土木工程毕业设计外文翻译---可持续建筑的问题和可能的解决方案

1、IssuesinSustainableArchitectureandPossibleSolutionsFatimaGhani,MemberCOA(India),MemberIIIDAbstractThegrowingconcernwithenvironmentalandecologicalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchforenergyconscious,Ecofriendly,energyefficientbuildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironm

2、entrelatedissues,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerissustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatiblebuildingdesigns.Sustainablearchitecturealsoreferredasgreenarchitectureisadesignthatusesnaturalbuildingmaterialse.g.earth,wood,stoneetc(notinvolvingpollutioninitstreatment)thatareenergyefficientandthat

3、makelittleornoimpactonthenatureofasiteanditsresources.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Italsoconsiderspossiblesolutionsrelatedtotheseissues.IndexTermsSustainable,Green,Architecture,Building,Design.Efficiency.I.INTRODUCTIONThewordsGreen,EcologicalandSustainablear

4、etermsusedbyenvironmentaliststoindicatemodesofpractice.Fromglobaleconomicstohouseholdfeaturesthesepracticesminimizeourimpactontheenvironmentandgenerateahealthyplaceofliving.Inadeepersensethewordsinvolveastowhatcanbedonetohealandregeneratetheearthsabilitytobearlife1-4.A.PrinciplesofEnvironmentallyOri

5、entedDesignInArchitecturetherearemanywaysabuildingmaybegreenandrespondtothegrowingenvironmentalproblemsofourplanet.Sustainablearchitecturecanbepracticedstillmaintainingefficiency,beauty,layoutsandcosteffectiveness.Therearefivebasicareasofanenvironmentallyorienteddesign.TheyareHealthyInteriorEnvironm

6、ent,EnergyEfficiency,EcologicalBuildingMaterials,BuildingFormandGoodDesign.HealthyInteriorEnvironment:Ithastobewellinsuredthatbuildingmaterialsandsystemsuseddonotemittoxicunhealthygasesandsubstancesinthebuiltspaces.Furtherextracarsandmeasuresaretobetakentoprovidemaximumlevelsoffreshairandadequateven

7、tilationtotheinteriorenvironment.EnergyEfficiency:Ithastobewellensuredthatthebuildingsuseofenergyisminimized.ThevariousHVACsystemsandmethodsofconstructionetc.shouldbesodesignedthatenergyconsumptionisminimal.EcologicalBuildingMaterials:Asfaraspossibletheuseofbuildingmaterialsshouldbefromrenewablesour

8、ceshavingrelativelysafesourcesofproduction.BuildingForm:Thebuildingformshouldrespondtothesite,region,climateandthematerialsavailabletherebygeneratingaharmonybetweentheinhabitantsandthesurroundings.GoodDesign:Structure&MaterialandAestheticsarethebasicparametersofdefiningdesign.Theyshouldbesointegrate

9、dthatthefinaloutcomeisawellbuilt,convenientandabeautifullivingspace.TheseprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesigncompriseyetanothermeaningfulandenvironmentalbuildingapproachcalledGreenorSustainabledesign.Architectsshouldusetheircreativityandperceptiontocorrelatetheseprinciplestogeneratelocallyappro

10、priatestrategies,materialsandmethodskeepinginmindthateveryregionshouldemploydifferentgreenstrategies5-7.DefinitionSustainabilitymeanstoholduportosupportfrombelow.Itreferstotheabilityofasociety,ecosystemoranysuchongoingsystem,tocontinuefunctioningintotheindefinitefuture(withoutbeingforcedintodeclinet

11、hroughexhaustionofkeyresources).Sustainablearchitectureinvolvesacombinationofvalues:aesthetic,environmental,social,politicalandmoral.Itsaboutonesperceptionandtechnicalknowledgetoengageinacentralaspectofthepracticei.e.todesignandbuildinharmonywiththeenvironment.Itisthedutyofanarchitecttothinkrational

