有关电子商务与贸易实务(英文版)(ppt-60页)课件

1、EC AND BUSINESS OPERATION电子商务与贸易实务请用5分钟书面回答以下问题，答完后请在课后交过来：企业名称，规模，行业，产品姓名，职位，学历，就业时间你家里有没有计算机，能不能上网，对你的计算机应用能力进行评价。你所在单位计算机有多少台，有无网络，能不能上网，有没有网站，有没有信箱，利用率如何。你，以及单位，在与其他机构，如政府部门之间的文件交换是什么形式？政府部门有没有要求这你或单位提供电子文档？单位有没有计算机管理系统？如ERP，如有，利用水平如何。单位有没有集成制造系统，如有，利用率如何？WHAT IS EC什么是电子商务Definitions and Content

2、 of FieldElectronic Commerce (EC) is where business transactions take place via telecommunications networks, especially the Internet.Electronic commerce describes the buying and selling of products, services, and information via computer networks including the Internet.The infrastructure for EC is a

3、 networked computing environment in business, home, and government.E-Business describes the broadest definition of EC. It includes customer service and intrabusiness tasks. It is frequently used interchangeably with EC. Pure Vs. Partial Electronic CommerceThree dimensionsthe product (service) sold p

4、hysical / digital;the process physical / digital the delivery agent (or intermediary) physical / digitalTraditional commerceall dimensions are physicalPure ECall dimensions are digitalPartial ECall other possibilities include a mix of digital and physical dimensionsPhysical agentDigital agentDigital

5、 ProductPhysical ProductPhysical processDigital processVirtual processVirtual delivery agentVirtual productElectronic commerce areasThe core of electronic commerceThe Dimensions of Electronic CommerceTraditional commerceA market is a network of interactions and relationships where information, produ

6、cts, services, and payments are exchanged.The market handles all the necessary transactions.An electronic market is a place where shoppers and sellers meet electronically.In electronic markets, sellers and buyers negotiate, submit bids, agree on an order, and finish the execution on- or off-line.Ele

7、ctronic MarketsAn interorganizational information system (IOS) involves information flow among two or more organizations.Its major objective is efficient routine transaction processing, such as transmitting orders, bills, and payments using EDI or extranets.Scope: An IOS is a unified system encompas

8、sing two or several business partners.A typical IOS includes a company and its suppliers and and/or customers.Interorganization Information SystemsBusiness-to-businessBusiness-to-customerIntra business transactionsOthersClassification of Electronic CommerceClassification of EC by the Nature of the T

9、ransactionsAPPLICATION OF EC IN DIFFERENT FIELD电子商务在不同领域中的应用RetailingElectronic MarketingDirect marketingCustomizationOnline customer serviceElectronic shopping malls:Intermediaries (e.g. Internet Mall)Stores (e.g. Amazon, J.C.Penney Online)Electronic intermediariesGlobal marketingCustomers can orde

10、r from cyberstores 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from any place in the world11Shopper/PurchaserSeller/SupplierElectronic Market(Transaction Hander)Electronic commercenetwork(Infrastructure)Product/service information requestPurchase requestPayment or payment advicePurchase fulfillment requestPurchas

11、e change requestResponse to fulfillment requestShipping noticePayment approvalElectronic transfer of fundsElectronic transfer of fundsShopper/Purchasers BankPayment remittance noticeElectronic transfer of fundsTransaction Handlers Bank(Automated Clearing House)Seller/Suppliers BankElectronic Markets

12、 Prentice Hall, 2000Response to information requestPurchase acknowledgmentShipping noticePurchase/service delivery (if online)Payment acknowledgmentActive Electronic IntermediariesPure electronic mallCompanys retailing business exists only on the InternetElectronic distributorstake full responsibili

13、ty of fulfilling orders and collecting paymentsElectronic brokersassist the search process of finding the appropriate products and their vendorsPartial electronic mallElectronic mall as one of existing distribution channelsAiding Comparison ShoppingSearch hypertext files by agentsSearch in a web-bas

14、ed database both by human and software agents within an e-mallComparable item retrieval and tabular comparisonComparisons over multiple mallsComparisons as a multiple criteria decision makingInternet Consumers and Market ResearchThe Importance of CustomersCompetition“fighting” on customersto succeed

