英语段落的写作方法与技巧

1、英语段落的写作方法与技巧.段落的主题与主题句II. 段落的扩展 III. 段落的结尾 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph The Structure of a Paragraph.段落的主题与主题句1.段落的主题2.段落的主题句Back Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph1. 段落的主题 通常一篇文章只有一个中心思想，这个中心思想可以分为几个主题，每个主题由一个段落来完成。 段落的组成通常包含三个要素：主题句(topic sentence)、扩展句 (supporting sentence) 和结尾

2、句 (concluding sentence)。BackChapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph.段落的主题与主题句 一个段落只表达一个主题思想（主题句）,一个段落内的其它句子（扩展句）必须从属于这一思想，一个段落通常还有一个结尾局与主题句相呼应，这就是段落的统一性(The Unity of a Paragraph) 。不同的主题思想应放在不同的段落中表达，否则容易枝杈横生，使人不得要领。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back例如：主题句：Beijing is famous for its tem

3、perate climate, its large population, and its rapid industrial development. 该主题句有三个不同的观点揉在一起，如果作为一个段落的主题句则不符合要求，该主题句可分解为三个主题句，由三个段落分别来完成。Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back请看下面的段落有什么问题：My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined

4、 the YMCA （Young mens Christian Association 基督教青年会）for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame（身躯） again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Every day I practice jogging three miles, swi

5、mming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby (早产儿）.Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back 本段的主题句是“I like to keep physically fit”，段中所有的句子应围绕这一主题。但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother

6、 was a premature baby. Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back主题句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容：1）本段要讨论的中心人物或事物即主题词；2）作者对这个中心人物或事物的态度、观点或见解即扩展范围或关键词。主题句既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。主题句过于概括（即过于笼统或题目太大），很难用几句话说清楚，通常会因为得不到应有的充实而显得空泛无力，从而造成不能有效地表达主题思想。主题句过于具体（即缺乏概括性的观点），则无法展开段落，作者的思想就没有发挥的余地，容易造成对一个意思的重复描述。Chapter

7、 One: The Structure of a Paragraph 2. 段落的主题句Back 例如主题句：“American food is terrible ”和“Pollution is a serious problem”就过于概括；而主题句：“He speaks English”和“ I bought a car last week”就过于具体。 主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难，一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出

8、段落的主题思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，结尾又会重复主题，不过不是简单的重复，而是在意思上与开头相呼应，或者对段落内容进行总结。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是段落的完整性(The Integrity of a Paragraph) 。扩展句和主题句之间，一要形成意义的相关性即所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明，对主题句起支持的作用；二要具有逻辑的合理性即句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，这

9、就是段落的连贯性(The Coherence of a Paragraph) 。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph BackII. 段落的扩展 在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的恰当的过渡，整个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。一般使用合适的过渡词语来加强句与句之间的衔接或连贯。一个段落通常由“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”这样的一些环节构成，也就是说要正确使用启、承、转、合的词或词组，这样的段落才会既有统一性、完整性，又有连贯性。下面是一些常用的“启、承、转、合”过渡词语：Chapter One: T

10、he Structure of a Paragraph Back1.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句at first 首先at present 当今currently 最近；现在first 首先；第一 firstly 首先first of all 首先generally 一般说来 generally speaking 一般说来 in the beginning 首先in the first place 首先Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back1.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句Chapter One: Th

11、e Structure of a Paragraph it is clear that 显然it is self-evident that 不言而喻lately 最近presently 此刻；现在recently 最近there is some evidence that 现有证据表明 there is no doubt that 毫无疑问to begin with 首先to start with 首先Back2.“承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句also 又；并且as a matter of fact 事实上at the same time 同时besides 另外；此外certai

12、nly 必然地；肯定地consequently 结果；因此 especially 特别是 for example 例如for instance 例如from now on 从此 furthermore 此外；而且in addition 此外in addition to 除之外in effect 事实上 in fact 事实上in other words 换言之in particular 特别是in the same way 同样地indeed 确实likewise 同样地Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Backmoreover 此外；而且mo

13、re than that 再者；更重要的是no doubt 无疑or 即；也就是说namely 即；也就是说particularly 特别是second 第二secondly 第二similarly 同样地so 所以soon 不久such as 例如Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph BackChapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph takefor example 以 为例that is, 即；也就是说that is to say, 即；也就是说there are many reasons why 的原因

14、有许多third 第三thirdly 第三the most important 再者；更重要的是truly 事实上；其实是whats more 再者；更重要的是whats more important 再者；更重要的是Backalthough 虽然as opposed to 与相反but 但是conversely 相反地despite 尽管fortunately 幸运地however 无论如何；然而in opposition to 与相反 in other words 换言之 in spite of 尽管 instead of 相反 luckily 幸运地 3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折

15、Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph nevertheless 然而；不过 on the contrary 相反地 on the other hand 另一方面 otherwise 不同样地 unfortunately 不幸地 unlike 不同于 regardless of 不管；不顾 the differences are as follows 区别如下 whereas 然而 while 然而；另一方面 yet 然而；

