unit4单词详解教学文案

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。unit4单词详解-Unit4单词详解PartOnefulfillv.例句：Thiswayoflifenolongeradequatelyfulfillstheindividualsconcerned.这种生活方式已不再能使有关的人们满意。fulfillacontract履行合同fulfillapromise履行承诺fulfillonesresponsibility尽责fulfilldoctorsinstruction遵照医嘱fulfillonesneeds满足需要fulfillaprogram完成计划

2、Shinealighton=Shedlighton给带来启示shedlighton为提供线索；对透露情况；使清楚地显出；阐明例句：Suchmissionscouldshedlightontheoriginsoflifeingeneral.它们也能告诉人们生命起源的大致情况.Text2innatea.天生的；特有的，固有的theinnateabilitytolearn天生的学习能力例句：Youobviouslyhaveaninnatetalentformusic.你显然有天生的音乐才能。premiern.总理；首相adj.第一的，首位的；首要的Hisworkonthecausesofdiseas

3、esisofpremierimportancetothewholeworld.他对病因的研究对整个世界来说非常重要.notionn.概念，观念例句：Hehadnonotionofrunningtherisk.他不想冒险。近义词辨析idea：最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。concept：指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。thought：指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。notion：指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。Viewing/listeninginsightn.洞察力例句：Go

4、odteachershaveinsightintotheproblemsofstudents.好的教师能洞察学生的问题。Gainaninsightintoonesmind洞悉某人的想法probev.调查；打探；探究；探听例句：Themoretheyprobedintohisbackground,themoreinflamedtheirsuspicionswouldbecome.他们越调查他的背景，疑团就越多。n.太空探测器AspaceprobePartThree1.alterv.改变，改动，变更例句：Thereissomethingwrongwithmylayout,Ihavetoalteri

5、t.单词辨析：alter,change,shift,convert的区别alter常用来表示轻微的、细节的改变，是自身细节上或外表的变化，而没有变成（changeinto）另一事物。change这个词比较通用，可以指任何变化，也用于彻底改变，与原来完全不同。它还可以作名词表示变化，以及零花钱。shift表示变动的时候，多指位置、方向以及方式的改变。它作名词时还可表示轮班、计谋、手段、变化等。convert指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。它作名词时就表示皈依者，或者改变信仰的人。2.aptituden.（学习方面的）才能，资质Thatstudent

6、hasanaptitudeformathematics.那个学生有数学方面的天赋。apt=fit/ability,表示适应,能力aptitude适应能力;才能(apt适应,能力+itude性质,状态有能力的状态)adapt使适应,适应环境(ad一再+apt适应,能力一再适应环境)近义词gift,talent,competence,3.bombardv.炮轰，轰击bombn.IvebeenbombardedbythepressandtelevisionsinceIcamebackfromNorway.从挪威回来后我就一直被报纸和电视台的记者纠缠不休。4.bucklevt.&vi.用搭扣扣紧；使全

7、力以赴n.搭扣，扣环Buckleoneselfintotheseatofthecar.Everyonehasgottobuckledowntogetreadyforthepressconference.buckledown全力以赴buckleup系安全带：系上安全带，尤指在汽车内5.clingtov.紧紧抓住，依恋；坚持，墨守英语中表示坚持的词还有很多，如insist，persist,adhere等，它们的区别如下：cling与to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。adhere也与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含有坚持不懈的意思。insist通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。persist

8、用于褒义时指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。persevere含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。cling的过去式和过去分词是clungclingtosth.=becomeattachedtosth.例句：Dontclingtoyouroldideas,its21stcenturynow!别老是守着你的陈旧思想，现在都21世纪了。6.confinevt.限制；局限于；禁闭；管制n.界限，范围；国界Theysucceededinconfiningthefiretoasmallarea.Hismotherconfinedhimtohisroomfortheweekendforfai

9、lingtodohischores.他妈妈周末不让他出门，因为他没做家务。Shehasneverexperiencedlifebeyondtheconfinesofherownclose-knitfamily.她从未经历过她那紧密团结的家庭以外的生活。confineda.狭窄的，有限的7.disciplinevt.训练；使有纪律；n.训练；纪律,学科militarydiscipline军事训练Thedisciplineofstudyingmusiccanhelpchildrendevelopgoodworkhabits.音乐学习中的训练可以帮助孩子们培养好的工作习惯。Werelookingfo

