高考英语二轮复习专题03阅读理解Ⅰ：主旨大意题含解析

1、10专题 3 阅读理解：主旨大意题【构建知识体系】考点 1 准确归纳标题主旨大意题 考点 2 概括文章大意考点 3 总结段落大意2021-2021 年全国高考卷本专题考察分布明细统计考点分布年份2021202章节第一节第二节第一素材话题剑桥科技节的活动通知旅鸽在美国逐渐减少直至灭绝的过程向驯兽师学习如何集中注意应对选择障碍学者对濒危语种进展记录拯救如何帮助孩子为未来职业做准备关于 伦敦运河博物体裁应用文记叙文议论文记叙文说明文应用文主旨大 细节理 推理判意 解 断6 6信息匹配9 5词义猜想21第 1 页说明文12021节 馆每月专 题讲座安排的海报作者离开寒冷的纽约去美国南部度假的感受介绍了

2、在巴黎皮蓬杜艺术中心举办西班牙著名艺术家萨尔瓦多达利艺术展的情况法国咖啡馆在现代社会中彰显心理沟通的社会功能，产生了积极的意义。第二 重建人际关系中的节 信任的意义及措施第一 主要介绍了四位著节 名的女性的根本情况。主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住记叙文记叙文议论文信息匹配说明文1 9 4 1说明文第 2 页的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。第二 主要介绍了密码的节 设置方法与破解方法。记叙文说明文说明文 信息匹配2021-2021 年全国高考卷

3、本专题考察分布明细统计考点分布年份2021章节 素材话题以一个妻子的口吻A 讲述了发生在自己丈夫身上的故事。体裁记叙文第 3 页主旨大 细节理 推理判意 解 断1 9 3词义猜想2BC在丈夫丧失了自己所有东西后，陌生人无私的帮助使他们重拾了对他人的信任。以 1970 年地球日为突破口，讲述了人类对于地球环境的认识由无知到保护。借专家之口讲述了美国 40 年来对环境保护做出的突出奉献。美国普遍存在的一种社会现象对于“aupair 住家保姆 fromChina 。透过现象 提 醒 了 本 质 “ChinesebecomingLearingis in科普说明文社会文化类第 4 页DA202B 1Am

4、ercia ，暗示中 国 雄 狮 已 经 苏醒。地铁提示信息，包括时间、价格、失物招领等，同时也提到了老年人与残疾人需要注意的问题我的彩电给我带来的头疼事：花的钱比广告上的多，而且机子是过时的，质量也有问题，最后只能花钱修。减 肥 除 了 少 吃 之外，还与房间有关系：房子要明亮；勇冷色系会减少食欲；放一些舒缓的音乐就餐；用校的碗碟广告应用类记叙文1 5 8 1科普说明文第 5 页CD202A 1越来越多即将上大学的学生选择“间隔年。有人认为是好事，因为经过一年的锻炼，学生将 会 变 得 更 加 成社会现象熟、更有责任感。议论类但也有人指出这种做法存在弊端，有些学生会因为负担不起大学学费而被迫

5、利用这一年去打工。从价格到参观的内广告应用容介绍了四个英国类比的旅游胜地。主要介绍了几个广告的具体内容，涉及音乐、喜剧表演应用文 1 9 3 2与歌曲等活动的具体安排，如时间、地点等。第 6 页BCD年份 章节主要讲述了作者在上课的时候通过让学生们拼装玩具，从而发现并鼓励学生们的创造性思维的故事。主要介绍了网站BookCrossing建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。主要介绍了 Frank用图片使一次失败的南极航海活动重新进入人们的视野，让人们能够了解这次航海的许多记叙文说明文记叙文信息。2021 年全国高考 III 卷本专题考察分布明细统计考点分布素材话题 体裁 主旨大 细节理 推理

6、判 词义猜意 解 断 想第 7 页1本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家A举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。应用文B 文 章 通 过 作 家Welty 一次及朋友在 外 面 吃 饭 的 经202 记叙文历，讲述了小说中 1 10 2 2的人物大多都是来自现实生活。C 介绍了苹果节的一说明文些情况。D 讨论了新闻传播的规那么，以及读者议论文喜欢分享什么样的文章。【考纲解读】考试大纲 要求 考纲解读要求考生阅读 考察 主旨大意题包括准确归纳标题、 概4 篇短文， 从每题所 主旨大 括文章大意与总结段落大意， 主要考察 给的 4 个选项中选 意、 细节 考生能否分辨主题与细节， 是否具备提第 8 页出最正确选项。

7、题材广泛， 包括科普、 社会、 文化、 政治、 经济等多方面内容。 体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。理解、 推理判断、词义猜想、 篇章构造等题型。纲挈领的能力， 也就是能否在理解全文的根底上运用概括、 判断、 归纳、 推理等逻辑方法对文章进展高度概括与总结， 做这类题目时要高瞻远瞩， 不可以以偏概全。【剖析全国高考真题】预测高考命题方向2021 全国卷 DThe meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences maybe thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person ha