16、但是 Backaccordingly 于是to sum up总之 as a consequence 因此 as a result 结果 at last 最后 at length 最后 briefly 简言之 consequently 因此 finally 最后 hence 因此 in all 总之 in a word 简言之 in brief 简言之 in conclusion 最后；总之 4.“合”即合拢，总结，表示段落的结束Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph BackChapter One: The Structure of a Paragr

17、aph in consequence 结果 in short 简言之 in sum 总之 in summary 总之 last 最后一点 lastly 最后一点 in the last place 最后 shortly 简言之 so 因此therefore 因此thus 因此 to sum up 总之 to summarize 总之 Back例如： Many students have difficulty taking test. As a result, they get poor grades on their quizzes. They must, therefore, work ha

18、rder in class to communicate their understanding of the course. In addition, they usually devote great periods of time to writing assignments in the hope that these assignments will raise their averages. Finally, many offer to do extra assignments during vocations in an effort to raise their grades.

19、 The effects of doing poorly on even one quiz can be stressful to most students. 在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合适的过渡词语使得文章衔接自然、字句通顺、内容连贯。Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back 结尾句通常是对段落的归纳总结和概括，也可以是对主题加以评论。在论述性较强的议论文体中，一般都有结尾句。例如：1)For the past ten years, traffic jams in Beijing have been more and more ser

20、ious. (2)There are many reasons but in general they come down to three main causes. (3)First, with the rapid development of economy in Beijing, too many transportation tools are brought into use, especially taxis and private cars which count for a remarkable number of traffic jams. Chapter One: The

21、Structure of a Paragraph III. 段落的结尾Back(4)Next, the traffic system in Beijing was established mainly in the 1940s. the roads are still narrow that they can not bear such heavy traffic.(5) The final reason is that the population of Beijing has been increasing so fast that there are many pedestrians o

22、n the streets. (6)From the foregoing, it is clear that the traffic system in Beijing must be re-established as soon as possible. 分析上面段落，我们可以看出： (1)是引入句，（2）是主题句，（3）（4）（5）是扩展句，（6）是结尾句。 Chapter One: The Structure of a Paragraph Back方法2.举例法(Exemplification)1. 列举法(Listing) 3. 时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequenc

23、e)4.因果分析法(Cause and Effect) 6. 分类法(Classification) 5. 比较对照法(Comparison & Contrast) 段落的展开，有很多方法和模式，下面介绍最常用的几种： Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph Patterns1 列举法(Listing)A general statement supported by specific details or reasons 列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲， 所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。

24、列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。 我们来看看下面这个用列举法展开的段落： Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackChatting Online My Most Rewarding Experience (1) As one of my most rewarding experiences, chatting online has brought a lot of benefits to my life. (2) For one thing, it helps me avoid nervousness and embarrassment I used

25、to feel in regular talks. (3) Unlike the face-to-face conversation, it offers me much freedom in time to think out my ideas and prepare them well before posting them on the screen. (4) For another, it adds no little to the improvement of my English. 点击继续Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack(5) T

26、hrough online chatting, I have more chances to speak with native speakers, thus bathing myself in the sea of genuine English. (6) The most valuable result of chatting online is that it gives me insights into other cultures and keeps my mind open to better ways of seeing things. (7) Now I tend to see

27、 things from a more objective perspective. 8) In short, there is not anything in my free time that is more beneficial than chatting online.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 根据本段的主题句（1）句， 作者列举了三个理由（2）、（4）、（6）句，分别由for one thing, for another, the most valuable result 等连接词语引出，并分别给予必要的进一步的阐述（3）、（

28、5）、（7）句（二级扩展），使得该段条理清楚、层次分明、内容连贯。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 常用于列举法段落的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相互呼应，不混用。 1. First, second, third, last 2. firstly, secondly, . thirdly, finally 3. the first , the second , the third , the last 4. to begin with/ to start with/ in the first place, then/next/ in additio

29、n(to)/besides/also/ moreover, furthermore /what is more, . finally 运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下： Topic sentenceDetail 1Detail 2, Detail 3, Concluding sentence.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHomework: Marking up a Book is Indispensable to Reading参考范文： Why is marking up a book indispensable（必不可少的） to re

30、ading? First, it keeps you awake. I dont mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake. In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, written helps you remember th

31、e thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack2.举例法(Exemplification)A general statement supported by some exles 作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。 Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsB

32、ack 我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落： There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For exle, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another exle, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people

33、can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词for exle, for another exle 和 besides引出，最后由 In short引导的结尾句总结全

34、段内容。 常用于举例法段落的句型、句式和词语有：For exle/instance,There are many exles to show that This can be illustrated / shown by the following exles / instances.One exle is . Another exle is An exle of this is / involves 运用举例法展开段落的写作模式如下：Topic sentenceone or more exlesConcluding sentence. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph

35、 PatternsBackHome work: Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful参考范文： Knowing a foreign language is helpful. I have got a better understanding of this with my own experience. Yesterday morning, I went to the bookstore to buy some books. When I got there, I saw a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl. But

36、 the salesgirl could not understand what she was saying. I went up to them. She told me she needed a pocket English-Chinese dictionary. So I told the salesgirl what the foreigner wanted to buy. In a moment the foreign lady got the dictionary and she was very happy. Both she and the salesgirl thanked