10、rpeoplefromawiderangeofdisciplines.我们需要各个学科的人才。Theworkmanwasdisciplinedbyhiscompanybutnotdismissed.那个工人受到了公司的处罚，但并没有被解雇。8.distinguishv.区分，辨别-fromThesearesomefeaturesthatdistinguishspokenEnglishfromwrittenEnglish.这是区别英语口语和书面语的一些特征。Shedistinguishedherselfbyherperformanceintheexam.她以考试成绩优异而出众。9.dwellv.

11、居住；存在于；细想某事Sometimeshismindwoulddwellonthehorrorshehadbeenthrough.有时他会老是想着他所经历过的种种恐怖。Agreatnumberofwaterfowlsdwellontheisland.许多水鸟在岛上栖息。Theprincipaldweltontrafficsafetyinhistalk.校长在讲话中强调了交通安全。dwellern.居民dwellingn.住处10.effect1.N-VAR影响;效果;结果Theeffectofonethingonanotheristhechangethatthefirstthingcause

12、sinthesecondthing.Parentsworryabouttheeffectofmusicontheiradolescentsbehavior.父母担心音乐对青春期孩子的行为所产生的影响。Evenminorheadinjuriescancauselong-lastingpsychologicaleffects.即使是轻微的头部创伤也会对心理产生长期影响。2.N-COUNT（刻意制造的）效果，印象Aneffectisanimpressionthatsomeonecreatesdeliberately,forexampleinaplaceorinapieceofwriting.Thew

13、holeeffectiscool,lightandairy.整体效果很酷，轻松而随意。3.VERB使发生;实现Ifyoueffectsomethingthatyouaretryingtoachieve,yousucceedincausingittohappen.Prospectsforeffectingrealpoliticalchangeseemedtohavetakenamajorstepbackwards.实现真正政治变革的机会似乎变得更加渺茫了。11.electrified1.ADJ通电的;带电的Anelectrifiedfenceorotherbarrierhasbeenconnec

14、tedtoasupplyofelectricity,sothatapersonoranimalthattouchesitwillgetanelectricshock.Thehousewassetamiddensetreesandsurroundedbyanelectrifiedfence.那座房子坐落于茂密的树林中，四周布有带电围栏。Therailwaylinewaselectrifiedinthe1950s.这条铁路线在20世纪50年代就实现了电气化。12.endorse1.VERB（公开地）赞同，支持Ifyouendorsesomeoneorsomething,yousaypublicly

15、thatyousupportorapproveofthem.Icanendorsetheiropinionwhole-heartedly.我可以全力支持他们的意见。.policiesagreedbytheLabourPartyandendorsedbytheelectorate.得到工党赞同并受选民支持的政策2.V-PASSIVE在（驾驶执照）上注明违章Ifsomeonesdrivinglicenceisendorsed,anofficialrecordismadeonitthattheyhavebeenfoundguiltyofadrivingoffence.Forfailingtorepo

16、rttheaccident,hislicencewasendorsed.由于发生事故未能报告，他的驾驶执照被注明违章。Healsohadhislicenceendorsedwitheightpenaltypoints.他的驾驶执照也被扣了8分。13.energize1.VERB使充满活力;使精力充沛Toenergizesomeonemeanstogivethemtheenthusiasmanddeterminationtodosomething.Hehelpedenergizeandmobilizemillionsofpeoplearoundthenation.他帮助激励和动员了全国数百万人。

17、Iamcompletelyenergizedandfeelingterrific.我充满了活力，感觉非常好。14.engulf1.VERB（常指突然）吞没，吞噬Ifonethingengulfsanother,itcompletelycoversorhidesit,ofteninasuddenandunexpectedway.Aseven-year-oldboywasfounddeadafteralandslideengulfedablockofflats.山体滑坡掩埋了一栋公寓楼，造成一名7岁男孩丧生。Theflatisengulfedinflames.那套公寓被火焰吞噬。2.VERB使陷入