12、lyaboutacombinationofissueslikesustainability,durability,longevity,appropriatematerialsandsenseofplace8-10.Thepresentenvironmentalconditionshaveledtothediscussion/searchforenergyconscious,Ecofriendly,energyefficientbuildingdesigns.Forthebettergrowthofthefuture,keepinginviewtheenvironmentrelatedissue

13、s,thefirstobjectiveofthedesignerisasustainabledevelopmenti.e.environmentallycompatible.ThispaperdiscussesissuesrelatedtoSustainable/environmentalarchitecture.Themainfocusofthepaperisonsustainablearchitecture-itsneed,solutionsandimpactonthefuture.NeedsandIssuesTheecologicalcrisistodayisveryseriousand

14、tilldatemuchofthedebatestillfocusesonthesymptomsratherthanthecauses.Asaresultthereisanurgentneedtoemphasizeandworkoutthebestpossibleapproachtowardsenvironmentalprotectiontherebyminimizingfurtherdegradation.Architecturepresentsauniquechallengeinthefieldofsustainability.Constructionprojectstypicallyco

15、nsumelargeamountsofmaterials,producetonsofwaste,andofteninvolveweighingthepreservationofbuildingsthathavehistoricalsignificanceagainstthedesireforthedevelopmentofnewer,moremoderndesigns.Sustainabledevelopmentisonesuchmeasure,whichpresentsanapproachthatcanlargelycontributetoenvironmentalprotection.As

16、trikingbalancebetweenEnvironmentalprotectionandSustainabledevelopmentisadifficultanddelicatetask.Sustainabledesignisthethoughtfulintegrationofarchitecturewithelectrical,mechanical,andstructuralengineering.Inadditiontoconcernforthetraditionalaestheticsofmassing,proportion,scale,texture,shadow,andligh

17、t,thefacilitydesignteamneedstobeconcernedwithlongtermcosts:environmental,economic,andhumanasshowninFigure1.RightsofPeopleEconomicDevelopment/Fig1Sustainabledevelopmentiii.conceptandrelevanceofsustainablearchitectureInthepresentdayscenariotheideaandconceptofSustainableArchitecture/Developmentisreleva

18、ntinthelightofthefollowingtwoaspects:a)EcologicalandEnvironmentalcrisisb)ImminentdisastersandtheirmanagementSomeofthemajorcauses,whichgreatlycontributetothesetwoaspects,canbelistedas:RapidUrbanizationandIndustrialization:TheconsequencesofthiscanfurtherleadtoPopulationexplosion,Geologicaldepositsofse

19、wageandgarbage,Unsustainablepatternsofliving&development,Environmentaldegradation(pollutionofair,water,soiletc,foodwebdisruption).Thussustainableurbandevelopmentiscrucialtoimprovethelivesofurbanpopulationsandtheremainderoftheplanet.Bothpeopleandecosystemsimpacteduponbytheiractivities.NaturalCalamiti

20、es:Naturalcalamitieslikevolcaniceruptions,earthquakes,flood,famineetc.whicharebeingfurtheraggravatedbymankindaddtothelistofotherilleffectslikeatomicexplosion,greenhouseeffect,ozonedepletionetc.Sustainabledesignattemptstohaveanunderstandingofthenaturalprocessesaswellastheenvironmentalimpactofthedesig

21、n.Makingnaturalcyclesandprocessesvisible,bringthedesignedenvironmentbacktolife.DepletionofNon-renewablesources:Rapiddepletionofnon-renewablesourcesisleadingtoseriousissuesrelatedtoenergy&waterconservationetc.Thustherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockcancontributet

22、osavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumptionandimprovingenvironmentalquality.IV.SOLUTIONSSustainableConstructionSustainableconstructionisdefinedasthecreationandresponsiblemanagementofahealthybuiltenvironmentbasedonresourceefficientandecologicalprinciples.Sustainabledesignedbuildingsaimtolessenth