37、 me a lot. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHome work: Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful参考范文： Knowing a foreign language is helpful. Firstly, if you know a foreign language you can communicate with its native speakers thus enabling you to make a lot more friends. Secondly, it will help y

38、ou to know about another culture and open your mind to new was of seeing things. Thirdly, it may offer you more chances to find a good job in a joint venture enterprise or an foreign-funded enterprise. So, knowing a foreign language is very important, we college students must work hard to master a f

39、oreign language.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack3. 时空顺序法(Time and Space Sequence)To describe a series of actions or a situation according to the time or space sequence 时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义。Chapter Two: Ba

40、sic Paragraph PatternsBack例如：Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my

41、 coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldnt ge

42、t into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者按时间顺序列举了他所做的8件错事，分别由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。 Chapter Tw

43、o: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 再看一例：In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene o

44、f the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表示空间位置的词汇，如： In the flat opposite, outside, lookout through the windo

45、w等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。 常用于时间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：first, at the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等可以表示时间先后的词汇。 常用于空间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：from here, inside, out of, in front of, behind, at the back of, next to, beside, on, over, above, under, beneath, beyond, on the right/left

46、-hand side, on the corner, on the opposite side of, between等可以表示空间位置的词汇。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHomework: My Dormitory is a Large, Spacious and Comfortable Room with Four Beds参考范文：My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds. As you walk into the room, you a

47、re faced with a large window on the southern side of the room. Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during our study. The four beds are located in the four corners of the room. Between the two beds on

48、 the east side of the room is a large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding. Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged books. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack4. 因果分析法(Cause and Effect)To analyze the causes of sth or the effects of sth 因果分析法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。我们可以先提出某

49、种现象，然后分析导致这种现象的原因，这就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先给出原因，然后再说明原因导致的结果，这就是一因多果（例2）。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在句首，即一果或一因放在开头。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 例 1: (1) Now theres a large gap between rich and poor in China. (2)The cause lies in three aspects. (3) First the gap is the result of the economic reform. (4) S

50、ome become millionaires by working hard and seizing the opportunities. (5) Meanwhile the slow development in agriculture and the closedown of many state-owned enterprises hinder the farmers and workers from greatly raising their living standards. (6) Second, the current distribution of income is not

51、 scientific enough, thus widening the income difference. (7) Third, while most make money honestly, there are some dishonest businessmen and government agents who have accumulated large fortunes through illegal ways. （一果多因） 此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（6）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二级扩展句。Chapter Two: Basic P

52、aragraph PatternsBack例 2：(1) Whenever we turn on TV, we will see advertisements. (2) Advertisements are one of the most frustrating parts of watching television. (3) In the first place, the advertisements waste time. (4) For instance, in order to see a 90-minute movie, we have to spend another 20 to

53、 30 more minutes watching advertisements. (5) In the second place, the advertisements interrupt the viewers. (6) For exle, the viewers may forget the plot of a show during the advertisements. (7) In the third place, they make people under constant economic pressure. (8) The ads make many products lo

54、ok more attractive than they really are. (9) They always make people spend more than they can afford. (10) Since ads could not disappear from TV screen, the television viewers must be aware and critical of the advertisements in order to endure them. （一因多果） 此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（5）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（6）

55、、（8）、（9）分别是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二级扩展句，（10）是结尾句。Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack 试分析上述段落的展开方式和因果关系。 因和果是相对而言的，有时一个原因导致的结果又会成为导致另一种结果的原因，从而形成一系列的因果关系。请看下例： As the price of everything increases, workers demand higher wages to keep up with rising costs. This can produces further increases in prices or

56、a decreased demand for manufactured goods, or both. Since production tries to keep pace with demand, decreased demand is followed by decreased production. This, in turn, can lead to layoffs (下岗) and unemployment, which further the demand for goods. Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack上面三段的展开模式为

57、： 模式1 CauseEffect 1Effect 2, Concluding Sentence模式2 EffectCause 1Cause 2, Concluding Sentence模式3 Cause1Effect1（Cause 2）Effect2 (Cause3)Effect3Concluding SentenceChapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack常用于因果分析法段落阐述原因的句型和词语有：The explanation is that There are several reasons why/ for The cause of is T

58、he reasons for are is the result of is caused by/ due to/ because of because, since, now that, because of , as a result of , on account of , for this reason, owing to, due to, for, as, thanks to, result fromChapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBack常用于因果分析法段落阐述结果的句型和词语有：The result/ effect/ consequenc

59、e of is will result in Therefore, As a result (of), Lead to, result in, contribute to, so that, thus, hence, consequently, so, accordingly, in view of Chapter Two: Basic Paragraph PatternsBackHomework: Smoking Results in a Series of Negative Effects参考范文：Smoking results in a series of negative effect

60、s. To begin with, it has been proved that poisonous nicotine contained in cigarettes can reduce your fitness. And what is worse, it can even cause lung cancer if you smoke constantly. That is why such warning as “smoking is harmful to your health” must be printed on the cover of the cigarette case i