全站仪在公路导线和中线测量中的应用 中英文

1、Abstract: The total station in the highway center line conductors and the application of measurementtechniques, the Total Station use matters needingattention.Key words: Total Station Road measuring techniquesTotal station in the wire measurementTotal Station Coordinate the advantages of Total Stati

2、on can be used directly with the measuring point coordinate method, rather than polar coordinates law required, so that heavy equipment operators from the calculation of the data out. Outside the industry are now virtually no records, only a simple mind and the next point with the point of the relat

3、ionship between the finishing industry for the reference period, but also do not have staff with a record of the calculation. Finishing in a time when the industry as long as the data transmission from the total station to PC2E500 calculator, or directly to the data input to a computer, after coordi

4、nate adjustment, on the computer using Auto CAD drawing software such as points, cut-off point, and calculated the angle value of each curve, the distance between the point of intersection as well as the coordinates of each pile and so.Note and the application of state-controlled three-dimensional c

5、oordinates of points Coordinates method used before, as far as possible the country to find control points and control points of these three-dimensional coordinates, and these control points through the join test, not only can test their measurement accuracy, and error-yun Xu scope can be carried ou

6、t through the adjustment of these coordinates, so that a higher measurement accuracy.Point set should take into account the need to take the middle lane In the set point, not only should be wire line control points, that is, to point the center line should also prepare for the release, depending on

7、the route pass conditions, 5 and higher terrain can be laid at a number of aircraft equipment, the benefits of doing so is to take the middle lane when there is a greater choice and do not have equipment for an additional two points to allow devices to stop several times.1. 4 Apparatus after the ope

8、ration and staffing, as the role of staff Total Station with the road generally traversing a total of 5 6 people, depending on the location of the previous 3 to 4 people, equipment operator 1, the latter depending on a person. After the total station as the staff can record more points, the center l

9、ine of the latter line of measurement and design can play a very large role. Works through the following specific examples to illustrate the importance of after, as the staff. Henan Provincial Highway 23 in Nan yang City Line to Bangladesh floor habitats Deng zhou secondary roads traversing alterati

10、on works, because it is the old GM, the measurement principle is to meet the regulatory requirements under the premise ofusing the old as much as possible. Easy to control the general line segment, and the Department in order to bend as much as possible along the old road on the bend radius must be

11、a very suitable choice. We measured the key is: the people, as after the after, after, as, to turn the corner along the old release 5 6 bend radius control point, so Total Station to record the coordinates of points, so within the industry to deal with wires, the Department of these bend lines such

12、as the use of design software in Haiti through the debug radius curves make as much as possible through these points. If both sides of a longer and a lot of flat curves Housing Department, later, as in the old curve measured 12 points to control the curve, including the industry deal with the positi

13、on found in the complex curve is the best option to avoid the set caused by the demolition of a multi-radius curves and linear non-ideal errors.1.5 Wires should be noted that the issue of measurement Total Station with the wire used to fight some of the areas in need of special attention, otherwise

14、large errors may arise even lead to rework. 1) When the latter, as we must pay attention to people after the legislation, as ) the latter point of view and coordinate with the importation of equipment and take the points Consistent standard, it is best to use walkie-talkie communications with each o

15、ther 6 like dots with a prism depending on the exhausted, the used equipment after the release point of view to see whether the same location, so that error probability can be reduced to a minimum. Henan Provincial Highway 48 in line Xixia throughout the wire measurement, as first-time coordinates,

16、apparatus, aircraft operators will view the site and post the coordinates of the anti-lost, resulting in Show map on your computer when the road at this location found that the 180 fold kok returned to make the work day has become work with no avail 2) Where possible, after the point of view from th

17、e plane farther from the site ) as possible, under normal circumstances, after the two sites and between the point of view Put up a station should not be less than the distance to the distance between the measuring point, so to ensure accuracy. 3) In the measurement of coordinates do not bring down

18、the mirror, because ) the whole point Miriam core essence of the coordinates of law or by thedeclination, the distance obtained internal calculation by the total station data processing modules are converted into coordinates, so bring down the mirror coordinate system is equivalent to rotating the w

19、hole 180 , that is to say less biased angle of 180 , the result of course is wrong. 4) Total height measurement has its limitations, the measurement error of the main elevation of the observation error for the vertical angle, ranging error, apparatus, high With high measurement error of the prism, w