23、eirimpactonourenvironmentthroughenergyandresourceefficiency.Sustainablebuildingmaybedefinedasbuildingpractices,whichstriveforintegralquality(includingeconomic,socialandenvironmentalperformance)inaverybroadway.Thus,therationaluseofnaturalresourcesandappropriatemanagementofthebuildingstockwillcontribu

24、tetosavingscarceresources,reducingenergyconsumption(energyconservation),andimprovingenvironmentalquality.Sustainablebuildinginvolvesconsideringtheentirelifecycleofbuildings,takingenvironmentalquality,functionalqualityandfuturevaluesintoaccountenvironmentalinitiativesoftheconstructionsectorandthedema

25、ndsofusersarekeyfactorsinthemarket.Governmentswillbeabletogiveaconsiderableimpulsetosustainablebuildingsbyencouragingthesedevelopments.FurtherthevariousenergyrelatedissuesduringthedifferentphasesintheconstructionofbuildingscanbeunderstoodwithrespecttothechartshowninFigure2.EnergyIssuesEfficiTiCyRene

26、wablePre-BuildinyPhscD$ignrDesignBuildingPhassContractorConstructanPost-BuildingPhaseUserOperation&MaintenanceMaterialsandSystemWeReduceDemolitionsteManagementReuseRecycleFi莒2.EnergyissuesinbuildingeoiistinctionEnvironmentallyFriendlyHousesFollowingthefivebasicprinciplesofenvironmentallyorienteddesi

27、gncanleadtotheconstructionofwhatcanbecalledasEnvironmentallyFriendlyHouse.Anenvironmentallyfriendlyhouseisdesignedandbuilttobeintunewithitsoccupants,nature,environmentandecosystem.Itisdesignedandbuiltaccordingtotheregionitislocatedin,keepinginmindtheclimate,material,availabilityandbuildingpractices.

28、Thebasicareasofdesignneedtobeconsideredatthisstagecanbelistedas:OrientationReduceEnergyGainorLossLightingResponsibleLandscapingWasteManagementExternalVentilationGreenBuildingAgreenbuildingplacesahighpriorityonhealth,environmentalandresourceconservationperformanceoveritslifecycle.Thesenewprioritiesex

29、pandandcomplementtheclassicalbuildingdesignconcerns:economy,utility,durabilityanddelight.Greendesignemphasizeanumberofnewenvironmental,resourceandoccupanthealthconcerns:Reducehumanexposuretonoxiousmaterials.Conservenon-renewableenergyandscarcematerials.Minimizelifecycleecologicalimpactofenergyandmat

30、erialsused.Userenewableenergyandmaterialsthataresustainableharvested.Protectandrestorelocalair,water,soil,flora&faunaSupportpedestrian,bicycles,masstransitandotheralternativestofossil-fueledvehicles.Mostgreenbuildingsarehighqualitybuildingstheylastlonger,costlesstooperateandmaintainandprovidegreater

31、occupantsatisfactionthanstandarddevelopment.GreenRoofs&PorousPavementsAsalreadydiscussedtherapidurbanizationandindustrializationisresultinginextensivedeforestationasaresultthegreenareasarebeingcoveredwithpavementsandconcrete.Therainwaterthatnaturallyseepsthroughlandcoveredwithvegetationandtreesnowju

32、strunoff,therebyleadingtoamajorenvironmentalimbalanceintermsofgroundwater.ThisproblemcanbesolvedtoagreatextentwiththehelpoftheconstructionofGreenRoofsandPorousPavements.Greenroofs&porouspavementspresentauniquemethodofgroundwaterconservation.Vegetationtoholdwateronrooftops,andpavementthatletsitpercol

33、ateinthegroundaresomeofthelatestwaysthatcansavewatertables.Visuallywhatmightcomeacrossmaybearoofsproutedwithplantsandaparkinglotthatdrainswaterlikeasieve-probablythelatestingroundwaterconservation.BuildingMaterialsTonsofmaterialsincludingtimbergointobuildingconstruction.Therearethreeprincipalapproac