18、（某种感觉或情绪）Ifafeelingoremotionengulfsyou,youarestronglyaffectedbyit.thepainthatengulfedhim.将他吞噬的苦痛Helookedaroundhisdark,clutteredofficeandwasengulfedbyafeelingofemptiness.他环顾自己昏暗杂乱的办公室，陷入一阵空虚之中。15.exponential,exponentially1.ADJ迅速增长的;成指数倍增的Exponentialmeansgrowingorincreasingveryrapidly.Thepolicytriedto

19、checktheexponentialgrowthofpublicexpenditure.该政策试图控制公共开支的迅猛增长。16.familiarize1.VERB使熟悉;使了解Ifyoufamiliarizeyourselfwithsomething,orifsomeonefamiliarizesyouwithit,youlearnaboutitandstarttounderstandit.Iwasexpectedtofamiliarisemyselfwiththekeyboard.对我的要求是熟悉键盘。Thegoaloftheexperimentwastofamiliarizethepeo

20、plewiththenewlaws.试行的目的就是要让人们熟悉新法规。17.glamorous1.ADJ-GRADED富有魅力的；迷人的；令人向往的Ifyoudescribesomeoneorsomethingasglamorous,youmeanthattheyaremoreattractive,exciting,orinterestingthanordinarypeopleorthings.someoftheworldsmostbeautifulandglamorouswomen.全世界最漂亮迷人的一些女性Thesouthcoastislessglamorousbutfullofclean

21、andattractivehotels.南海岸魅力稍逊，但却有很多干净漂亮的宾馆。18.grin1.VERB露齿而笑；咧嘴大笑Whenyougrin,yousmilebroadly.Hegrins,delightedatthememory.想到往事，他开心地咧嘴笑了起来。SarahtriedseveraltimestocatchPhilipseye,buthejustgrinnedather.萨拉几次想引起菲利普的注意，但是他只是冲她咧嘴笑了笑。.astatueofagrinningoldmancuttingthethroatofadeer.一边割鹿喉、一边咧着嘴笑的老人雕像2.PHRASE苦

22、笑着忍受；默默承受Ifyougrinandbearit,youacceptadifficultorunpleasantsituationwithoutcomplainingbecauseyouknowthereisnothingyoucandotomakethingsbetter.Theycannotstandthesightofeachother,buttheywilljusthavetogrinandbearit.他们连看对方一眼都不愿意，但是也只得默默忍受。19.guarantee1.VERB确保；使必然发生Ifonethingguaranteesanother,thefirstisce

23、rtaintocausethesecondthingtohappen.Surplusresourcesalonedonotguaranteegrowth.仅有富余的资源并不能确保发展。2.VERB保证必定发生；承诺做；答应提供Ifyouguaranteesomething,youpromisethatitwilldefinitelyhappen,orthatyouwilldoorprovideitforsomeone.Moststatesguaranteetherighttofreeandadequateeducation.大多数州都保障人们免费享受充分教育的权利。Allstudentsare

24、guaranteedcampusaccommodationfortheirfirstyear.保证安排所有的学生第一年在校内住宿。3.N-COUNT保修单Aguaranteeisawrittenpromisebyacompanytoreplaceorrepairaproductfreeofchargeifithasanyfaultswithinaparticulartime.Whateveraguaranteesays,whensomethinggoeswrong,youcanstillclaimyourrightsfromtheshop.不论保修单如何规定，若商品出了问题，消费者仍然可以去商

25、店维护自身权益。Itwasstillunderguarantee.它还在保修期内。20.illustrate1.VERB表明;说明;证明Ifyousaythatsomethingillustratesasituationthatyouaredrawingattentionto,youmeanthatitshowsthatthesituationexists.TheexampleoftheUnitedStatesillustratesthispoint.美国的例子证明了这一点。ThischangeisneatlyillustratedbywhathashappenedtotheArabLeagu

26、e.这种变化鲜明地体现在阿拉伯联盟所发生的事件上。2.VERB(用例子、故事或图表)说明,阐明Ifyouuseanexample,story,ordiagramtoillustrateapoint,youuseitshowthatwhatyouaresayingistrueortomakeyourmeaningclearer.Letmegiveanotherexampletoillustratethisdifficultpoint.我再举个例子来说明这个难点。Throughout,sheillustratesheranalysiswithexcerptsfromdiscussions.自始至终

