医学心理学资料：心理学cognition

1、CognitionMental processes involved in thinking, knowing, perceiving, learning, and remembering, also the contents of these processesSensation and Perception Learning goals1.define Sensation and Perception2.Main laws of sensitivity 3.Main characters of perception SensationSensation The process in whi

2、ch the sense organs receptor cells are stimulated and reply initial information to higher brain centers for further processing Vision: building a world of color and form Hearing: identifying and localizing soundsThe skin and body sense: from touch to movementSmell and taste: the chemical sensesSenso

3、ry DeprivationSensory Deprivation tankVisual and auditory hallucinationssensitivitysensitivity and sensory threshold sensory adaptation sensory contrastSensory InteractionCompensation and development of sensorysensitivity and sensory threshold Absolute threshold The minimum amount of physical energy

4、 needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus is called an absolute threshold Visionbuilding a world of color and formHearing identifying and localizing soundsTaste the chemical sensesSmell the chemical sensesThe skin and body sense from touch to movement Difference threshold (just-noticeable diffe

5、rence) JND The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred. Webers law The principle that the JND for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged. II = KSensory adaptationThe tendency of sensory systems to respond l

6、ess to stimuli that continue without change. dark adaptation light adaptation Sensory contrastSensory InteractionCompensation and development of sensoryAftereffects AfterimagePerception Perception The process by which an organism selects and interprets sensory input so that it acquires meaning. The

7、Subjective Nature of ObjectivityCommon Fate Characters of perceptionperceptual selectiveness perceptual organization perceptual interpretation perceptual constancy Perceptual selectiveness Figure and GroundThe Reversible Figure and GroundThe Reversible Figure and Groundperceptual organization Some p

8、rinciples of perceptual organization ProximitySimilarity ClosureContinuity perceptual interpretation Experience and understandingPerceptual constancy Perceptual constancy refers to the tendency to perceive objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information.Perceptual co

9、nstancyThe organization of changing sensations into percepts those are relatively stable in size, shape, and color. Perceptual constancySize constancy Shape constancy Color constancy Bright constancySize constancy The perception of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from it is vie

10、wedShape constancyA tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from.Color constancyAn inclination to perceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes in sensory information.Brightness constancyThe perception of brightness as the same, even though

11、the amount of light reaching the retina changes.Perception of Distance and DepthDepth Perception cuesBinocular cuesMonocular cues interposition relative size elevation texture gradient relative height relative motion linear perspective light and shadowElevation as a visual cueShadowingperceptual ill

12、usionsSummaryKey wordssensory adaptationPerceptual constancy absolute thresholddifference thresholdperceptual illusionsDefinitionssensationperceptionQuestionsMain laws of sensitivity Main characters of perceptionLearning Learning goals1. Definition of learning2. The types of learning3. Cognitive lea

13、rning Learning The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.The types of learningClassical conditioningOperant conditioningObservational learningCognitive learningClassical conditioningClassical conditioningThe type of learnin

14、g in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus.Operant conditioning Operant conditioning the type of learning in which behaviors are emitted to earn rewards or avoid punishments. Observational LearningObservational learning lea

15、rning by observing other peoples behavior.Learning that occurs as a result of observing the experiences of others. Also called social learningCognitive Learning Cognitive learninglearning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. Cognitive learningInsightLatent learning“tria

16、l and error” Kohlers research on the mentality of apes Latent learninglearning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change. Tolman and C.H. Honzik Experiment (1930)Group 1. Food Group 2. No food Group 3. No food (10 days) -food (from 11th d) Cognitive map A learned mental image of a spati

17、al environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change. SummaryKey wordsTrial and error Insight Cognitive mapDefinitionsLearningLatent learning Questions types of learningMemory Learning goals1. Definition of memory2. describe the three stages of human memory i

18、n detail3. How many types of LPM4. explain what cause forgettingMemory The ability to recall past events, images, ideas, or skills; the storage system that allows for retention and retrieval of previously learned information. Information-processing model: A computerlike model used to describe the wa

19、y humans encode, store, and retrieve information.Information-processing modelencodingmental representationstoragedecodingretrievalProcess of human Memory The Sensory Registers (SMR)Short Term Memory (STM)Long Term Memory (LTM)Memory ModelSensory registersEntry points for raw information from the sen

20、ses.Attention: the selection of some incoming information for further processing.Whole-report T P LA C S Q M UPart-reportSensory registers1.time：0.5s2.type of encoding ：after-image3. Capacity：9 lettersShort-term memory (STM) Working memory; briefly stores and processes selected information from the