15、 : control the 3Cs Customerscustomers becomes a King/Queento succeed : finding and retaining customers ChangeEC is a new distribution channelto succeed : convince customers to go online and then to choose your company over the online competitorsThe major pressures are labeled the 3CsOne-to-One Marke

16、tingRelationship marketing “Overt attempt of exchange partners to build a long term association, characterized by purposeful cooperation and mutual dependence on the development of social, as well as structural, bonds”“Treat different customers differently”Able to change the manner its products are

17、configured or its service is delivered, based on the individual needs of individual customersConsumer Demographics (1998)Variables Influencing Decision Making ProcessAge (mostly 21-30 year-old)Marital status (41% married & 39% single)Educational level (81% with at least some college education & 50%

18、obtained at least baccalaureate degree)Ethnicity (87% white in America)Occupation (26% educational-related field, 22% computers & 22% other professionals) Prentice Hall, 20008Answering customer inquiresProviding technical and other informationLetting customers track accounts or order statusAllowing

19、customers to customize and order online Prentice Hall, 200021Types of Customer Service FunctionsTools of Customer ServicePersonalized Web Pagesused to record purchases and preferencedirect customized information to customers efficientlyChat Roomdiscuss issues with company experts; with other custome

20、rs E-mailused to disseminate information, send product information and conduct correspondence regarding any topic, but mostly inquiries from customersFAQsnot customized, no personalized feeling and contribution to relationship marketingUsing online technology to conduct surveysMore efficient, faster

21、, and cheaper data collection, and a more geographically diverse audience than those found in off-line surveysAbility to incorporate radio buttons, data-entry fields and check boxes in the surveysEliminating the data reentry errors (from questionnaires to the computer, for analysis)Not suitable for

22、every customer or product it is skewed toward highly educated males with high disposal incomeOnline Market ResearchOnline Market Research MethodPost strategic queries to news groupsPost surveys on your Web siteOffer rewards for participationPost strategic queries on your Web sitePost relevant conten

23、t to groups with a pointer to your Web site surveyPost a detailed survey in special e-mail questionnairesCreate a chat room and try to build a community of consumersAdvertisement in Electronic CommerceWhy Internet Advertisement?Three-quarters of PC users gave up some television timeInternet users ar

24、e well educated with high-income, which makes them a desired target for advertisersAds can be updated any time with a minimal cost; therefore they are timely and very accurateAdvertising MethodsBannersBanner Swapping Banner ExchangesPaid Advertising and Ad AgenciesSplash ScreenURL (Universal Resourc

25、e Locators)E-mailChat RoomsBBSEC in Service IndustriesTravel and Tourism ServicesBy the year 2000, close to 25 percent of all business-to customer Internet commerce will be related to tourismThe Internet is an ideal place to plan, explore, and arrange almost any tripIBMs vision of seamless electroni

26、c travel using smart cardsThe Employment Placement MarketEmployers are looking for employees with specific skills, and individuals are looking for a jobVery volatile marketMoved to the InternetMillions of job seekers, hundred of thousands of jobsReal Estate: From Virtual Realtors to Virtual RealityY

27、ou can view many properties on the screenYou can sort and organize propertiesYou can find detailed information about the propertiesYou can search, compare and apply for loansTrading Stocks OnlineCosts between $7 and $20 per transaction (Vs. $30 - $100 in traditional brokerage)No waiting on busy tele

28、phone linesNo oral communication, less chance for errorsPlace orders from anywhere, any time, day or nightNo biased broker to push youConsiderable amount of free informationImplementation Issues in Banking and Online TradingCyberbanking and Personal Finance Encrypted SSL Session & Digital Certificat

29、e Verification InitiatedExternal FirewallB of AWeb ServerInternal FirewallB of A Application ServerBank of America Security SystemLogon ScreenUser IDUser PasswordB of AWeb SiteCustomersComputerSecuring Financial TransactionsApplication Case: Security at NationsBankBilling OnlineConsumerBill Consolid

30、atorBillersPhoneCredit CardUtilitySuch payments can be made into any bank account. Many people pay their monthly rent and other bills directly into the payees bank accounts. Electronic Credit Card Systemon the InternetThe PlayersCardholderMerchant (seller)Issuer (your bank)Acquirer (merchants financ

31、ial institution, acquires the sales slips)Brand (VISA, Master Card)Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)on the InternetAn Architecture of Electronic Fund Transfer on the InternetInternetPayerCyber BankBankCyber BankPayeeAutomatedClearinghouseVANBankVANPaymentGatewayPaymentGatewayOTHER E-PAYMENTSmart CardsE