20、hich is three kinds of errors in vertical angle observation the impact of the error the most, only to take appropriate measures to improve the accuracy of observation, such as the use of spy license allowed the goal to replace the prism as the appropriate measure to increase the number of short-dist

21、ance transmission of elevation,carefully check the amount of high equipment and higher prism. Under normal circumstances, traversing the measuring point in the elevation values for reference only, and can not be used as the standard of measurement.Total Station in the center line Measurement2.1put u

22、p a station in the location of choice 7 As far as possible to select those higher, depending on the conditions of a good pass, you can see more points in the online position. We have just started using Total Station, when not paid much attention to this point, the results tend to move off station Mo

23、re, not only affect the progress, but also accuracy. Especially in mountainous areas, such as on top of a mountain we can see a few kilometers around the location in the pile, and along both sides of the road often requires several stations put uo a station can only be deposited end of this set up t

24、he center line. Another example is the middle of the mountains edge streamlet actinomycete line, as the horizontal alignment is often not ideal, many hills to block line of sight, always need to stop several times to move, if we choose to route the other side of the river the mountain, The ground fl

25、oor or the roof of the residents do, such as the location for put up a station can be highly effective.points fewer processing Total Station, as the barrier encountered by the laying of the center line, in the case of small points should be taken from the machines can see the most recent release Poi

26、nts (generally not in the line of points) for the reference approach. Routes in the mountains and the obstacles were more buildings, and sometimes moving equipment will take a 12 point move is often no longer the other stations, But with the mobile reference point and reference point for measuring a

27、 combination of methods, each has made to save time, effort, and the results meet the accuracy requirements.Total Measurement Application of functional skills Although the level of total station measurements cumbersome procedures, and accuracy is not high, but sometimes the function of height can be

28、 measured effectively. As in Mountain edge streamlet line measurement of change, some routes in several midline point on the mountain, if measured by leveling to the elevation of these points, based on past experience, Level turn to the hilltop after two previous instruments Easily lead to error is

29、too large, resulting in closure between the standard points. Our approach is: in the mountains at the foot of the election of a fixed reference point for comparison, With total station read out the points of Z-axis height, and then release with Total Station in the midline point of these hills, when

30、 they point the way to measure the Z-axis height can be calculated in relation to these points, the reference point the foot of the hill .The 8 elevation, so that measured by leveling the height of the reference point, coupled with the height difference between them, they will have the hills on the

31、center line of the elevation points. This the benefit is: does not affect the measurement accuracy has been the high point of the mountain at the same time, the way to avoid leveling easily lead to the standard of the hill between the occurrence of non-closure.Total Station with other measurement me

32、thods used in conjunction Measuring Total Station can be centerline to improve the measurement speed, but because of its own measurement of the use of the mechanism of making it have some limitations, such as the barrier, when, as often required when moving points, in particular Measurement in the p

33、lains, as station equipment to move a lot of time to delay, the impact of the measurements. In fact, the process of laying the center line does not necessarily have to rely too much on total station, in conjunction with the previous tape under a flower, wear bar Law. We micro-hill in the plains area

34、s, especially in areas with more line segments, the method of measuring the center line is: only used to take control of Total Station Point, that is, line segments, one for every 300 m center line, the curve point above the center line of the release by the Total Station, straight from the points A

35、, B 2 personal expertise lay in front of the middle group, after the laying of A continue to the front 300 m down a center line pointB to stay under to take a flower behind the center line group when the Front View, from the center line group using binoculars, measuring tape, flower clubs, walkie-ta

36、lkies and other tools to wear bar, which line group to the The full Miriam released the centerline station point for review by 2:00 after passing in front of 300 m A Department Total points also to the well, B to A, as the Department before the legislature, A continues to move forward, it can be the

37、 middle of Total Station through the walkie-talkie Midline group to review their use of under law to wear the point release. Another very important point is: Total removal of the time points chosen the best straight Segment on the benefits of such a group is not waiting for equipment to move the cen

38、ter line and lay-off points. We use this method in 23 provincial line Nanyang City of Henan Dengzhou Habitat Bangladesh floor to paragraph (plain micro Hill area) the conversion of secondary roads Measurement of the center line, hit a 9 one-day speed of the laying of 10 km.Conclusion Total Station i

