助动词的基本用法 (2)

1、助动词的基本用法2010年1月19日助动词的基本功用1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词，被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2）助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：a. 表示时态，例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。b. 表示语态，例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句，例如： Do you like coll

2、ege life？ 你喜欢大学生活吗？ Did you study English before you came here？ 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如： I dont like him.我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气，例如： Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that.他的确知道那件事。2）最常用的助动词有：be，have，do，shall，will，should，would助动词be的用法(1)be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：They are hav

3、ing a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。(2)be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：The window was broken by Tom. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。3）be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去纽约。We are to teach the fresh per

4、sons.我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。b. 表示命令，例如：You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见，例如：How am I to answer him？我该怎样答复他？Who is to go there？谁该去那儿呢？d. 表示相约、商定，例如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法1

5、）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如： He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month，they had finished half of their work.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have + been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：English has been taught in China for many ye

6、ars.中国教英语已经多年。来源：助动词do的用法1）构成一般疑问句，例如：Do you want to pass the English exam？你想通过这次英语测试吗？Did you study German？你们学过德语吗？2）do + not 构成否定句，例如：I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。He doesnt like to study.他不想学习。In the past，many students did not know the importance of English.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句，例如：D

7、ont go there.不要去那里。Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does.4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。I did go there.我确实去那儿了。I do miss you.我确实想你。来源：5）用于倒装句，例如：Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the i

8、mportance of English.只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never，seldom，rarely，little，only，so，well等。6）用作代动词，例如：Do you like Beijing？你喜欢北京吗？Yes，I do. 是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）He knows how to drive a car，doesnt he？他知道如何开车，对吧？助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：I shall study harder a

9、t English.我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较：He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）助动词should，would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例

10、如：I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。比较：“What shall I do next week？”I asked.“我下周干什么？”我问道。（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should.）2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如： He said he would come.他说他要来。比较：“I will go，” he said. 他说：“我要去那儿。” 变成间接引语，就成了：He said he w

11、ould come.原来的will变成would，go变成了come.【 】1. If it is fine tomorrow, we _ a football match. A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has【 】2. When he was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D would rise【 】3. In the past 30 years China _ great adv

12、ances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made【 】4. I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work. A . dont, had B. didnt, have C. didnt, had D. dont, haveBDAC【 】5. _ you think he _ back by dinner time? A . Do, have come B. Did, will have

13、 come C. Does, will come D. Do, will have come【 】6. He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for the bus. A. was runing B. was running C. were running D. is running【 】7.“ _ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel. A. Should B. Can C. Might D. MayDBB【 】8. There are nine o

14、f them, so _ get into the car at the same time. A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they cant all D. all they cant【 】9. he was a good runner so he _ escape from the police. A. might B. succeeded to C. would D. was able toCB【 】10. I hoped _ my letter. A. her to answer B. that she would answ

15、er C. that she answers D. her answering【 】11. He _ live in the country than in the city. A. prefers B. likes to C. had better D. would rather【 】12. _ to see a film with us today? A. Did you like B. Would you like C. Will you like D. Have you likedBDB【 】13. No one _ that to his face. A. dares say B. dares saying C. dare say D. dare to say【 】14. The students in the classroom _ not to make so much noise. A. need B. ought C. must D. dare【 】15.“ Tom graduated from college at a very young age.” “ He _ have been an outstanding student.”