外研社版高中英语必修三-Module-3-基础知识整理

1、单词派生：flood -flooding -floodedlighting -light-lit-lighted current -currently -currency rotating -rotateviolent-violently -violenceash-ashtraytidal-tidevolcano-volcanicerupt -eruptionterrifying -terrify -terrified luckily-luck-lucky-unlucky thankfully -thank -thanks-thankful hopefully -hopeful -hope-h

2、opeless-hopelessly sadly-sadfortunately -fortunate -fortune warning -warnworldwide -worldactive -act -actor-actressdamage-damagedpossibility -possible-impossible -impossibility experience-experiencedput outin all/ all in all/ after all/on average单词：.experience vt.经历，体验；感受到 n.经历经验 experienced adj.有经验

3、的；熟练的Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.（2012 ?辽宁阅读B）除了用这些更为常见的娱乐放松之外，宇航员 还可以尽情体验在太空中的生活。（经验）a teacher with much experience/ （经历） a very interesting experiencefrom/by experience凭经验；从经验中（得出）have experience in . 有的经验 /经

4、历be experienced in . 在方面有经验full of experiencein one s experienced某人的经验来看He has much experience in teaching.他有丰富的教学经验。Hes very experienced in looking after animals. 他照顾动物彳艮有经验。experience n .经验；经历 vt.经历；体验Have you ever experienced a flood ?（教材 P21）你曾经经历过洪灾吗？It is important to try and learn from experi

5、ence. 努力从经验中学习是重要的。He is an experienced and trustworthy guide. 他是一位有经验的、 可信赖的向导。.bury vt.掩埋，埋藏，用覆盖The cemetery where Coghlan was buried was destroyed by the hurricane and Coghlans coffin ended up in the sea.掩埋科格伦的公墓被飓风所摧毁，他的棺材最后被卷入了大海。bury sth.under/beneath 将埋在下面bury ones head/face in hands用手捂住某人的头

6、/脸bury oneself in = be buried in 埋头做Since she left, hes buried himself in his work.自从她走后，他全心地投入到工作中。The climbers were buried under a pile of rocks. 登山者被埋在一堆岩石下。表示“埋头于，全心致力于”的短语还有：(必修一第六模块讲到过)be absorbed in (2) concentrate on fix ones attention on occupy oneself in doing /with sth. = be occupied with

7、 devote oneself to = be devoted to.occur vi.发生；出现；（想法、念头等）想起，浮现=happenAlmost all of them occur in the US .它们几乎全部发生在美国The accident occurred yesterday morning.事故发生在昨天上午。sth. occurs to sb.（主意或想法突然）浮现在某人的脑海中；被某人想到 A good idea occurredto me.我突然想起了一个好主意。It occurs to sb. that ./to do .的念头浮现在某人脑海It occurred

8、 to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.他突然想至 U第二天早上他要参加一个重要的会议。It occurred to me to visit my teacher. 我想至U要去看看我的老师。表示“某人想到”还可以用下列句式：It strikes sb.that/Sth.strikes sb./Sth. comes to sb.辨析：occur/happen/take place/break out这四个词（组）都含有 发生”的意思，都是不及物动词，没有被动语态。occur既指突然发生也可指有

9、计划的发生，在以具体事物、事件作主语时，可与happen互换使用，表示在脑海中出现某种想法时用 occur,不能用happenohappen是表示 发生 的最普通的用词，常用于句型：what happened to sb./sth. ?某人/物发生了什么事？take place多指有计划、有组织的发生。break out指战争、灾难、疾病等突然发生。The meeting took place at 8 : 00 as planned.按计划会议在上午 8点举行。I happened to see him on the way to the bookstore yesterday.昨天我在去书

10、店的路上碰巧遇至 U了他。A terrible forest fire broke out in China a few years ago.几年前中国发生了一起可怕的森林火灾。4. strike vt.（雷电、暴风雨等）袭击；侵袭；击打；爆发；（钟）敲；给以印象；使突然想起n.罢工（1）sth.strikes sb.某人突然想到某事A good idea struck me. = I struck on a good idea.我突然想至 U个好主意。It strikes sb.that某人突然想到be struck by/on/with 被打动；迷恋I was deeply struck