34、hestoimprovethematerialefficiencyofbuildingconstruction:Reducingtheamountofmaterialusedinconstruction.Usingrecycledmaterialsthatotherwisewouldhavebeenwaste.Reducingwastegenerationintheconstructionprocess.Furtherasfaraspossiblesustainableharvestedbuildingmaterialsandfinishesshouldbeusedwithlowtoxicit

35、yinmanufacturingandinstallation.V.CONCLUSIONSSustainabilityoftenisdefinedasmeetingtheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Agrowingnumberofpeoplearecommittedtoreachingthisgoalbymodifyingpatternsofdevelopmentandconsumptiontoreducedemandonnaturalresources

36、uppliesandhelppreserveenvironmentalquality.Achievinggreatersustainabilityinthefieldofconstructionisparticularlyimportant,becausebuildingconstructionconsumesmoreenergyandresourcesthananyothereconomicactivity.Notonlydoesahomerepresentthelargestfinancialinvestmentafamilyislikelytomake,butitalsorepresen

37、tsthemostresource-andenergy-intensivepossessionmostpeoplewilleverown.Makinghomesmoresustainable,then,hasatremendouspotentialtocontributetotheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.Sustainablehousingdesignisamultifacetedconcept,embracing:AffordabilityMarketabilityAppropriatedesignResourceeffic

38、iencyEnergyefficiencyDurabilityComfortHealthAsadevelopedsocietyweshouldnotundermineourresourcebase,theassimilativecapacityofoursurroundingsorthebioticstocksonwhichourfuturedepends.Asasustainablesocietyoureffortsshouldconsistofalong-termandintegratedapproachtodevelopingandachievingahealthycommunity.W

39、eshouldrealizethattheproblemsassociatedwithsustainabledevelopmentareglobalasaresulttheissuesneedworldwideattention.Ifweworktogetherwecanbringchangefaster.REFERENCESBruntland,.OurCommonFuture:TheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment,editedbyBruntland,.,OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford.,1987 HYPERLIN

40、K /sustaindev.html /sustaindev.html HYPERLINK http:/arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/sustain.htm%231.1 http:/arch.hku.hk/research/BEER/sustain.htm#1.1 HYPERLINK Jani,V.,ArchitectureTimeSpace&People,Vol.3,Issue4,2003,pp32.Jani,V.,ArchitectureTimeSpace&People,Vol.3,Issue1,2003,pp34.Bergstrom,B.,ArchitectureT

41、imeSpace&People,Vol.3Issue1,2002,pp40.Sinha,S.B.,ArchitectureTimeSpace&People,Vol.2,Issue12,2002,pp22.Walker,S.,SustainableDesignExplorationsinTheoryandPracticeby,Earthscan,2006.Datschefski,E.,TheTotalBeautyofSustainableProducts,Rotovision,May2001.可持续建筑的问题和可能的解决方案法蒂玛加尼，会员COA（印度），会员IIID摘要：越来越多地关注环境和生

42、态条件已经引起了人们对“节能意识”、“友好生态”、“高效节能”的建筑设计的讨论和探索。为了未来更好的发展，同时考虑到环境问题，设计师的首要目标是可持续发展即环保的建筑设计。可持续建筑也被称为绿色建筑，它是一种对天然建筑材料如土、木材、石材等（不包括处理时的污染问题）资源的有效利用，使其对建筑地点的类型及其财力影响很小或没有的设计。本文论述了关于可持续发展/环保建筑的问题。它还考虑了关于这些问题的可能的解决方案。关键词：可持续发展，绿色建筑，建筑，设计，效率。引言环保主义者使用“绿色”、“生态”和“可持续”来表明常规模式。从全球经济到家庭功能，这些做法使我们对环境的影响最小化，并形成一个健康的生