27、,她摘引讨论内容来阐明她的分析。illustrationHere,bywayofillustration,aresomeextractsfromournewcatalogue.这里引为例证的是我们新目录的部分摘录。3.VERB给(书)加插图(或图表)Ifyouillustrateabook,youputpictures,photographsordiagramsintoit.Shewentontoartschoolandisnowillustratingabook.她后来读了艺术学校,现在正在为一本书画插图。Hehasillustratedthebookwithblack-and-whitep

28、hotographs.他为那本书配了一些黑白照片插图。21.mirror1.N-COUNT镜子Amirrorisaflatpieceofglasswhichreflectslight,sothatwhenyoulookatityoucanseeyourselfreflectedinit.Heabsent-mindedlylookedathimselfinthemirror.他心不在焉地看着镜中的自己。Hecheckedhismirrorandsawthatadarkcolouredvanwasimmediatelybehindhim.他看了一下后视镜，发现一辆深色货车紧随其后。mirrored

29、.amirroredceiling.装了镜子的天花板2.VERB反映;再现;与相似Ifsomethingmirrorssomethingelse,ithassimilarfeaturestoit,andthereforeseemslikeacopyorrepresentationofit.Thebookinevitablymirrorsmyowninterestsandexperiences.这本书不可避免地反映出我个人的喜好与经历。Hisownshockwasmirroredonherface.他和她面面相觑。3.VERB(水)照出，映出Ifyouseesomethingreflectedi

30、nwater,youcansaythatthewatermirrorsit.thesuddenglitterwhereanewly-floodedfieldmirrorsthesky.刚刚被洪水淹没的田野映照出了天空，那里突然泛起亮光Theshipwouldlietheremirroredinaperfectlyunmovingglossysea.船会停靠在那里，映衬在一片波澜不兴的湛蓝海水之中。22.motivate1.VERB(尤指情绪)激发，激励，驱使Ifyouaremotivatedbysomething,especiallyanemotion,itcausesyoutobehavei

31、naparticularway.Theyaremotivatedbyaneedtoachieve.对成功的渴望激励着他们。Thecrimewasnotpoliticallymotivated.该犯罪行为没有政治动机。Idontwanttobemissingout.Andthatmotivatesmetogetupanddosomethingeveryday.我不想被落下。这促使我行动起来每天做点事。motivated.highlymotivatedemployees.积极性很高的雇员motivationHispoorperformancemaybeattributedtolackofmotiv

32、ationratherthantoreadingdifficulties.他糟糕的表现也许要归因于缺乏积极性，而不是阅读障碍。2.VERB使决心做;使决意做Ifsomeonemotivatesyoutodosomething,theymakeyoufeeldeterminedtodoit.Howdoyoumotivatepeopletoworkhardandefficiently?.你是怎样激励大家奋发高效地工作的？Neverletitbesaidthatthemanagerdoesntknowhowtomotivatehisplayers.绝对不要让人说这位主教练不知道如何激励他的队员。mo

33、tivationGrosssskillinmotivationlookedindoubtwhenhissidebeganthesecondhalfbadly.球队下半场开局不利，看来格洛斯给队员鼓劲的技巧值得怀疑。23.occupy1.VERB居住，使用（建筑物或某地）Thepeoplewhooccupyabuildingoraplacearethepeoplewholiveorworkthere.Therewereover40tenants,alloccupyingonewingofthehospital.共有40多位房客，他们全部住在这家医院的一个病区。Landis,inmostinsta

34、nces,purchasedbythosewhooccupyit.在大多数情况下，土地都是由其使用者购得。2.V-PASSIVE占用，使用（房间、座位等）Ifaroomorsomethingsuchasaseatisoccupied,someoneisusingit,sothatitisnotavailableforanyoneelse.Thehospitalbedisnolongeroccupiedbyhiswife.他的妻子不在这张病床上了。Isawthreecampbeds,twoofwhichwereoccupied.我看见了3张折叠床，其中两张已有人占了。3.VERB占领；占据；侵占