8、s nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness orworry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremelyuncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap( 间隙 )with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence andview it as

9、necessary for understanding a persons needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part ofcommunicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese andThai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is第 9 页speaking and person wants continuing. Insuddenly s

10、tops, what may be implied( 暗示 ) is that the the listener to consider what has been said before these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly whendealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people withdifferent amounts of po

11、wer. For example, Russian, French, and Spanishpersons may use silence to show agreement between parties about thetopic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence wheninstructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude tothat person by arguing with him or her. In still anothe

12、r use, persons inAsian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to anelder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care - givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety theirpatients may be experiencing. Nurses should reco

13、gnize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silenceis not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nursewho understands the healing( 治 愈 ) value of silence can use thisunderstanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and fromother

14、cultures.35. What may be the best title for the textA Sound and silence第 10 页B What it means to be silentC Silence to Native AmericansD Speech is silver; silence is gold2021 全国卷 CReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong tobook groups. They choose books to read andNow, the web

15、site BookCrossing turnsidea of a book group.then meet to discuss them.the page on the traditionalMembers go on the site and register the books they own and wouldlike to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stickinside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping

16、thatthe book will have an adventure, travelling far and wide with each newreader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says,“ The two things that change your life are the people you meet andbooks you read. BookCrossing combines both. Members leave books on park benches

17、and buses, in train stationsand coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record第 11 页where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describingwhat they tho ught of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers tokeep them updated about where their boo

18、ks have been found. BrucePederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a bookto gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get backto the “ real and not the virtual( 虚拟 ). The site now has more than onemillion members in more than one

19、hundred thirty-five countries.12. What is the best title for the textA. Online reading: a virtual tourB. Electronic books: a new trendC. A book group brings tradition backD. A website links people through books2021 全国卷 DBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and goodnews is no

20、 news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts第 12 页and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored( 监控 ) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spr

21、ead faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media ， says JonahBerger, a sch olar at the University of Pennsylvania. “ They want youreyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a storywith your friends, you care a lot more how they reac

22、t. You dont wantthem to think of you as a Debbie Downer. Researchers analyzing word - of - mouth communication e- mails,Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations found thatit tendedto be more positive than negative( 消极的 ), but that didnt necessarilymean people preferred positive news. Was po

23、sitive news shared moreoften simply because people experienced more good things than bad things To test for that possibility, Dr Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New YorkTimes website. He and a Penn colleague analyz ed the “ most e-mai

24、led list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in thescience section were much more likely to make the list than non-sciencearticles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made themwant to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles th

25、at were exciting or funny, or第 13 页that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles thatleft them merely sad. They needed to be aroused( 激发 ) one way or theother, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr Berg

26、er explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On .15. What can be a suitable title for the textA. Sad stories travel far and wide B Online news attracts more peopleC. Reading habits change with the timesD. Good news beats bad on social networks 【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测 2021 年全国高考试题还会 卷在选材上继续

27、保持知识性与趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材及体裁广泛，彰 显文化特色，重点考察考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。细节理解题占总量的 60% 左右，难度及上年持平，预计难度系数 0.7 。卷文章体裁继续延续记叙文与说明文占主体的局面， 另有一篇议论文与一篇广告类说明文。题型以细节理解题为主，推理判断题略有所增加，词义猜想题 1题左右。【精讲研法】课堂讲解突破核心考点考点一 准确归纳标题【例 1】【河南省中原名校豫南九校 2021 届高三上学期第四次质量考评】 From gobbling( 狼吞虎咽 down turkey to spending time with family to第 14 页w

28、atching football, Thanksgiving is most popular-pulling the wishbonefilled with traditions. But one of thedates back centuries.The upside-down VT shaped bone is actualy called the furcula. It isa bone located between a turkey s neck and its breast . Furculameans “ little fork inLatin. All birds have

29、a wishbone.At Thanksgiving, the tradition is for two people to hold one end ofthe bone, make a wish ， and then tug( 用力拉 ). The winner is the personwho ends up with the bigger piece. If you believe the legend, the winners wish will come true.The prac tice of making a wish on a bird s furcula dates ba

30、ck to theancient Etruscans, a people who lived in what is today northern Italy.They believed birds were powerful and divine ( 非凡的 creatures. Afterkilling a chicken, an Etruscan would leave the wishbone in the sun todry. Passersby would pick it up, stroke it for good luck ， and make awish- That is ho