11、by the beauty of Shangri-La.香格里拉的美景给我留下了深刻的印象。 strike sb. in/on + the +表示身体部位的词打某人某处The stone struck him in the eye.石子击中了他的眼睛。(2)be on strike在罢工go on strike举行罢工It struck me that he was on business in Shanghai. 我突然想至 U他正在上海出差。Within half an hour, all the drivers were out on strike. 半个小时内，所有的司机都出去罢工了。

12、The visitors were struck by the beauty of the country.游客们被乡村美景打动了。辨析：strike/beat/hitbeat指用棍棒等连续击打；它还表示在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方，还可指心脏或脉搏的跳动、两点）拍打着等；beat作名词时，表示“敲打，心脏的跳动，节拍”指对准某一目标“打” ，hit还可以引申为“攻击，抨击”，也指精神上或感情上的“打击”；hit表示自然灾hit害袭击时与strike可互换；hit作名词时，表不 一击中，轰动一时的人或物strike表示“击打二时，既可表示有意地4r ,也可表小尢意地 甘，撞”;还可表不“时钟敲

13、响，罢L 使突然想起，袭击，打动”；另外，它还是名词，表示“打击；空袭；攻击；罢工，罢市，罢课”Somebody was beating at the door.有人不停地敲门。The car ran out of control and struck a tree. 汽车失去控制, 撞在树上。She hit him on the head with a book.她用书打他的头。.damage n.损失；损害 v.损.失；损害Fires caused by the California Earthquake did the most damage.（教材 P29） 由加利福尼亚地震引起的大火

14、造成了最严重的破坏。Smoking can damage your health.抽烟会损害你的健康。do/cause damage to 对造成损害The accident did a lot of damage to the car.这一事故把汽车损坏得很厉害。Frost caused heavy damage to the crops.霜冻对农作物造成了 重大损害。辨析：harmhurtinjure物理上的伤害，但不影响wound物理上的伤害，枪伤，刀伤。ruin毁坏，彻底的毁坏。damage 损坏，destroy损坏，不可恢复的损坏。?4 ruin v.（使）破产；（使）堕落；毁灭n.

15、毁灭；废墟？in ruins成为废墟? go/fall/come to ruin毁灭；崩溃；破坏掉，易混辨析】？ruin, damage, destroy和harm?ruin 一般指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次性打击的结果，常指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏。?(2) damage 一般指对物体或生命的局部损伤，使整体的价值或作用降低或变得无价值、无作用。它既可作名词， 也可 作动词。作名词时常构成搭配： cause/dodamage (to)(对)造成损害。?(3) destroy往往指对某物体进行完全的毁坏，使之无法恢复。?(4) harm 一般指伤害有生命的东西

16、，常指伤及人的健康、权利、事业等。？ Whathe faced ruined his hope. ? 他所面对的使他的希望破灭了。？ The whole city was destroyedin the earthquake. ?整个城市在地震中被毁掉了。? We wanted to have a look at the ruinsof Pompeii. ? 我们想看一下庞贝城的废墟。 ？ They managed to repair the houses that had been damaged. ?他们设法修复了受到破坏的房子。课文：.end up 结果为,以结束(1)end (up)

17、in以告终，结果为 ended up in the seaend (up) with 以结束(指以某种方式结束)end up as 作为而结束end up doing sth.结果(2)come to an end结束put an end to 结束from beginning to end 从头至尾，自始至终on end 竖立；笔直地；连续地make (both) ends meet使收支相抵；量入为出She had always wanted to be a writer but ended up as a teacher. 她立志当作家，但结果当了教 师。At the dinner we

18、 usually begin with soup and end up with fruit.在宴会上， 通常开始的道菜是 汤，最后一道是水果。Every time they went dancing, they ended up in a bad mood.每次他们去跳舞，结果心情总是很糟糕。.cause n.原因；起因 vt.引起;导致Do you know anything about the events ? For example, what causes them?(教材 P21) 你知道有 关这些事件的事情吗？比方说，什么引起了它们？Smoking is one of the c

19、auses of heart disease.吸烟是引起心脏病的原因之一。 the cause of.的原因cause and effect 因果关系cause sb.sth.给某人引来某事cause sb.to do sth.引起某人干某事What caused her to change her mind?是什么使她改变了主意？The child caused his parents a lot of trouble./The child caused a lot of trouble to his parents.这个孩子给他的父母带来了很多麻烦。cause/reasonCause指造成