35、Ifagroupofpeopleoranarmyoccupiesaplaceorcountry,theymoveintoit,usingforceinordertogaincontrolofit.U.S.forcesnowoccupyapartofthecountry.美国军队现在占领了该国的一部分。AlexandrettahadbeenoccupiedbytheFrenchin1918afterthedefeatofTurkey.土耳其溃败之后，亚历山大勒塔在1918年被法国人占领。.theoccupiedterritories.被侵占的领土4.VERB担任（职务）；居于（地位）Ifsome

36、oneorsomethingoccupiesaparticularplaceinasystem,process,orplan,theyhavethatplace.Weoccupyaqualitypositioninthemarketplace.我们在市场上居于高端地位。Menstilloccupymorepositionsofpowerthanwomen.担任要职的男性仍然比女性多。5.VERB使忙碌；使全神贯注Ifsomethingoccupiesyou,orifyouoccupyyourself,yourtime,oryourmindwithit,youarebusydoingthatth

37、ingorthinkingaboutit.Herparliamentarycareerhasoccupiedallofhertime.她整日忙于议会的工作。Hehurriedtotakethesuitcasesandoccupyhimselfwithpackingthecar.他急匆匆地去拎手提箱，忙着往车里装。IwoulddeservetobepitiedifIcouldntoccupymyself.如果我都不能让自己忙碌起来，那真是太可怜了。occupiedKeepthebrainoccupied.保持大脑全神贯注。IhadforgottenallaboutitbecauseIhadbee

38、nsooccupiedwithotherthings.因为忙于其他事情，我把这件事忘得精光。6.VERB使从事；使关注；使花费时间Ifsomethingoccupiesyou,itrequiresyourefforts,attention,ortime.Ihadothermatterstooccupyme,duringthedayatleast.至少白天我还有别的事情要做。ThischallengewilloccupyEuropeforagenerationormore.这将是欧洲在未来二三十年或者更长的时间里所要面临的挑战。7.VERB占（空间或面积）Ifsomethingoccupiesa

39、particularareaorplace,itfillsorcoversit,orexiststhere.Evenquitesmallaircraftoccupyalotofspace.哪怕很小的飞机也要占很大的空间。Bookshelvesoccupiedmostofthelivingroomwalls.这些书架占了起居室的大部分墙面。8.VERB占，耗费（时间）Ifsomethingsuchasajourneyoccupiesaparticularperiodoftime,ittakesthatamountoftimetocomplete.ShereachedKarachionMonday

40、evening,thejourneyhavingoccupiedthreedaysandninehours.她在星期一晚上抵达了卡拉奇，这段行程耗时3天9小时。24.orient1.VERB使适应，使熟悉（新的环境或行为方式）Whenyouorientyourselftoanewsituationorcourseofaction,youlearnaboutitandpreparetodealwithit.Youwillneedthetimetoorientyourselftoyournewwayofeating.你还需要一些时间才能适应新的饮食方式。.orientingstudentstone

41、wwaysofthinkingabouttheirparticipationinclassroomlearning.使学生熟悉参与课堂教学的新思维方式Anxietycomesfromnotbeingabletoorientyourselfinyourownexistence.不能适应生活便会产生焦虑。2.VERB使确立方位；使辨清方向Whenyouorientyourself,youfindoutexactlywhereyouareandwhichdirectionyouarefacingin.Shelaystillforafewseconds,tryingtoorientherself.她静

42、静地躺了一会儿，试图弄清自己的方位。25.preoccupy1.VERB使全神贯注；使入神；占据的思想Ifsomethingispreoccupyingyou,youarethinkingaboutitalot.Crimeandthefearofcrimepreoccupythecommunity.犯罪和对犯罪的恐惧一直困扰着这个社区。.theparticularissues,problemsandtheoriesthatpreoccupiedhim.萦绕在他心头的那些议题、问题和理论26.project1.N-COUNT项目；工程；计划；规划Aprojectisataskthatrequir

43、esalotoftimeandeffort.MoneywillalsogointolocaldevelopmentprojectsinVietnam.钱也会用于越南的地方发展项目当中。2.N-COUNT（学生的）课题，研究项目Aprojectisadetailedstudyofasubjectbyapupilorstudent.Studentscompleteprojectsforapersonaltutor,workingathomeattheirownpace.学生完成了做私人家教的课题，在家里按自己的步调工作。3.VERB规划；计划；预计Ifsomethingisprojected,it

