考研英语阅读理解 译

1、9314 考研英语阅读理解 译文 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly， setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice， but habit rules the unreflecting herd，” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century

2、， even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits， we create parallel synaptic paths， and even entirely new brain ce

3、lls， that can jump our trains of thought onto new， innovative tracks. But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus， theyre there to stay. Instead， the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypa

4、ss those old roads. “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder，” says Dawna Markova， author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to decide， just as our president calls himself the Decider. ” She

5、adds， however， that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware， she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity

6、 to approach challenges in four primary ways： analytically， procedurally， relationally （or collaboratively） and innovatively. At puberty， however， the brain shuts down half of that capacity， preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

7、The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure， meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything，” explains M. J. Ryan， author of the 2006 boo

8、k “This Year I Will.。” and Ms. Markovas business partner. “Thats a lie that we have perpetuated， and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in. 译文 习惯是一种有意思的东西。我们可以随意地触及到它，将自己的大脑处在自动巡航的状态，轻松地进入对熟悉的日常事物

9、潜意识舒适状态之中。在19世纪，威廉姆？沃德司沃斯曾说，“不是选择，而是习惯支配着缺乏思考的百姓。”在日新月异的21世纪，甚至于单词“habit”（习惯）本身都带有一种消极的内涵。 所以在相同的背景下去谈论习惯、创造力和创新看上去是对立的。但是大脑研究人员们发现了当我们有意识地养成新习惯的时候，我们的大脑就创建了平行突触路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这能够使得我们的思路跳转到创新性的轨道上去。 但是不要费力试图去除旧习惯;一旦那些过程的印迹被长期使用并形成大脑中的海马状突起时，它们就永远存在了。然而，我们特意地在自己大脑中根植的新习惯会创造出可以绕过那些旧印迹的平行路径。 “创新所需要的首先就是对

10、奇迹的迷恋”达乌娜？马科娃说，她是开放的思维的作者，也是“职业思维合作者”的行政变化顾问。“但是我们被教会了如何去做决定，就如同我们的总统称自己为决策者一样。”然而，她补充道“做决定就是要去除别的可能性而只留下一种。一位优秀的创新思想家总是会探索许多不同的可能性的。” 我们所有人都以我们意识不到的方式来处理问题，她说。研究人员在20世纪60年代末期发现了人类与生俱来以四种主要的方式迎接挑战的能力。这四种主要的方式是：分析地，程序化地，相关地（或曰协作地）和创新地。然而在人类的青春期，大脑会关闭一半这种能力，仅仅保留着那些看上去在人生头十多年中最有价值的思维方式。 当前对于标准化测试的强调之处在

11、于阐明分析与程序，意味着我们没有几个人生来就能运用我们的创新的和协作的思维模式。“这打破了美国信仰体系中的主要法则每个人都能做成任何事情，”2006年出版的书籍今年我将要的作者，同时也是马科娃女士的商业合作伙伴的M？J？瑞恩解释说，“那是我们已经延续了很久的一个谎言，它促成了共性。了解你擅长的东西并多去实践就会成就卓越的表现。”养成新习惯就在于此。 词汇analytically【机】 分析上例句：The distinction will be made analytically more precise later when we consider the mathematical detai

12、ls. 以后在我们讨论数学细节时，我们将使它们之间的区别在解析上弄得更准确。Connotationn. 含蓄， 内涵例句：China believes that as history develops， the concept and connotation of human rights also develop constantly. 中国认为，随着历史的发展，*的概念及其内涵也在不断发展。Contextn. 上下文， 背景， 来龙去脉例句：The reporter quoted me out of context. 记者对我的话断章取义。词组：be apart from the cont

13、ext脱离上下文in the context of在情况下outside the context of在之外Capacity n. 容量， 能力， 才能， 资格例句：I have come in the capacity of a legal adviser. 我是以法律顾问的身份来的。词组：capacity for/ of / to do/ to的能力同义词：content duty fitness function intelligence mentality position power role size volumeEmphasisn. 强调， 加强， 重点， 强语气例句：Moral