32、lectronic Cash and MicropaymentsElectronic Check SystemsAuctions: From Theory to PracticeEarly auctioning done on local area networksthe auctioning of pigs in Taiwan and Singaporethe auctioning of flowers in Hollandthe auctioning of cars in Japan Auctions on the Internet started in 1995similar to of

33、fline auctions, except for the fact that they are done on a computersome last days, others a short timedetailed information is availablestart bidding by sending e-mail or filling out an electronic formnames of bidders are kept coded to maintain privacyBenefits and LimitationsBenefits For sellerSells

34、 goods efficientlySells goods with little action or effortCreates a greater range of potential buyersSells excess inventories quickly via this processFor buyersGets a huge variety of goodsFinds quality goods for largely discounted pricesLimitationsInability to physically see the itemsPossibility of

35、fraudLess competitive atmosphere may prevail on the NetOnline PublishingThe electronic delivery of newspapers, magazines, news, and other information through the InternetOnline Publishing Today and TomorrowToday mainly used for disseminating information and for conducting sales transactions interact

36、ivelyTomorrow include more customized material that the reader will receive free, or will pay forVirtual Teaching and UniversitiesKnowledge DisseminationMany universities are offering limited courses and degrees but use innovative teaching methods and multimedia supportMBA program in Hong Konglectur

37、es are delivered as an interactive TV (iTV)students can decide what and when they want to attend the lecturelecture, support material, exercises etc. are provided on the WebERP AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT企业资源计划与工商管理Business-to-Business Electronic CommerceMajor ConceptsOrder fulfillment: Deliver right or

38、der on timeFront office operations: Order taking, advertisement, CRMBack office operations: Accounting, finance, inventor, packaging, logisticsLogistics: Managing the flow of goods, information and money along the supply chainSupply ChainDefinitionAll activities associated with the flow and transfor

39、mation of goods from raw materials to end users2nd TierSupplierUpstreamInternalDownstream2nd TierSupplier2nd TierSupplier1st TierSupplier1st TierSupplierAssembly/Manufacturing andPackagingDistributionCentersRetailersCustomersGrainProducerProcessingFacilityPackagingDistributorStoreCustomersCorrugateM

40、anufacturerLumberCompanyLabelManufacturerGrainCerealPackaged CerealLabelsWordPaperboardThe bullwhip effectSlight changes in actual demand create problemsPartners build “just in case” inventoriesLack of trust among partnersStockpilling result in huge costThe manufacturers can not plan productionCanno

41、t order material from suppliersSupply Chain ManagementDefinition: Flow of material, information, money, etc. from raw material suppliers through factories to customersIt includes: organizations, procedures, peopleSCM: Integration of the business processes along the chain, Planning, Organizing, contr

42、ol of many activitiesActivities: Purchasing, delivery, packaging, checking, warehousing, etc.IT as problem solverEvolution of Software IntegrationCompletely Independent of each otherMRP= Material Requirements Planning:Inventory, productionMRPII=Manufacturing Requirements Planningmore integrated, MRP

43、+Finance+laborERP=Enterprise Resources PlanningAll functional areasExtended ERP=Include suppliers, customersFrom SAP to mySAP.comSAP=Traditional ERP=Automate and Integrate transactionsMySAP.com = web based comprehensive systemWorkplace - a personalized, role-based interfaceMarketplace - one stop des

44、tination for business professional to collaborateBusiness Scenarios - products for the Internet and intranetApplication-hosing - hosting Web applications for SMEs Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)ERP = Integrating business processes and activities in real timeSolves many supply chain problemsNecess

45、ary for medium to large corporationsHelpful also for some SMEsNeed to interface with EC order taking systemManages all routine transactions in the Enterprise Recently extended to suppliers and customersPost ERP (2nd Generation)1st generation - transaction processing orientation2nd generation includi

46、ng decision making capabilitiesEC requires decision supportEC requires business intelligenceSCM software: Production Planning, Manpower utilization, Profitability models, market analysis. Integration of SCM capabilitiesOther added functionalities: CRM, KMASPLeasing information systems applicationBac

47、k to the days of “time sharing”A risk prevention strategyVery popular with ERP (expensive, cumbersome)INFRASTRUCTURE OF EC电子商务的基础A global networked environment is known as the InternetA counterpart within organizations, is called an intranetAn extranet extends intranets so that they can be accessed