31、w the furcula got the name “ wishbone,The Etruscans passed the ritua ( 仪式 along to the Romans. Soon ， thepractice of making a wish on a chickens furcula became popular in ancient Rome* According to legend， it was so widespread that there werent enough chickens or wishbones to go around So the Romans

32、began breaking the wishbone in two. Now, twice as many people couldmake wishes.Then the English picked up the tradition. In the 16th century,第 15 页English settlers brought the practice to the New World There, they foundan abundance of wild turkeys. So they starting using a turkey furculafor their wi

33、shes. Today a wishbone tug-of-war is as much a part ofThanksgiving as is gobbling down turkey.24.What is the best title for the passageA. Turkey Tug-of-WarB. A Lucky TurkeyC. The New WorldD.The Stories of Thanksgiving规律方法 1： 如何准确归纳标题？1 、利用主题段来概括标题主题段一般在文章的第一段与最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的

34、主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语文章的标题。2 、利用主题句来概括标题解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进展概括与提炼，从而确定文章的标题。做此类题时，要防止以下三种错误：(1) 概括不够 (多表现为局部替代整体，从而缩小了范围 )；第 16 页(2) 过度概括 (多表现为人为扩大范围 )；(3) 以事实、细节替代文章大意。【变式精练】 【安徽省 “皖南八校 2021 届高三第二次联考 12 月】Back inthe 1860s, a British scientist named Henry Walter Bat

35、es noticedsomething interesting in the animal world: a kind of butterfly, CommonMormon, can change the pattern on its wings so that it looks likeanother butterfly species, the Common Rose, which is poisonous forbirds to eat.Bates argued that animals develop this ability to protect themselvesfrom bei

36、ng eaten. This theory had been widely accepted by scientists.But one question remains: how do these animals manage to do thatAfter more than 150 years, scientists are finally able to answer thatquestion-it is all down to a gene ( 基因 ) called “doublesex, according toa study published on March 6 in th

37、e journal Nature.In fact, scientists have long known that genes are responsible forthis useful ability. But until the new study, scientists hadnt been ableto find out which genes in particular were responsible.Scientists at the Un iversity of Chicago compared the genetic structures of the Common Mor

38、mons that changed their wing patternswith those of ones that did not. And all the results pointed to a singlegene, “ doublesex .This was much to the scientists surprise. They used to expect that第 17 页something as complex as this would be controlled by many differentgenes. For example, one gene would

39、 control theof the wing, one would do so for the lower part.However, the “ doublesex gene doesntitself. Instead, it acts like a switch- it “ tellsthe wing patterns. Isnt that cleverScientists believe that this special ability of thecolor of the upper partquite do everything byother genes to changege

40、“noublesexon Common Mormon was developed throughout the long history ofevolution. “ The harmless species gains an advantage by resemblingsomething predators (捕食者 ) avoid, Sean Carroll, a scientist toldNature. “it was obvious evidence for natural selection. 35. What is the best title of this passageA

41、. How Common Mormons stay safeB. How butterflies changed wings patternC. What American scientists discoveredD. What genetic structures of butterflies have【名师点睛】选择标题 在英语阅读理解题中属主旨大意题，是深层理解题，它要求考生在通读全文的根底上，认真分析主人公的特定心态、文章大意及作者的写作意图。通常第 18 页情况下，标题具有概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。所谓概括性，就是指标题应 在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，表达文章的主

42、题。针对性是对标题外延的一种界定，标题要直接指向文章的主要特点。而醒目性是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣。常见的命题形式有： The besttitleforthe text would be. / What can be the best title for this text / Which ofthe following can be the best title for the text 等。以下是此类题目的根本解题思路。1 、确定最正确标题的方法在阅读文章时，要注意文章中反复出现或强调的信息，寻找及文章大多数内容相 关的信息，找出覆盖全文的核心词汇，看选项内容是否切中

43、文章的中心论题，也就是要看选项内容及作者的写作目的是否一致。2 、寻找文章的主题句了解文章主要论题的关键是找到全文的主题句。主题句通常在文章首段，但是也 可能在文章的末段、在文章的某一段落，或者分散在文章的各个段落中。如果每 个段落都有主题句，那么把各段落的主题句的中心思想集中起来，即为全文的主 题句3 、概括文章的主题要把握文章主旨，就必须根据具体的语言环境、陈述内容的逻辑关系文章的构 造、上下文的连贯意思及文中有关暗示来理解文章的深层含义。4 、逆向思维法针对这类题型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到这样的标题，文章应该怎样写？第 19 页5 、整体把握文章，不被细节迷惑标题实际上是

44、文章主题的一种确认方式。要准确地把握文章的主题思想，就要十 分留意文章的开头与结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思 来理解全文。好些文章的主题句并不明显，需要我们仔细体会字里行间的意思， 了解文章的背景知识、文章构造，推断作者意图或态度，从整体上把握文章的主 旨。从全局的角度归纳概括出文章的标题。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，要排除 干扰项的干扰，选出正确的答案。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局 看却又片面。这类干扰项及正确答案之差，其实是局部及全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象即细节迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。有的文章一开场就亮出主题，全文随着主题而展开。考点二 概括