14、ity was the emphasis of his speech. 道德是他讲话的重点。词组：give emphasis to 着重， 强调同义词：accent importance insistence stressExcellencen. 优秀， 卓越， 优点例句：The players aim for excellence. 运动员们的最终目标是取得优秀成绩。词组：excellence in English擅长英语academic excellence学业优异moral excellence美德Innovativea. 革新的， 创新的， 富有革新精神的例句：This is a ba

15、sic property of innovative scientific thinking. 这是创新性科学思维的基本特征。Ingrainvt. 给原纱染色， 使根深蒂固a. 原纱染色的， 根深蒂固的n. 原纱染色， 固有品质词组：be deeply ingrained in the mind在头脑中根深蒂固Pilotn. 飞行员， 领航员， 航船者， 导向器， 驾驶仪， 向导， 领导人vt. 领航， 驾驶， 引导， 试用a. 引导的， 控制的， 试点的例句：I used to be a pilot. 我当过飞行员。同义词：conductor driver engineer operator

16、Paralleln. 平行， 对比， 相匹敌之物a. 平行的， 相似的vt. 与平行， 与相似，相比， 使平行例句：Stamp collecting and coin collecting are parallel hobbies. 集邮和收藏硬币是相似的爱好。词组：run parallel to 与平行without （a） parallel 无与伦比; 举世无双in parallel with 与平行， 与同时， 与并联Pubertyn. 青春期， 春情发动期例句：In America these actions become executive puberty rites， compli

17、cating relationships that are already complicated enough. 在美国，这些行动成了行政青春期的惯例，使本来已经够复杂的关系变得更复杂了。词组：（the） age of puberty青春期， 发身期arrive at （reach） puberty开始发身; 进入青春期; （喻）情窦初开Perpetuate vt. 使永存， 使不朽， 保持例句：They decided to perpetuate the memory of their leader by erecting a statue. 他们为永远纪念那位领袖决定建一座雕像。Rout

18、ine n. 常规， 日常工作， 惯例， 例行公事a. 日常的， 常规的例句：As soon as she learns the office routine she will be an excellent assistant. 她一旦熟悉了办公室的日常事务，就会成为一名优秀的助手。词组：go into ones routine 说自己照例要说的话; 做自己照例要做的事同义词：arrangement habit method order systemSynaptica. 突触的， 联合的例句：The synaptic activity in your brain has reached ov

19、er ninety percent. 你大脑的神经活动已经超过90%了。Unaware a. 未认识到的， 不知道的例句：He was unaware that I was present. 他不知道我在场。词组：be unaware of the danger没有觉察到危险同义词：ignorant unconscious unknowing unmindful unsuspecting反义词：aware For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called

20、 “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant， who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies， to envision paper after it has been folded an

21、d cut， and to deduce numerical sequences， among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as. Whats the difference between love and fondness？ Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？ Its not obvious how the capacity

22、 to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. Clearly， intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart？ How much of intelligence can be specified， and how muc

23、h can we learn about it from neurology， genetics， computer science and other fields？ The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score， even though IQ rests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms： the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scal

24、e and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and childrens version）。 Generally costing several hundred dollars， they are usually given only by psychologists， although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savants are no longer possible

25、， because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers， rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests， such as the Scholastic Assessment Test （SAT） and the Graduate Record Exam （GRE）， capture the

26、main aspects of IQ tests. Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life， argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing？”， Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skil

27、ls but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge， components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover， IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under

28、 low-stress conditions， but under high-stress conditions， IQ was negatively correlated with leadershipthat is， it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters， whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. 译文 在过去的几年中，星期日报增刊

29、标榜一直刊登一个名为：“问问玛丽莲”的专栏。报纸邀请人们向玛丽莲？福斯？赛文特问问题。年仅10岁的玛丽莲测试出的智力水平与大约23岁的人的智力水平一样;这使得她得到了228的智商分数这个分数是有史以来的最高分。智商测试要求人们在其它类似的任务中完成词语和视觉类推的分析题，要求想象纸被折叠剪切之后的样子，并且推导数列，以及其它一些类似的任务。所以，当福斯？赛文特回答普通人（智商为100）的诸如“爱与喜欢之区别”或“幸运与巧合之本质”之类的问题时，就显得有点迷惑不解了。一个人具备形象思维和数字推导的能力，是否就能够解答许多最优秀的诗人和哲学家都无法回答的问题，这一点是使人不解的。 不过有一点很清楚