48、by business partners.INTERNET，INTRANET， EXTRANETPublic/ExternalInternet UsersIntranetClientsServersERPLegacy systemsE-mail serversWeb serversDatabasesFirewalls54The Intranet Tunneling InternetExtranetIntranetFirewallIntranetFirewall55The ExtranetSuppliersVPNDistributorsVPNCustomersVPN Prentice Hall,

49、 2000EnterpriseConsumersSuppliersClientsBusiness PartnersDistributorsVPNInternetIntranetExtranetIntranetIntranetIntranetIntranetVPNVPNVPNVPNRemoteEmployeesBasic Concept of Extranets Revisited Prentice Hall, 2000Elements of ExtranetsComponents of ExtranetsIntranetsWeb serverFirewallsInternet Service

50、Provider (ISP)Tunneling technologyInterface softwareBusiness applicationMethods to Configure ExtranetsThey can be implemented using a direct leased line with full control over it, linking all intranetsA secure link can be created across the Internet, which can be used by the corporation as a virtual

51、ly private network (VPN)58Summary : Internet, Intranet, and ExtranetNetwork Typical Type of Type Users Access Information InternetAny individual with dial-up access or LANUnlimited, public; no restrictionsGeneral, public and advertisementIntranetAuthorized employees ONLYPrivate and restrictedSpecifi

52、c, corporate and proprietaryExtranetAuthorized groups from collaborating companiesPrivate and outside authorized partnersShared in authorized collaborating group Prentice Hall, 2000TO BE A INTERNET BUSINESSMAN充分利用互联网做一个现代商人（第14讲）考场作文开拓文路能力分解层次(网友来稿)江苏省镇江中学 陈乃香说明：本系列稿共24讲，20XX年1月6日开始在资源上连载【要义解说】文章主旨确

53、立以后，就应该恰当地分解层次，使几个层次构成一个有机的整体，形成一篇完整的文章。如何分解层次主要取决于表现主旨的需要。【策略解读】一般说来，记人叙事的文章常按时间顺序分解层次，写景状物的文章常按时间顺序、空间顺序分解层次；说明文根据说明对象的特点，可按时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑顺序分解层次；议论文主要根据“提出问题分析问题解决问题”顺序来分解层次。当然，分解层次不是一层不变的固定模式，而应该富于变化。文章的层次，也常常有些外在的形式：1小标题式。即围绕话题把一篇文章划分为几个相对独立的部分，再给它们加上一个简洁、恰当的小标题。如世界改变了模样四个小标题：寿命变“长”了、世界变“小”了、劳动变“轻

54、”了、文明变“绿”了。 2序号式。序号式作文与小标题作文有相同的特点。序号可以是“一、二、三”，可以是“A、B、C”，也可以是“甲、乙、丙”从全文看，序号式干净、明快；但从题目上看，却看不出文章内容，只是标明了层次与部分。有时序号式作文，也适用于叙述性文章，为故事情节的展开，提供了明晰的层次。 3总分式。如高考佳作人生也是一张答卷。开头：“人生就是一张答卷。它上面有选择题、填空题、判断题和问答题，但它又不同于一般的答卷。一般的答卷用手来书写，人生的答卷却要用行动来书写。”主体部分每段首句分别为：选择题是对人生进行正确的取舍，填空题是充实自己的人生，判断题是表明自己的人生态度，问答题是考验自己解

55、决问题的能力。这份“试卷”设计得合理而且实在，每个人的人生都是不同的，这就意味着这份人生试卷的“答案是丰富多彩的”。分解层次，应追求作文美学的三个价值取向：一要匀称美。什么材料在前，什么材料在后，要合理安排；什么材料详写，什么材料略写，要通盘考虑。自然段是构成文章的基本单位，恰当划分自然段，自然就成为分解层次的基本要求。该分段处就分段，不要老是开头、正文、结尾“三段式”，这种老套的层次显得呆板。二要波澜美。文章内容应该有张有弛，有起有伏，如波如澜。只有这样才能使文章起伏错落，一波三折，吸引读者。三要圆合美。文章的开头与结尾要遥相照应，把开头描写的事物或提出的问题，在结尾处用各种方式加以深化或回