44、isplannedorexpected.Africasmid-1993populationisprojectedtomorethandoubleby2025.预计到2025年，非洲的人口会是1993年年中人口的两倍多。Thegovernmenthadbeenprojectinga5%consumerpriceincreasefortheentireyear.政府预测全年消费价格将增长5%。.aprojecteddeficitof$1.5million.预计赤字为150万美元4.VERB（使）呈现；（使）表现；（使）展现Ifyouprojectsomeoneorsomethinginaparti

45、cularway,youtrytomakepeopleseetheminthatway.Ifyouprojectaparticularfeelingorquality,youshowitinyourbehaviour.Bradleyprojectsanaturalwarmthandsincerity.布拉德利表现出一种自然的热情和真诚。Hejusthasntbeenabletoprojecthimselfasthestrongleader.他根本没能表现出一个强有力的领导者的样子。HisfirstjobwillbetoprojectGlasgowasafriendlycity.他的第一项任务将

46、是树立格拉斯哥作为一座友好城市的形象。5.VERB把（情感、想法）投射转移（到他人身上）Ifyouprojectfeelingsorideasontootherpeople,youimaginethattheyhavethesameideasorfeelingsasyou.Heprojectshisownthoughtsandideasontoher.他以为她有着和自己相同的想法和观点。6.VERB投射；放映Ifyouprojectafilmorpictureontoascreenorwall,youmakeitappearthere.Theteamtriedprojectingthemaps

47、withtwodifferentprojectorsontothesamescreen.这个小组想用两台不同的投影仪把这些地图投射到同一个屏幕上。7.VERB伸出；凸出Ifsomethingprojects,itsticksoutaboveorbeyondasurfaceoredge.theremainsofawar-timedefencewhichprojectedoutfromtheshore.海滨凸立着的战时防御工事的遗迹.apieceofprojectingmetal.一块凸立着的金属27.rehash1.N-COUNT重复;雷同;翻版;老调重弹Ifyoudescribesomethi

48、ngasarehash,youarecriticizingitbecauseitrepeatsoldideas,facts,orthemes,thoughsomethingshavebeenchangedtomakeitappearnew.TheObserverfoundtheplayafeeblerehashoffamiliarMillerthemes.观察家报认为这部剧“是大家熟悉的米勒式主题的拙劣翻版”。MostofthenewmodelspromisedbyAmericancarmakerslooksettobelittlemorethanrehashesofexistingprodu

49、cts.这些美国汽车制造商承诺推出的“新款”多半都像是现有车型的翻版。2.VERB对改头换面;只作轻微改动地重复Ifyousaythatsomeonerehashesoldideas,facts,oraccusations,youdisapproveofthefactthattheypresenttheminaslightlydifferentwaysothattheyseemnewororiginal.Theyvetakensomeofthebestbitsoutofthebestthingsandrehashedthem.他们从最好的东西中提取一些精华的部分，然后新瓶装旧酒。Theyare

50、justbringingupalltheiroldrehashedclaimswithnoprospectorvisionforthefuture.他们只不过是在老调重弹，提出的声明中没有对未来的展望或设想。28.strive1.VERB努力;奋斗;力争;力求Ifyoustrivetodosomethingorstriveforsomething,youmakeagreatefforttodoitorgetit.Hestriveshardtokeephimselfveryfit.他努力地保持身体健康。Shestrovetoreadthenameonthestonepillar.她费劲地读着石柱

51、上的名字。MrAnnansaidtheregionmustnowstriveforeconomicdevelopmentaswellaspeace.安南先生说该地区现在必须为经济发展与和平而奋斗。29.sustain1.VERB使持续;保持Ifyousustainsomething,youcontinueitormaintainitforaperiodoftime.Buthehassustainedhisfiercesocialconsciencefromyoungadulthoodthrougholdage.而他从青年时期一直到老年都始终保持着强烈的社会良知。.aperiodofsustainedeconomicgrowththroughout1995.1995年全年经济持续增长时期2.VERB经受;遭受;蒙受Ify