20、某种结果的原因，常说the cause of sth.Reason指产生某种行为的理由，常说the reason for sth.The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast.导致这次事故发生的原因是他开车太快。The reason why he was driving so fast was that he was afraid of being late for the meeting. 他开 车开得太快就是因为他怕开会迟到。.pick up卷起；拾起；拿起Tornadoes can pick up

21、cars , trains and even houses，and put them down in the next street oreven in the next town.（教材P23）龙卷风能把汽车、火车甚至房屋卷起，（然后）把它们抛在旁边的街上一一甚至在邻近的城镇。The sandstorms picked up many houses last night.昨晚的沙尘暴卷起了许多房屋。The world economy is picking up.世界经济正在复苏。Shall I pick you up at the station?要我开车到车站去接你吗？pick up还可表

22、示驾车去接（某人）；接收，收听（广播）；（经济等）好转；恢复（健康）；偶然得到（学到、发现）pick out挑选；分辨出；领会pick off 摘下pick out挑选出pick from 从.中挑选.take off去掉；脱掉；起飞；休假；迅速成功/走红They can take the fur off the back of a cat and the feathers off a chicken.（ 教材 P23） 它们也能将猫和鸡的毛脱掉。Take off your coat and sit down.脱掉外套，坐下吧。The plane takes off in five minut

23、es.飞机将在 5 分钟后起飞。He took two weeks off in August.他在八月份休两个星期假。take away 拿走，带走take in 收留，收养；欺骗；理解 I couldnt take in his story at all.我完全不能理解他的话。take on呈现出take over 接管； 接任（职位）The young politician took over the leadership of the party. 那位年轻 的政治家接掌了那个政党的领导位置。take one s timetake one s placetake seriously t

24、ake a deep breath.They can destroy houses, but leave the furniture inside exactly where it was.（ 教材 P23）它41 能毁掉房屋，却把里面的家具留在原处。句中 leave the furniture inside exactly where it was 是 “leave-宾语+宾语补足语 ”结构。leave 表示 使处于某种状态”。Leave the medicine where the children cant reach it. 把药放在孩子们够不至U的地方。leave的常见结构如下：le

25、ave +宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语/名词leave +宾语+现在分词（宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的主谓关系）leave +宾语+过去分词（宾语与宾补之间为逻辑上的动宾关系）leave +宾语+动词不定式leave +宾语+ where引导的地点状语从句Leave the door open and you will breathe fresh air. 让门开着你就会呼吸至U新鲜的空气。The news left me wondering what would happen next.这个消息使我想知道接着会发生什么事The bad weather left the project half

26、finished.坏天气使工程只完成了一半。They killed the bison , cut off the skins and left the bodies to rot.他们把野牛杀死剥皮，尸体就 任其腐烂。leave alongleave out遗漏/省去leave behind忘带/丢下/遗留leave for11.On average, there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year , causing about 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries.（教材P23）美国每年平土会发生 800次龙卷风，造成大约 80

27、人死亡，1,500人受伤。 on（an/the） average 平均It takes me two hours a day to play table tennis , on average.平均起来， 我每天花两小时时间打 乒乓球。above the average在平均水平以上below the average在平均水平以下 up to the averagewith an average of Toms work at school is above the average.汤姆在校的功课在一般水平之上。（2）本句中的causing about 80 deaths and 1,500

28、injuries是现在分词短语作状语，表示结果。The football team played in all the European countries , making it famous.那支足球队在所有的 欧洲国家踢球，使它自己出了名。现在分词和不定式都可以作结果状语，现在分词一般表示符合逻辑的、必然出现的结果， 而不定式常常表示出乎意料的、偶然出现的结果。His parents died , leaving him an orphan.他的父母死了，结果他成了一个孤儿。I hurried to his house , only to find him out.我急急忙忙地赶到他家，

29、结果却发现他不在家。12.By the time it ended , more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been injured.（ 教 材P23）到这次飓风结束时，共有700多人死亡，2,700多人受伤。本句中by the time作连词用，引导时间状语从句，意为 到为止；不迟于 ：主句则表示在此时间之前某个事件已完成。当从句用过去时时，主句通常用过去完成时。当从句用一般现在时时，主句通常用将来时或将来完成时。By the time this letter reaches you , I will have left th

