词和副词，因而叙述呈动态（dynamic）第2页，共23页。英语的静态倾向表现在以下几个方面：以名词表达动词概念（又叫“名词化”nominalization）如用名词表示施事者，这类名词往往由动词派生而来（如以er/or结尾）。如：He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。或用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等。The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommo

2、nly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。第3页，共23页。在许多情况下，用名词代动词可以使行文和表意都更简洁、灵活。但是过分使用名词会使文句冗长、死板、甚至费解。英语科技性和学术性文体都喜欢名词化。以下这段选自美国大学的教科书，名词化现象大大增加了文本的理解难道：第4页，共23页。The aim of this study is to work out an empirical method of conversaito

3、nal analysis capable of recovering the social assumptions that underlie the verbal communication process by focusing on actors use of speech to interact, i.e. to create and maintain a particular definition of a social situation.(John Gumperz: The conversaitonal analysis of Social Meaning A Study of

4、Classroom Interaction)如果把这段话加以改写，动词取代名词，主动取代被动，就大大增加其可读性：In this book we aim to study how to work out an empirical method by which we can analyze how people converse together. We hope to be able to recover what it is that people assume when they communicate by talking together. We shall focus on how

5、 speakers use speech to interact that is, how they create and maintain what they define as the meaning of a social situation.第5页，共23页。以名词代替形容词 （名词连用）这种现象在新闻英语和科技英语中很常见：Job Opportunity Discrimination（因种族或性别而异的）就业机会歧视Figure Control Problem保持优美身材的问题space shuttle flight program航天飞机试飞计划computer programmi

6、ng teaching device manual计算机编程教学方法手册名词定语和被修饰词之间存在种种不同的语义关系，如：impulse buy = things bought on impulseouster attempt by his opponents = attempt by his opponents to oust him第6页，共23页。在理解和翻译英语名词连用短语时，需要仔细分析其语义结构，还要联系其语境甚至社会文化背景知识，如：A Russian citizen said to Green, “The hotel clerk, with a little currency

7、persuasion, would be able to find accomodation for you.”一个俄罗斯公民对格林说，“花点钱疏通一下，那个旅馆服务员就会把你安顿下来”。He arose one morning filled with inspiration to market a new line of celebrity ashtrays.一天早晨，他起床时突然心血来潮，准备上市一批印有名人头像的烟灰缸。第7页，共23页。名词连用简化了语义结构，使表达方便简洁，但是过分堆积名词，会使语言失去活力，缺乏动态感，有时还会造成歧义。例如：British history teac

8、hersTeachers of British historyBritish teachers of historyExcessive headline phrases condemnation is, of course, a possibility.It is possible, of course, to go too far in condemning headline phrases.当然，过分指责使用标题式短语是可能的。It is possible, of course, to condemn the overuse of headline phrases.当然，指责过分使用标题式

9、短语是可能的。第8页，共23页。用名词作定语，其意义和功能有时相当于用形容词作定语，如：prestige university = prestigious universityrace hatred = racial hatredaffluence society = affluent society然而，不能以此类推，因为有时用名词作定语与用形容词作定语在意义和功能方面并不相同：economy measure节约措施economic measure 经济措施efficiency expert研究提高工作效率的专家efficient worker工作效率高的工人第9页，共23页。英语还倾向于大

10、量使用抽象名词，尤其常见于科学论著、官方文章、报刊评论、法律文书、商业信函等文体。抽象词语意义模糊、概况性强、不带主观色彩，给人深奥、冷静、理性的印象。试比较：The actual date of the completion of the purchase should coincide with the availability of the new facilities.= The purchase should not be completed until the new facilities are available.A high degree of carelessness, p

11、re-operative and post-operative, on the part of some of the hospital staff, took place.= Some of the hospital staff were very careless both before and after the operation.第10页，共23页。名词优势造成介词优势由于名词常常跟在介词后面构成介词短语，所以英语也必然多用介词，这种现象合称为“名词 介词优势”。英语常常用介词短语取代动词短语，即以“静”代“动”，如：He is at his books. 他在读书。The mach

