大学英语语法8——分词短语课件

1、College English Grammar: Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 8Phrases: Participial PhrasesGrammar: Participial Phrases Writing: Correcting: Dangling Modifiers Rewriting: Sentence emphasisParticipial Phrases Words that are made of verbs but dont act like verbs are called verbals. There are three t

2、ypes of verbals: participles, infinitives and gerunds. A participle is a verb form used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns, or as an adverb to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Participles come in two forms: the present participle (V-ing) and the past participle (V-ed). The presen

3、t participle in English is in the active voice and is used for: 1. modifying a noun as an adjective;The girl is dancing.The girl is the daughter of my neighbor. The dancing girl is the daughter of my neighbor. 2. modifying a verb or whole sentence as an adverb.Jack smiled.Jack said hello to me. Smil

4、ing, Jack said hello to me. The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices and is used for:modifying a noun as an adjective, with active sense；A tree fell on the road.The road was blocked. The road was blocked by a fallen tree.modifying a noun as an adjective, with passive sense;T

5、he street was deserted.I felt uneasy on the street. I felt uneasy on the deserted street.modifying a verb or sentence as an adverb.Jack was shaken.Jack had to quit his village.Jack was in despair. Shaken, Jack had to quit his village in despair.If you are not sure whether you should use present part

6、iciple or past participle, you can turn the phrase into a sentence. Right sentence ensures right choice. Participial phrase Sentence (be + participle)the singing birdsflying timebroken carthe excited childrenThe birds are singing.The birds are sung.Time is flying.Time is flown.The car is breaking.Th

7、e car is broken.The children are exciting.The children are excited. As adjectives, participles may be placed before or after the words they modify. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks. Soon they could see the steam rising from the wet clothes. In general, present particip

8、les indicate the action is active and progressive; past participles indicate the action is passive and completion. Many adverbial clauses can be reduced to participial phrases, especially when they share the subject with the main clause.If you following this road, you will find the bus stop. Followi

9、ng this road, you will find the bus stop.When he reads in the final pages of the novel, the readers hair stands on end. Reading in the final pages of the novel, the readers hair stands on end.After he was nominated for the award, he got above himself. Nominated for the award, he got above himself.Be

10、cause it had been submerged years ago, the village no longer existed. Submerged years ago, the village no longer existed. 1. Functions Participial phrases have generally two formal functions in sentences. 2.1. As an adjective When a participial phrase is used as an adjective, it modifies a noun or a

11、 pronoun and usually goes before or after the word it modifies.The animal is hunted to extinction.The animal is a lost treasure. Hunted to extinction, the animal is a lost treasure.I heard a song last night.Linda was singing loudly.Linda was in her dormitory. Last night, I heard Linda singing loudly

12、 in her dormitory.2.2. As an adverb When a participial phrase is used as an adverb, it modifies a verb or a whole sentence, mainly answers the question “how?” and may appear in different positions in a sentence.Simon used a key.Simon opened the door. Using a key, Simon opened the door.The boy held a

13、 torch steadily.He approached the tower. The boy, holding a torch steadily, approached the tower.Lets speak frankly.We have no authority. Frankly speaking, we have no authority.2. Position and punctuation 2.1. At the beginning When a participial phrase appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must

14、 come right before the nouns that it describes and is followed by a comma. Mrs. Richards didnt want to frighten the poor man.She hid in a small storeroom quickly.The storeroom was under the stairs. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stair

15、s.These wires are lined up against the wall.These wires are long.These wires are thin.These wires are attached to metal spheres. Lined up against the wall, these long thin wires are attached to metal spheres.2.2. In the middle When in the middle of a sentence, participial phrases come after the noun

16、s that they modify and have no commas around them if the information (restrictive) is necessary to identify or understand but do have commas around them if they dont include necessary information (non-restrictive).The Verrazano Bridge was designed by a great architect.It joins Brooklyn to Staten Isl

17、and. The Verrazano Bridge, designed by a great architect, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.It was in a small village.A woman was picking blackberries.She saw “a large cat”.The “cat” was only five yards away from her. In a small village a woman picking blackberries saw “a large cat” only five yards aw

18、ay from her.3.3. At the end When participial phrases appear at the end of a sentence, they are often set off by commas to emphasize, especially if they are not directly after the nouns that they modify or if they provide unnecessary information.The Titanic turned just in time.It narrowly missed the

19、wall of ice. The wall was immense. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice.The old man retired.He moved.He wanted to live with his children.They lived at Nansha.Nansha lies by the Zhujiang River. After his retirement, the old man moved to live with his children at N

20、ansha, lying by the Zhujiang River. There are no commas if the information is necessary to identify, if emphasis is not needed or if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies.The body of one statue was found.It was among remains.These remains dated from the fifteenth century B.C. The body of

21、one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.The car was leaving.Mr. Taylor rushed out.He ran after the car.He threw ashtrays and vases. Just as the car was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases.Dangling Modifiers The action that is o

22、ccurring in the participial phrases should relate back to the subject. That is, the subject of the sentence should be doing the action. If this is not the case, the result is a dangling modifier. This often happens with beginning participial phrases or infinitive phrases. You can correct it by:namin

23、g the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause;changing the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause;combining the phrase and main clause into one. Walking in the woods, a snake bit the soldier in the h

24、eel. Walking in the woods, the soldier was bitten in the heel by a snake. While the soldier was walking in the woods, a snake bit him in the heel. Written in large letters, even the old men can easily read the word. Written in large letters, the word can easily be read by even the old men. As the wo

25、rd is written in large letters, even the old men can easily read it. To wash hand, soap and water is needed. To wash hand, you need soap and water. You need soap and water to wash hand. A participial phrase followed by “there be ” will often be a dangling participle. This faulty sentence can be reme

26、died by changing the participial phrase into a clause with a subject and verb. Looking behind me, there was nothing there but the wall. When I looked behind me, I saw nothing there but the wall. I looked behind me. There was nothing there but the wall.Exercises: Correct the following dangling modifi

27、ers .While cleaning his gun, it went off unexpectedly.Approaching the woods, a cabin will come into your sight.After looking out the window for hours, the rain passed.Tearing the curtains apart, there was no one hiding there.Getting here on time, but there were hardly any guests left.Shouting loudly

28、, the hills resounded.Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.To swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary.When a small boy, his parents were very strict with him.Being a holiday, children are going to have a picnic.Correcting:While he was cleaning his gunWhen you app

29、roached the woodsAfter I have looked out the window for hoursI found there was no one hiding thereI got here on timeyou would hear the hills resounded an idea came to Newton Newton got an idea a course of instruction is necessary you need (to take) a course of instruction When he was a small boyBeing a holiday As it is a holidayThe exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into longer