30、e country.当你收到这封信时，我将已离开这个国家了。By the time she was 15 , she had written three long novels. 当 15 岁时,她已经写了三部长篇 小说。13.end up结果为；以结束The cemetery where Coghlan was buried was destroyed by the hurricane and Coghlans coffin ended up in the sea.（教材P23股葬科格伦的墓地被飓风破坏，他的棺材最后被卷进了大海。Our game always ends up in a qu

31、arrel.我们总是以吵闹结束比赛。end up as最终成为end up + adj./prep.-ph.最终处于 状态end up doing sth.最终表示伴随动作，强调结果）end up with 以告终He ended up as the head of the company.他最后成为这家公司的老板。If he carries on driving like that , hell end up dead.他如果继续照那样开车的话，早晚得死于非命。in the endcome to an endbring sth. to an end14.in all总计；总共In all,8

32、30,000 people lost their lives.（教材 P29）总共 83 万人丧生。How much do I owe you in all.我总计欠你多少钱？after all毕竟，归根结底above all尤其是，最重要的是first of all 首先all in all总的说来at all 一点也不（否定句）；到底，真的，竟然（肯定句和疑问句）We can forgive him , after all, he is a child.我们可以原谅他，他毕竟是个孩子。First of all, let me introduce myself to you. 首先，让我来介

33、绍自己。15.The California Earthquake of the 18th of April 1906 is the worst earthquake that has ever happened in the United States.（教材 P29）1906年4月18日发生在加利福尼亚的地震是美国历史上最严重的一次地震。本句中的 that has ever happened in the United States 是定语从句， 修饰先行词 earthquake o 般来说，当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用that,且定语从句常用完成时。

34、This is the most beautiful scenery that I have ever seen. 这是我所见过的最美的景色。当先行词是物时，可以用that或which引导定语从句，但是下列情况只用that而不用which 来引导定语从句：当先行词是不定代词all, much, little , few, anything , everything , none, nothing 等，或先行词被all, any, few, no, little等词修饰时。当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。 当先行词被 the only , the same,

35、the very , the last 等修饰时。当先行词中既有人又有物时。 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。of all time/at one time/at the same time/ahead of time/at no time/at times/at a time/from timeto time/in no time/in time/have a hard time doing sth.the+形容词表示一类事物the rich/poor/old/young/Chinese/wounded/living/true/goodput aside/off/away/o

36、ut/up/up with/on/inwarn sb. of sth.warn sb. not to do sth. warn. sb. against doing sth.语法整理：过去完成时的被动语态一、构成had+ been + 过去分词二、用法.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是过去的过去”；这一过去时间可用 by, at, before等构成的短语或 when , after, until等引导的从 句或通过上下文来表示。The project had been completed by the end of 2012.这项工程已于 2012 年底竣

37、工。The classroom had been cleaned before we came. 我们来之前， 教室已被打扫干净。.表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，该动作可能还要延续 下去；常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。The sale had been advertised for several weeks.这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。Much work had been done since she arrived here.自她抵达这里后做了 许多工作。.用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常放在像said, told, t

38、hought , wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。My classmate told me that he had been punished by his teacher.我同学告诉我他已经受至 U了老师的惩罚。We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash.我们都以为他在飞机失事中丧生了。直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫做间接引语。直接引语如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面做相应变化。一、句型变化.陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语

39、时，用连词 that引导(that在口语中常省略)。“I will never forget this interesting lesson , “ said Pau我永远不会忘记这有趣的课，”保罗说。fPaul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.保罗说他永远不会忘 t己刃 B有趣的一课。.疑问句直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)，句末用句号，主语的人称、时态和状语也要作相应的变化。(1)一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或i

40、f引导。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾 语(me , him 或 us 等)。He said, “ Can you speak French ”fHe asked me if/whether I could speak French.He said, “ Did you see me last night ”fHe asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.(2)特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引 导。“Where do you usuall

41、y have lunch? ” he asked me.fHe asked me where I usually had lunch.祈使句转述祈使句，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并根据句子意思在不定式的前面加上 tell, ask, order等动词，其句型是：tell/ask/order sb.to do sth.,如果祈使句 为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。“Make sure the door is shut she said to her little son. 一定要关上门，“她对她的小儿 子说。- She told her little son to make sure the door was shut. 她对她的小儿子说一定要关上门。D Dont smoke in the room, he said to me不要在房间里吸烟。“他对我说。- He told me not to smoke in the room. 他对我说不要在房间里吸烟。二、时态变化将直接引语变为间接引语时，动词的时态要做相应的变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时过去