30、，那就是智力不仅仅包含测试的分数。那么，聪明究竟是什么意思呢？有多少智力因素可以被具体化？而且从神经学、基因学、电脑科学以及其它领域中又能对其了解多少？ 人类智力的限定性词语似乎仍然是智商测试的分数，尽管智商测试现在已经不像以前那样频繁进行。智商测试一般有两种形式：斯坦福比奈智力标准以及威治斯勒智力标准（均具有成人版和儿童版）。这两种智力标准测试一般成本均在几百美元。虽然这两种智力标准测试的不同种类多见于书店和万维网，但是通常只有心理学家进行这两个智力标准的测试。像福斯？赛文特那样的超高分现在已经不可能了，因为现在的分数是基于同龄人中的统计人口分布之上的，而不是简单地利用生理年龄除以智力年龄再

31、乘以100。其它的标准化测试，比如学术评估测试和研究生入学考试已经抓住了智商测试的主要方面。 但是罗伯特J斯特恩博格认为：此类的标准化测试也许不能够评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需要的所有的重要因素。在他的智力测试有多聪明？一文中，他指出：传统测试最能评价的是分析和语文能力，但是却无法测量创造力以及实践知识这些对解决问题和取得生活上的成功同样非常重要的因素。而且，当人口与情况发生变化，智商测试就不一定总能做出正确的预测。研究已经发现：如果测试时没有什么压力，智商分数就预测出领导技能。但是测试时如果压力较大，智商就与领导才能的关系成反比也就是说，高智商预示着低领导才能。任何费尽千辛万苦通过学术评估

32、测试的人都能证明，考试技巧，即知道什么时候猜答案，什么问题可以跳过去，同样重要。 词汇Analogy n. 相似， 类似例句：As a mechanical analogy， We can think of pebbles dislodged from a beach by water waves. 作为一种力学比拟，我们可以想象海滩上被水波移动的卵石。词组：bear an analogy to/ have an analogy to 具有与相似之处by analogy 用类推法on the analogy of/ by analogy with 从类推; 根据类推Coincidence n.

33、 巧合， 同时发生例句：It is a mere coincidence that they see eye to eye on this point. 他们在这一点上见解一致完全是巧合。词组：by coincidence碰巧， 由于巧合Chronological a. 年代学的， 按时间顺序的， 按照年月顺序的例句：Well talk about the causes of the war in chronological order. 我们将按时间先后顺序来谈谈战争的一些起因。correlated a. 有相互关系的例句：The doctors correlated alcoholism

34、with severe brain disease. 医生们认为酗酒同严重的脑病有关系。Deduce vt. 推论， 演绎出例句：Beyond the obviousfacts， I can deduce nothing else. 除了这些显而易见的情况以外，我推断不出别的什么。词组：deduce a conclusion from these facts从这些事实推出结论反义词：induceDividing adj. 起划分（区分、分割）作用的例句：I can see no justification for dividing the company into smaller units.

35、 我认为没有理由把公司划分为小单位。词组：a dividing line分界线dividing ridge分水岭Envision vt. 想象， 预想例句：They think of viruses that infect an organization from the outside.They envision hackers breaking into their information vaults. 他们考虑来自外部感染公司的病毒，他们设想黑客侵入到信息宝库中。Elude vt. 逃避， 规避， 把难倒例句：They go rambling over the world as if

36、pursued by some mysterious fate they cannot possibly elude. 他们似乎受了什么无可逃避的神秘命运的驱使，在世界上到处流浪。词组：elude ones understanding使人不解同义词：avoid dodge escape evade missNumerical a. 数字的， 数值的， 以数字表示的， 擅长于计数的例句：The numerical values available in Newtons time were not highly precise. 在牛顿的时代，可利用的数据都不是很精确的。词组：a numerica

37、l order号数numerical value数值Neurology n. 神经病学例句：Freuds work stands at the crossroads between psychology and neurology. 弗洛伊德的理论站在心理学和精神病学的交叉点上。Predict vt. 预知， 预言， 预报vi. 预知， 预言， 预报例句：Is it accurate to predict the result on the basis of one secret vote？ 以一次不记名投票为基础预测结果准确吗？词组：predict rain for tomorrow预告明天有雨