43、活环境。在深层意义上，这些词语涉及治愈和再生地球的承受生命的能力1-4。面向环境的设计原则在建筑上有许多方法，“绿色建筑”能用来应对我们星球日益严重的环境问题。可持续建筑能够保持高效率、美观、布局和成本效益。面向环境的设计有五个基本领域。它们是健康的室内环境，能源效率，生态建材，建筑形式和良好的设计。健康的室内环境：它是很好的保险，建筑材料和系统的使用不会向内置空间排放有毒不健康气体和物质。此外，应解决额外的汽车并实行相应措施来为室内环境提供最高水平的新鲜空气和充足的通风。能源效率：它确保建筑物使用最少的能量。结构上的各种HVAC系统和方法的设计应使能耗最小。生态建材：尽可能使用的建筑材料应该

44、是能相对安全生产的可再生资源。建筑形式：建筑形式应适应地点、区域、气候和材料，从而使当地居民和周围环境之间和谐。良好的设计：结构、材料和美学是基本定义的设计参数。他们应该被整合，最终得到一个宏伟、便捷、优美的生活空间。这些面向环境设计的原则还包括一个有意义的环保的被称为绿色或可持续设建筑的方法。建筑师应该用自己的创意和感知将这些原则关联起来以得到适合当地的策略、材料和方法，牢记每个区域应采用不同的环保策略5-7。B、定义可持续发展是指“保持”或“自下而上地支持”。它指的是，一个社会，生态系统或任何正在进行的系统的能力，以便继续运作到不确定的未来（不在关键资源枯竭的时候被迫走向没落）。可持续建筑

45、是美学、环境、社会、政治和道德的有机组合。它是利用一个人的感知和专业知识，从事实践的核心方面，即设计和创建环境的和谐。理性地思考将诸如可持续性、耐久性、长久、适当材料和区域性相结合的问题是一个建筑师的责任8-10。目前的环境状况已经转向“能源意识”、“生态友好”、“高效节能”的建筑设计的讨论和探索。为了未来更好的发展，保持对与环境相关的问题的关注，第一设计目标是可持续发展，即环境的兼容。本文讨论了关于可持续发展和环保建筑的问题。本文重点讨论的是可持续建筑的必要性，解决方案和对未来的影响。二、需求和问题当今生态环境危机十分严重，直到现在，很多的辩论仍然集中在症状，而不是原因。因此，迫切需要重视并

46、找到环境保护的最好方法，从而最大限度地阻止进一步恶化。在可持续发展领域，建筑提供了一个独特的挑战。建设项目通常需要消耗大量的材料，产生大量的废物，在更新、更现代化设计日益增长的同时要保全有历史意义的重要建筑物。可持续发展就是这样一种在很大程度上为环保做贡献的方法。在环境保护和可持续发展之间追求一个显著的平衡是一项艰巨而复杂的任务。可持续设计深度集合了建筑的电气、机械和结构工程设计。除了关注传统美学的数量、比例、规模、纹理、阴影和光线，设施的设计团队还需要关注长期成本、如环境、经济和人。如图1所示。三、可持续建筑的概念和意义在现今情况下，可持续建筑发展的思想和理念应考虑到以下两个方面：a）生态与

47、环境危机b）即将发生的灾难及其处理能力一些大大有助于这两个方面的主要成因有：快速的城市化和工业化：这样会进一步导致人口急剧增长，生活污水和垃圾的地质沉积，不可持续的生存与发展模式，环境退化（污染的空气、水、土壤等，食物网破坏）的后果。因此，城市可持续发展的关键是提高城市和其他地方人们的生活环境。人和生态系统都被他们的这些活动所影响。自然灾害：自然灾害有火山爆发、地震、洪水、饥荒等，人类对自然的其他不良影响如原子弹爆炸、温室效应、臭氧消耗等进一步加剧了对自然环境的破坏。可持续设计在于理解设计的自然过程和对环境的影响。可视化的自然循环和流程将为生活带来设计环境。非可再生能源的消耗：非可再生能源的快速消耗，会导致与能源和水资源保护等相关的严重