39、n China in recent years, there is only a matter of universal application of a large area has just begun, but it has brought us convenience is of very significant. In the use of Total Station, will have their own experiences, experience skills, if each user will be able to devote their own experience

40、s, for both of us will be a big asset.全站仪在公路导线和中线测量中的应用摘要：全站仪在公路导线和中线测量等方面技巧和方法的介绍，和在使用全站仪中应注意 的事项。关键词：全站仪公路测量技巧1全站仪在导线测量中的应用1.1全站仪坐标法的优点采用全站仪测点可直接用坐标法，而不需用极坐标法，使仪器操作员 从繁重的 数据计算中解脱出来现在外业几乎不用记录，只是简单记一下点号和点与点之间 的关系,以备内业整理时参考，也不必配备记录计算员。内业整理的时候只要将数据从全站 仪传输至PC2E500计算器或直接将数据输入到计算机中，经过坐标平差,在计算机上用 Auto CAD

41、等软件绘出点位、取舍点位，求出每一弯道的偏角值、交点间距离以及逐桩坐标 等即可。1.2注意应用国家控制点及其三维坐标在用坐标法测点前，尽量找到国家控制点和这些控制 点的三维坐标，通过和 这些控制点的联测，不仅可以检验自己的测量精度，而且在误差允许 范围内可以通过这些坐标进行平差，使测量精确度更高。1.3点的设置应兼顾放中线的需要在设点时，不仅应设路线控制导线点，即转点,也应为放中线 作准备，在路线上通视条件好、地势较高处可以布设一些架仪器的点，这样做的好处是在放 中线时有了更多的选择机会，不必为增设架仪器点而多次让仪器转站。1.4仪器操作人员配置及后视人员的作用一般用全站仪配合公路导线测量一共

42、需要 56 人,其中前视位置34人，仪器操作员1人，后视1人。后视人员可让全站仪记录更多的 点,对后期中线测量和路线设计可以起到非常大的作用。下面通过具体的工程实例来说明后 视人员的重要性。在省道豫23线南阳市境邓州至孟楼二级公路改建工程的导线测量中， 由于是老路改造，因此测量原则是在满足规范要求的前提下尽可能利用老路。一般直线段1 容易控制，而弯道处要想尽可能地沿老路就必须让弯道半径选择得非常合适。我们测量的做 法是:后视的人对完后视后，再到弯道处沿老路的弯道放56个控制弯 道半径的点，让全 站仪记录下点的坐标，这样在内业处理导线时，到这些弯道处利用海地等路线设计软件，通过 调试半径使得曲线

43、尽可能多地通过这些点。如在一个较长且两侧房屋很多的平曲线处，后视 人员在老路曲线上测得12个点来控制曲线，在内业处理时发现该位置设复曲线是最佳方 案，避免了设一个曲线半径造成拆迁多而且线形不理想的失误。1.5导线测量应注意的问题用全站仪配合打导线也有一些需要特别注意的地方，否则可能引 起较大误差甚至导致返工。1）对后视的时候一定要注意后视人立的后视点的点号和坐标 是否与仪器中输入的点号和坐标一致,最好用对讲机互相通报一下点号,用棱镜对完后视后， 再用仪器放后视点，看位置是否一致,这样可将出错几率降至最小。在省道豫48线西峡境 的导线测量中，由于初次使用坐标法,仪器操作员将架站点和后视点的坐标输

44、反了，结果在电 脑上展图时才发现路线在这个位置折了 180角返回了，使得全天的工作都成了无用功。2） 在可能的情况下，后视点离架站点的距离越远越好，一般情况下，架站点与后视点之间的距离 不应小于架站至测点之间的距离，这样可以保证测量精度。3）在坐标法测量中不要打倒镜, 因为全站仪的坐标法核心实质还是将由偏角、距离得来的数据经全站仪内部计算模块处理 后换算成坐标，所以打倒镜等于将整个坐标系旋转180，也就是说偏角少偏了 180，结果当 然是错误的。4）全站仪测高程有它的局限性，其测高程的误差主要为竖直角观测误差、测 距误差、仪器高与棱镜高量测误差，而这3种误差中竖直角观测误差的影响最大，只能采取 适当的措施来提高观测精度，