12、ine is in operation.机器在运行。With these words, she went away.说完这些话，她便离开了。They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.他们立刻出动去追击敌人。第11页，共23页。“名词 介词优势”英语里大量的弱式短语。这类短语往往削弱或淡化原来所要表达的动词、形容词或其它词类的意义，增强了叙述的静态感。如：Afford an opportunity to ( = allow)Conduct an investigation into ( = investigate)Beyond the sh

13、adow of a doubt (= certain)Due to the fact that(= because)这种弱化表达通常出现在学术论文、法律文书等正式文体中，不适合用于日常口笔语，因为它们会给读者留下兜着圈子说话的印象。试比较：第12页，共23页。In view of the fact that Mr. Jones is not very well, I am taking the opportunity of replying on his behalf.Our companys well-defined position is that it stands ready at a

14、ll times to co-operate with your firm whenever it is called upon to do so. The majority of stockholders are in complete sympathy with your companys goals and objectives in regard to the construction of a new plant.I am replying for Mr. Jones, who is ill.Our company is always ready to co-operate. Mos

15、t of our stockholders sympathize with your aim to build a new plant.第13页，共23页。常用弱化动词和虚化动词英语里最常用的弱化动词（verbs of feeble phenomenality）是“be”动词，此外还有have, become, grow, feel, go, come, get, do等。英语还常常把动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词（empty verb，如have, make, take, do等）之后作其宾语，如have a look, take a walk, make attempts等。这两类动词

16、都使语言表述缺乏动态感。试比较：After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.A distinction must be made between “economic” and “economical”.You must distinguish between “economic” and “economical”.第14页，共23页。用形容词和副词表达动词的意义英语常用动词的同源形容词和弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义，如：I am doubtful w

17、hether he is still alive. (doubt, live)The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients. (sympathize)英语里表示心理或生理感觉的形容词也常常和弱化动词相结合，表达动词的意义，如：He was unaware of my presence.John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night.第15页，共23页。英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义，如：Im afraid Mr. Brown is out, but hell b

18、e in soon.恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快会回来的。The newspaper was down at six yesterday.昨天报纸六点钟付印。第16页，共23页。汉语的动态倾向表现在以下几个方面：动词连用是汉语常见的现象汉语的谓语动词可以包含多项动词，即连动式、兼语式、把字式和被字式。如：我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。（=被字式 + 连动式）I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你们算账吧。（兼语式 +连动式）Let me go and ask the

19、m to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts.第17页，共23页。连动式，也叫连动句，为汉语句式的一种。两个或两个以上的动词连用，动词间有先后、方式、目的等关系。没有语音停顿和关联词语。如“上街买菜”“乘飞机去北京” 。兼语式，谓语部分是连用的动词（有的后一个是形容词），不属于同一个主语，前一个谓语的宾语同时又作为后一个谓语的主语，等于一个动宾结构和主谓结构连环在一起，当中没有语音停顿，这样的格式叫兼语式，其结构形式是“主语+谓语+兼语+谓语”。举例：让他进来。(“他”是“让”的宾语，却是“进来”的主语)我们推选他作班长

20、。第18页，共23页。动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分汉语动词及动词词组，包括连动式词组、兼语式词组，无需改变形式就可以充当句子的各种成分。如：实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。（动词词组作主语、宾语）To turn ideals into reality needs hard work.解决问题的最好方法是进行调查研究。（动词词组作定语、表语）The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations.革命不是请客吃饭。（兼语式词组作表语）Revolution is not a dinner party.他们喜欢乘火车旅行。（连

21、动式词组作宾语）They enjoy traveling by train.第19页，共23页。汉语的动词还可以充当介词。严格来说，汉语的介词大多是由动词演变而来的。如：用词典 （动词， to use a dictionary）用英语写（介词，to write in English）人们来来往往。（动词，people are coming and going）他往东走去。( 介词，He went in an eastward direction.)第20页，共23页。汉语动词常常重复或重叠叠字构词是汉人喜闻乐见的表达方法。汉语动词以各种结构加以重复或重叠。如：来的来，去的去。Some come, and others leave.说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.学问，学问，要学要问；边学边问，才有学问。Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation.说是说了，没有结果；做是做了，没有成功。I h