(完整版)跨文化交际复习题和答案解析

1、WORD完美格式判断题T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F3Cultureisastaticentity静态的实体whilecommunicati

2、onisadynamicprocess.文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven约定的特定的culture.文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoapersonsculturalcognition.认识、

3、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateonesindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanlea

4、dtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解，甚至个人之间的不适感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.虽然两国文化有着相同的想法，但它们的意义和意

5、义可能不一样F10Onesactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化ComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T_2、Donttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress”wrong”israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.不

6、要拿“错误”的形式来攻击，这是很难得的进攻T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary”,”Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解决形式如“玛丽小姐”，“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式。T_4.RanksinthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.作头衔上校，上校，上校，可以用F_5.WesternerscanunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorP.L.A.Unclemeans.放军叔叔的手段。西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解F

7、6.WecanaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerDouglas.个律师，律师道格拉斯。我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯，他F_7.Chinesehospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.客是非常赞赏的。中国人对西方人的热情好F_8.TheChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏。F_9.”Thankyouforcoming!”isatypicalexpressi

8、onusedbyWesternhostswhentheguestsjustarrived.谢谢你的到来！“当客人刚到的时候，这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式。T_10.”Imsorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“Imsorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime”areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”或者“我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间”，通常都是适合商务拜访的。ComprehensionCheckT1.sometimestheChinesewayofshowingmodestymay

9、beconsideredasfishingforcompliments.有时，中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美T2.ThesocialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplimentsareroughlythesame.汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同。T3.Ininformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.在非正式场合，大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的F4.Theculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetwe

10、encultures.文化的假设是文化的相同的。T5.AdjectivesandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoftenusedinChinese.形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话，而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里。F6.Englishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththeword“you”whileChinesecomplimentsoftenstartwiththeword“I”.英语的赞美常以“你”一词开头，而中国人的赞美

11、常以“我”一词开头F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在日常生活中，中国人比美国人更为赞美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimentsresponses.美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应。F9.ComplimentsonothersbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericanculture.对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssom

12、ethinginanotherpersonshome,theChinesehostorhostesswillprobablygivethatthingtotheguest.如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话，中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人。ComprehensionCheckF1Verbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.言语交际比非语言交际更为重要F2“Dragon”meansthesametotheWesterneras“龙”totheChinese.“龙”是指同为西方人的“龙”到中国。F3TheChi

13、nesephrase“知识分子”hasthesamemeaningas“intellectual”.中国“知识分子”具有相同的含义是“知识T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词F5Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,touse“公”or“母”toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEn

14、glishlanguage.在谈到动物和鸟类，中国的做法是通常，但不总是，用“公”或“母”来表明该生物是否是男性或女性。这与英语是一样的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:“vice”,“associate”,“assistant”,“deputy”,“lieutenantand“under”canallmean“副”inChineselanguage.以下六个英文单词：“副”、“联想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverb

15、sandChineseproverbs.有许多相似之处，英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.思维方式随文化而变化。T10Particularthoughtpatternspredominateineachculture,e.g.Americancultureispredominantlyfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantlyaxio

16、matic-deductive,andArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的T10,例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳，俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎，和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感。ComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.说只是一种交流方式。还有许多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationisco

17、mmunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans.一些研究者断言，在面对面的交流中，约有70%的信息是通过说话，而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的T3Environmentisoneofthefivestudyareasthatnonverbalcommunicationcovers.环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一T4Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstoelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.我

18、们大部分的非语言行为，如文化，往往难以实现，自发的，往往超越我们的认识F5LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化。T6Arabbelongstotoughcultures.阿拉伯属于艰难的文化T7Insomecultures,eyecontactshouldbeavoidedinordertoshowrespectorobedience.在一些文化中，为了表示尊重或服从，应该避免使用目光接触T8theappropriatenessofphysicalcon

19、tactvarieswithdifferentcultures.身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同F9WesternwomenusuallylikeChinesetotouchtheirbodiesorsmallchildren.西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩。F10Seatingarrangementsreflectculture.Chinesepeopletendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandingbesidethem.座位安排体现文化。中国人倾向于和他们说话，而不是坐在他们旁边的人Comprehe