45、文章大意【例 2】【湖南省株洲市 2021 届高三上学期教学质量检测一 】For every cup of coffee you made, about two spoons of grounds endup in the waste. That doesn t seem like a lot, but just think about themillions of coffees consumed around the world every single day, and you ll see the problem. Sure, some of those coffee grounds

46、are recycled as fertilizer to enrich the soil or beauty products like face masks, butmost will be buried into the ground. It was while considering this issuethat German product designer Julian Lechner came up with a new wayof recycling coffee grounds turning them into tableware.“We were always drink

47、ing coffee at university, Lechner remembers.“ And that s how I started to wonder. What happens to all that coffe e It第 20 页was all just getting thrown away. He began consulting with his professors about ways of using coffee grounds to create a solid material.“We tried combining with a lot of differe

48、nt things, Lechner said,“ We even tried sugar. That was close, but ba sically it was a candy cup.It just kept melting after being used three times. The whole point wasto make it last long, so Lechner and his partners went back to the institute to continue their research. Finally, after many failed e

49、xperiments, they came up with a mix of coffee grounds and a biopolymer( 生物高聚物 )that seemed to behave the way Lechner had expected it.“ The moment of knowing super-exciting, he recalls.the cup would actually stand was “ It was wonderful to drink that first coffeeout of the cup. It proved to be totall

50、y worth the wait. And his creationhas proven commercially successful, which is just the icing on the cake.The coffee cups are now present in ten shops across Europe, and thecompany can hardly keep up with demand, regularly selling out of itsstock online.Lechner will soon launch a larger line of coff

51、ee grounds cups and alsowork on a travel mug. But those are just short-term plans, as Lechnerhopes to one day use recycled coffee grounds to create all sort of usefulstuff like sheets and fu rniture in caf s and restaurants.31.What is the main idea of the passage第 21 页A. A new way of recycling coffe

52、e cups.B. Commercial success from consuming coffee.C. Recycling coffee grounds into stuff like coffee cups.D. Different product designers of recycling coffee grounds.【名师点睛】主旨大意题主要考察学生对所读材料 (或所读材料片断 )中心思想的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进展展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，

53、但位于段落中间 (通常是第一 段或最后一段的中间 )也是完全可能的。同时，主题词关键词也是非常重要的，有时候可以直接看出答案。主旨大意题的考察形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。规律方法 2 ：如何概括文章大意1 、做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是识别主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。假设文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点 去进展分析、推断与归纳，从而概括出文章大意。2 、在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。第 22 页【变式精练】 【湖北省荆门市 2021 届高三元月调考】Most pen

54、guins died after a huge iceberg grounded near their habitatin Antarctica ， forcing them to make a long way to find food, scientistssay in a newly published study. The B09B iceberg, measuring about 100square kilometers, grounded in Commonwealth Bay in East Antarcticain December 2021, the researchers

55、from Australia and New Zealandwrote in the “ Antarctic Science journal.The Adelie penguin population at the bay s Cape Denison wasmeasured to be about 160,000 in February 2021 but by December 2021it had decreased to about 10,000, they said. The icebergmeant the penguins had to walk more than 60 kilo

56、meters to find food, preventing their breeding attempts, said the researchersUniversity of New South Wales ( UNSW) Climate ChangeCentre and New Zealand s West Penguin Trust.grounding sfrom theResearch“ The Cape Denison population could disappear completely within20 years unless B09B relocates or the

57、 fast ice within the bay breaks out, they wrote in the research published in. Fast ice is sea ice whichforms and stays along the coast. During their survey in December 2021 ,the researchers saidfreeze- dried dead bodieseverywher“ It e on the ground.s strangely silent,“ hundreds of abandoned eggs wer

58、e noted, and theof previous season s little penguins lay UNSWs Chris Turney , who led the 2021第 23 页exploration , told the “ Sydney Morning Herald Friday . “ The ones thatwe saw at Cape Denison were terribly low-spirited , almost unaware ofyour existence . The ones that are surviving are clearly str

59、uggling. Theycan hardly survive themselves , let alone give birth to the nextgeneration. We saw lots of dead birds on the ground. In contrast, penguins living on the eastern edge of the bay just 8kilometers from the fast ice edge were full of vigour, the scientists said.The researchers said the stud

60、y had important influence on the widerEast Antarctic if the current situation of increasing sea ice continued.Sea ice around Antarctica is increasing, in contrast to the Arctic whereglobal warming is causing ice to melt and icebergs to decrease. Scientists believe the growth in Antarctic sea ice is