56、答，给人首尾圆合的感觉。【例文解剖】 话题：忙忙，不亦乐乎 忙，是人生中一个个步骤，每个人所忙的事务不同，但是不能是碌碌无为地白忙，要忙就忙得精彩，忙得不亦乐乎。 忙是问号。忙看似简单，但其中却大有学问。忙是人生中不可缺少的一部分，但是怎么才能忙出精彩，忙得不亦乐乎，却并不简单。人生如同一张地图，我们一直在自己的地图上行走，时不时我们眼前就出现一个十字路口，我们该向哪儿，面对那纵轴横轴相交的十字路口，我们该怎样选择?不急，静下心来分析一下，选择适合自己的坐标轴才是最重要的。忙就是如此，选择自己该忙的才能忙得有意义。忙是问号，这个问号一直提醒我们要忙得有意义，忙得不亦乐乎。 忙是省略号。四季在有

57、规律地进行着冷暖交替，大自然就一直按照这样的规律不停地忙，人们亦如此。为自己找一个目标，为目标而不停地忙，让这种忙一直忙下去。当目标已达成，那么再找一个目标，继续这样忙，就像省略号一样，毫无休止地忙下去，翻开历史的长卷，我们看到牛顿在忙着他的实验；爱迪生在忙着思考；徐霞客在忙着记载游玩；李时珍在忙着编写本草纲目。再看那位以笔为刀枪的充满着朝气与力量的文学泰斗鲁迅，他正忙着用他独有的刀和枪在不停地奋斗。忙是省略号，确定了一个目标那么就一直忙下去吧!这样的忙一定会忙出生命灵动的色彩。 忙是惊叹号。世界上的人都在忙着自己的事，大自然亦如此，小蜜蜂在忙，以蜂蜜为回报。那么人呢?居里夫人的忙，以放射性元

58、素的发现而得到了圆满的休止符；爱因斯坦在忙，以相对论的问世而画上了惊叹号；李白的忙，以那豪放的诗歌而有了很大的成功；张衡的忙，因为那地动仪的问世而让世人仰慕。每个人都应该有效率的忙，而不是整天碌碌无为地白忙。人生是有限的、短暂的，因此，每个人都应该在有限的生命里忙出属于他的惊叹号；都应在有限的生命里忙出他的人生精彩篇章。 忙是万物、世界、人生中都不可缺少的一部分。作为这世上最高级动物的我们，我们在忙什么呢?我们要忙得有意义，有价值，我们要忙出属于我们的精彩。我们的忙不能永远是问号，而应是省略号和感叹号。忙就要忙得精彩，忙得不亦乐乎。 解剖：本文将生活中的一句口头禅“忙得不亦乐乎”机智翻新，拟作

59、标题，亮出一道美丽的风景。并据此展开述说，让人神清气爽。文章开篇扣题，亮出观点：忙，是人生中一个个步骤，不能碌碌无为地白忙，要忙就忙得精彩，忙得不亦乐乎。然后，作者分别用问号、省略号、惊叹号巧妙设喻，抓住这三种标点符号的特征，摆实事，讲道理，入情入理，入理入心。深刻地阐明人生忙，忙要像问号一样，经常问问自己，不能盲目，不能瞎忙，要忙得有意义；人生如四季一样是有规律的，要选准目标，像省略号一样，毫无休止地忙下去，忙出生命灵动的色彩；而人生有限，每个人都应有限的生命里忙出属于他的惊叹号，忙出人生精彩的篇章。结尾，作者用一个段落总结全文，照应开头，照应题目，有力收束。【精题解析】阅读下面的材料，根据

60、要求作文。在一处地势十分险恶的峡谷，谷底奔腾着咆哮的急流，峡谷间有一座索桥，几根光秃秃、晃悠悠的铁索横在峡谷间，它是通过这个地方的唯一路径，这里经常有人因为失足而跌入深谷。有一天，有三个人来到了这里。一个聋子，一个瞎子，还有一个健康的人。聋子看看这座桥，很害怕，但是他听不到急流的声音，他用眼睛看着脚下步伐，很顺利地过去了。瞎子不知峡谷的险恶，他心平气和，十分稳妥地通过了。第三个人是健康人，一直犹豫不敢走这索桥，可是又没有其他路可走。于是，他十分紧张地硬着头皮走上索桥，到了桥中央，他看到脚下万丈深渊，云雾升腾，听到谷底急流咆哮，早已两腿颤颤，面如土色，一不小心跌下桥去。请就“不要把困难看得太明白