20、nsionCheckF1.Genderistheculturalmeaningof“sex”.性别是“性”的文化内涵F2.Sexandgenderaresynonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词T3.Aladymightbefeminine,masculineoracombinationofboth.一位女士可能是女性，男性或两者的结合T4.Womenaregenerallycomfortablewithbuildingcloserelationshipsandconfidingtoothers,whilemostmenarereservedaboutinvolvementanddiscl

21、osure.女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人，而大多数人都保留对参与和披露。F5.Mostmenusecommunicationtocreateconnectionorequalitybetweenpeople.大多数人用沟通来建立联系或平等的人F6.Womenusuallyusecommunicationtoestablishstatusandpower.女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力T7.Infeminineculture,communicationisawayprobablytheprimarywaytoexpressandexpandcloseness.在女性文化中，传播是表达和

22、扩大亲密关系的主要途径。T8.Masculinesocializationstressesdoingthingsandregardsactionasprimarywaystocreateandexpresscloseness.男性社会化强调做事情，把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式。T9.Thefirstandlastprincipalforeffectivecross-gendercommunicationissuspendingjudgment.有效的跨性别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断。T10.Itisdifficultbutpossibletoseektranslationcue

23、sthatwillfacilitateourcommunication.这是困难的，但可能寻求翻译线索，将有利于我们的沟通。T1.Themostcommonproblemsincross-culturalnegotiationsconcern（1）rulesforconductingbusiness,（2）theselectionofnegotiators,and（3）methodsofdecision-making.最常见的问题，在跨文化谈判的关注（1）的规则，进行业务，（2）的选择，谈判，和（3）决策方法。T2.TheJapanesebelievethatsocializingisinte

24、graltothenegotiationprocesswhiletheAmericansdonotthinkso.日本人认为，社交是谈判过程中不可或缺的一部分，而美国人却不这么认为F3.Americannegotiationteammembersareusuallyselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialandprofessionalstatus.美国谈判团队成员通常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上F4.LikeJapaneseandChinesenegotiators,adetailedwrittenagreementisnotcentraltothenegotiatio

25、nprocessintheMiddleEast,MexicoandFrance.与日本和中国的谈判人员一样，在中东、墨西哥和法国的谈判进程中，有一个详细的书面协议是不一样的。T5.TheBritishemployanegotiatingstylesimilartothatofAmericans,butmoresilenceisutilizedandtheyarelessegalitarian.英国人采用了类似于美国人的谈判风格，但更多的是利用沉默，他们也不太平等。T6.Germanspreferclear,firm,andassertireexpressionwhiletheJapanesee

26、ncourageconvert,fragmentedexpression.德国人喜欢明确的，坚定的，和assertire表达而日本鼓励转换、碎片化的表达T7.Mexicannegotiatorspreferthedeductiveapproach.Moreemphasisisplacedoncontemplationandintuition.墨西哥谈判者更喜欢演绎的方法。更强调的是沉思和直觉。F8.TheBraziliansdonotopenlydisagreeduringformalnegotiations;theywouldconsiderthisinsultingandembarrass

27、ing.在正式谈判中，巴西人不会公开地不同意，他们会考虑这种侮辱和尴尬。女性经常参加一个日本谈判小组。T9.CreatingacomfortableclimateandspendingtimeontheexploratoryphaseofnegotiationsarecrucialinMiddleEastandBrazil.创造一个舒适的气候和花费时间在谈判的探索阶段是至关重要的中东和巴西。F10.WomenarefrequentparticipantsonaJapanesenegotiationteam.名词解释economicglobalization（经济全球化）：theintegrat

28、ionofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.bartersystem（物物交换）：exchangewithoutmoney一Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.-Humansocietyhasalwaystrade

29、dgoodsacrossgreatdistances.globalvillage（地球村）：theworldformonecommunity一Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.meltingpot（大熔炉）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.culture（文化）：canbeenseenasshare

30、dknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.culturaldiversity（文化融合）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.7.Communication（交际）:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyour

31、thoughts,hopes,andknowledge.8interculturalcommunication（跨文化交际）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinct（不同）enoughtoalter（改变）theircommunicaion。Pragmatics（语用学）:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantics（语义学）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisth

32、estudyofthemeaningofwords.3Denotation（引申含义）：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword-theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.Chronemics（时间学）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（1）PolychromicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.（2）PolychronicTime（多元时间观念）:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Pr

33、oxemics（空间学）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.Kinetics（身势学）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身势学Paralanguage（副语言）：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）:integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism（理性主义）.Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）:repres

34、entssomeonewhosecognitive（认知的）,affective,andbehavioral（行为的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters（心理界限）ofhisorherownculture.High-contextcultures（含蓄的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthes

35、urroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（外向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything

36、.Iculture（个体主义）：1.Freedomtocontroltheirwondestiny2.Self-reliancetostandontheirownfeetPrivacytomindtheirownbusinessFamilytiestendtoberelativelyunimportantWeculture（集体主义）：1.Harmonytostriveforthecommongood2.Competitionisnotencouraged3.Limitrightstoproperty4.Filialpiety（孝顺）5.Inter-dependantPowerdistance

37、（权利差距）：describesthedistribution（分布）ofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum（延续体）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy（等级主义）v.s.egalitarian（平等主义）.Masculinecultures（刚性文

38、化）:Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures（柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.Enculturation（文化习得）:alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecall

39、edenculturationAcculturation（文化适应）：theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Ethnocentric（文化中心主义）：thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication：meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourt

40、houghts,hopes,andknowledge.Source交际邀请Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoa

41、symbol.Message编码信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交际渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-f

42、acecommunication.Noise干扰Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交际接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassignin

43、gmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反应Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反馈Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandas

44、signsmeaning.Context场景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.Connotation（内涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofaword-allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccre

45、tionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism委婉语：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhileth

46、eironishotTopassfisheyesforpearls鱼目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像头牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底捞月todrinklikeafishtobeattheendofonelandscapeengineersanitationengineersoft牛饮asdryassawdustsrope山穷水尽园林工人tonsorialartist清洁工shoerebuilderinthehead发疯的recklessdisregardfortruth味同嚼蜡理发师补鞋匠撒谎totakethingswithoutpermission偷窃i

47、ndustrialclimate劳资关系紧张justicehaslongarms天网恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice棋逢对手肥缺goidenndayiiniOm玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到桥头自然直趁热打铁Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不达betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofaliontreaduponeggs宁为鸡头，勿为牛后如履薄冰简答题9componentsofcommunication（交际的十大要素）source（来源）：thepersonwhodesirestoencoding（编码）

48、：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbolmessage（信息）：identifiestheencodingthoughtchannel（渠道）：themeansoftransmission（传播途径）noise（干扰）：anythingdistortsthemessagesreceiver（接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessagedecoding（解码）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceivedreceiverresponse（接受者反应）：anythingthereceiverdoesfeedb

49、ack（反馈）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaningcontext（场景）：helpdefine（使明确）thecommunicationDiscussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.convenienttransportationsystems（便捷的交通系统）innovativecommunicationsystems（革新通信技术）economicglobailzation（经济全球化）widesprea

50、dmigrations（广泛的移民）Whatarethethreeingredients（组成）ofculture?artifacts（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）behavior（whattheydo）concepts（共有观点）（whattheythink）Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?justasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeani

51、ceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurfaceWhatarethecharacteristic（特点）ofculture?sharedlearned（enculuration文化习得：learningonesculture）dynamic（动态的）（accultration文化适应：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture）ethnocentric（ethnocentrism文化中心主义：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior）Whatarethecharacteristicofco

52、mmunication?dynamic（动态性）；irreversible（不可逆转的）symbolic（符号的）systematic（系统性）transactional（互动性）contextual（语境）1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.InChinaseniority（资历）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEngl

53、ish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.（Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseapersonstitle、office、orprofessiontoindica

54、te（表明）thepersonsinfluential（有权势的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.（p24）1.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.认为时间是线性的P-Timeislessrigid（刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmo

55、rehuman-centered.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommitte

56、dtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bou

57、nd.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?（赞美的社会功能是什么？）Creatingorreinforcing（加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批评）,startingaconversation,o

58、revenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideninggyre.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyofta

59、ngentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesof

60、subdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教