21、sensory registers. Primary tasksStore new information Work on the new information 书 苹果 狗 钢笔 猫 尺子 羊 纸 香蕉 铅笔 橘子 马1, 9, 4, 9, 1, 0, 0, 1 1949.10.01CNNUSABBCSOSCTVCNN USA NATO SOS CTVNumber memoryCapacity of STMChunkingThe grouping of information into meaningful units for easier handling by short-term m

22、emory. Encoding in STMsounds visual formmeaningSummary of STM1.Time：20s1 mintus2.Encoding: sounds, visual form, meaning3. Capacity ：72 chuck Long-term memory (LTM)The portion of memory that is more or less permanent, corresponding to everything we “ know ”.Capacity of LTMLong-term memory can store a

23、 vast amount of information for many years.Encoding in LTMSome LTM memories are codes in terms of nonverbal images: shapes, sounds, smells, tastes, and so on.Most of the information in LTM seems to be encoded in terms of meaning. Summary of LTM1.Time：1 mintue many years, lifespan 2.Encoding: meaning

24、 3. Capacity ：no capacity limits Declarative memory The ability to state a memory in words: about facts and general knowledge. Example: Remembering your mothers maiden name. Procedural memory The portion of LTM that stores information relating to skills, habits, and other perceptual-motor tasks. Exa

25、mple: Riding a bicycleEmotional memory: learned emotional responses to various stimuli. Episodic memory the portion of LTM that stores personally experienced events. Example: High school graduation ceremony Semantic memory The portion of LTM that stores general facts and information.Example:words, s

26、ymbols, formulae, rules,conceptions,etc.co Explicit memory Memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory. Example: taking a multiple choice test. Conscious use of memory Implicit memory Memory for inform

27、ation that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory. Example: ethnic facial preferences Unconscious or unintended influences on memoryTypes of Long Term Memory ForgettingThe inability to retrieve information from

28、memory, appears to have a number of causes, including decay, interference, and repression.Serial-Position EffectSerial position effect : The finding that when asked to recall a list of unrelated items, performance is better for the items at the beginning and end of the list. Forgetting Curve (Ebbing

29、haus)When do we forget?Forgetting can occur at any memory stageTheories of ForgettingDecay theoryInterference theoryRetrieval cue theory (Retrieval failure theory)Theory of motivated forgetting Decay theoryA theory that argues that the passage of time causes forgetting. Memories fade away or decay g

30、radually if unusedTime plays critical roleAbility to retrieve info declines with time after original encodingDecay theoryBiology-based theoryWhen new memory formed, it creates a memory tracea change in brain structure or chemistryIf unused, normal brain metabolic processes erode memory trace Theory

31、not widely favored today info CAN be remembered decades after original learningeven if unused since original learningInterference theoryInterference refers to the process by which the creation of one memory reduces recall of another Interference theoryRetroactive interference : the process by which

32、new information interfere with information already in memory.eg, new telephone number; pinyinProactive interference: the process by which information already in memory interfere with new informationRetrieval failure theory Retrieval cue theories Missing Works Cited Cue-dependant forgetting theory fo

33、cuses on the assumption that the context in which we learn something is significant when we come to rec Forgetting the result of using improper retrieval cues all the information. Retrieval cue theoriesContext dependent effects- external, environmental factors (eg, time,underwater)State-dependent ef

34、fects-internal, physiological factorsEyewitness testimonyLoftus resultsMotivated forgetting repressing memoriesFreudInvolves the loss of painful memory ( protective memory loss)Improving your memoryDevelop motivationPractice memory skillsBe confident in your ability to rememberMinimize distractionsS

35、tay focusedUse mental imageryMake connections between new material and other information already stored in your LTMUse retrieval cuesRely on more than memory aloneBe aware that your own personal schemata may distort your recall of eventsSummaryKey wordsDeclarative memory Procedural memory Episodic m

36、emorySemantic memory Explicit memory Implicit memoryRetroactive interference Proactive interferenceDefinitionsMemoryForgetting QuestionsProcess of human Memory Types of Long Term Memory（LTM）Theories of ForgettingThinking Cognition Mental processes involved in thinking, knowing, perceiving, learning,

37、 and remembering, also the contents of these processes Intelligence The mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectivelyThinking Cognitive process involved in forming a new mental representation by manipulating available information Concepts Mental representations of cate

38、gories of items or ideas, based on experienceImages A mental representation of a sensory experienceLanguage- A flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules, gestures, or symbols to convey information. Imagery and Cognitive MapsProblem SolvingIdentifying the problem Selecting a strategyAspects of Problem- solving processProblem representationStrategyMental setFunctional fixednessPersons level of motivationProblem representationProblem representation: The first step in solving a