反语的幽默属性和语用功能

1、反语的幽默属性和语用功能AbstratVerbalirny,asaidelyusedfigurefspeeh,hasreEivednsiderableattentinfrgnitivepsyhlgistsandlinguists.Thetraditinalstudyfverbalirnyfrrhetrialandaesthetialappraheshasbeenshiftedturrentgnitiveandpragatiinvestigatin.Inthispaper,fusillbelaidupnthehurfeaturefverbalirnyfrtheperspetivefpragati

2、s.First,thrughtheparisnfdifferentkindsfdefinitinsfirny,ageneralideaabuthatisirnyisestablished.Then,thispaperexainestheperativePriniple(Pfrshrt)fAerianlinguistGriehihputfrardsthatirnyatsasavilatinfP.Lastbutnttheleast,iththehelpftheparisnfthepragatifuntinsfEnglishirnyandhineseirny,thehurfeaturefverbal

3、irnyanbeelldisplayed.InEnglish,irnyuldbeusedtstatenesnegativeattitudetsething.Ituldbeusedasaeanstsatirize,anapprahtpliteness,anapprahthur.hineseirnyanbelassifiedintfivetypesfrtheperspetivefpragatifuntinsasflls:irnyfrendatinanddergatin,irnyfrsatire,irnyfrfun,irnyfraffetinandirnyfrephasis.Thepragatifu

4、ntinsfirnyinbthlanguagesaresiilar.Keyrdsverbalirny;pragatifuntin;hur;Englishandhineseirnies【摘要】反语作为一种普遍使用的修辞格，引起了认知心理学家和语言学家的关注。反语研究的角度从传统的修辞学和美学转向了认知心理学和语用学的探究。本文首先从定义和分类上，对反语进展认知层面上的归纳总结。其次，基于语用学角度分析了反语与合作原那么和礼貌原那么的联络。反语违背合作原那么主要表达在对质量准那么的违背上。反语作为一种间接言语，成为礼貌的一种手段。反语原那么独立于礼貌原那么之外，是对礼貌原那么的一大补充。此外，反语

5、是言语幽默的一种表现形式。英汉反语的语用功能大致相似，但也存在不少差异。文中对此异同进展归纳总结，从而得知，反语的幽默属性是其根本属性，在其语用功能中也得到了很好的表达。【关键词】反语；语用功能；幽默；英汉反语1.IntrdutinIrnyisanlinguistiphenenninverbaluniatin.Reentyearshaveseenaushrgrthfdistintlyangledtherizatinsinthisrientatin,hihneverthelessexhibitstrngpleentarity.Traditinally,irnyistreatedasafigure

6、fspeehhseintendedeaningistheppsitefthatexpressedbytherdsuttered.Thestudyfirnyinthisaybelngstthatfrhetri.AerianlinguistGrietakesirnyasnefthsefiguresfspeehthatflutstheperativePriniple(Pfrshrt),espeiallytheaxifQuality.Irnyinterpretedunderthispragatidelnveysthentraditinfhatisliterallysaid.LinguistsSperb

7、erandilsntreatirnyasanehientinhilelinguistuddnstatesthat“Atitssiplest,verbalirnyinvlvessayinghatnedesntean.1Inthispaper,fusillbelaidupnthehurfeaturefverbalirnyfrtheperspetivefpragatis.First,thrughtheparisnfdifferentkindsfdefinitinsfirny,ageneralideaabuthatisirnyisestablished.Sendly,thispaperexainesG

8、rieanperativePriniplehihputfrardsthatirnyatsasavilatinfP.Thirdly,iththehelpfLeehsideafirny,thepragatifuntinfirnyuldbebetterdisplayed.Finally,thelastpintisabutthepragatifuntinsfbthEnglishirnyandhineseirny.Inard,irnyisneaytprduehurinverbaluniatin.2.hatisirnyItisdiffiulttdefinetherdf“irnyhihuldbeunders

9、tdinvariusays.Theexpansinfitsresearhareaaybethediretausefthediversityfthedefinitinfirny.Thefllingaresedefinitinsfirnyfrditinaries.2.1Ditinarydefinitinsfirny1)Expressinfneseaningbysayingthediretppsitefnesthughtsinrdertbeephati,ausing,sarasti,et.2xfrdAdvanedLearnersEnglish-hineseDitinary2)Usefrdshihar

10、elearlyppsitetneseaning,usuallyeitherinrdertbeausingrtshannyane(e.g.bysayinghatharingbehaviurhensenehasbeenrude.)3LnganDitinaryfEnglishLanguageulture(English-hinese)3)Irnyisaliterarytehniquethatahievestheeffetfsayingnethingandeaningantherthrughtheusefhurrildsaras.4ebstersNerldEnylpedia4)Theusefrdste

11、xpresssethingtherthanandespeiallytheppsiteftheliteraleaning.5ebsterEnglishDitinary5)Irnyisafigurefspeehthatahievesephasisbysayingtheppsitefhatiseant,theintendedeaningftherdsbeingtheppsiteftheirusualsense.Thisfrfirnyisalledverbalirny,anddiffersfrthestylistideviefdraatiirny.6EnglishRhetrialptins6)Defi

12、nitinfirnyfrGrlierInternatinalDitinary:a).Anexpressinrutteranearkedbysuhadeliberatentrastbeteenapparentandintendedeaning,frhurusrrhetrialeffet.b).Inngruitybeteenhatightbeexpetedandhaturs.7Theabvedefinitins,althughexplainedbydifferentexpertsfrdifferentangles,rughlydisplaythenaturefirnyfrbththefrandfu

13、ntin.Angthesedefinitins,thebasieaningfirnyuldbefundas“sayingnethingbuteaninganther.Thebestdesriptinfirny,say,theGrlierInternatinalDitinary,takesbththefrandfuntinfirnyintnsideratinandgivesusabetterpiture.Hever,allfthesedefinitinshaveseshrtings.First,nneftheprvidesaneffetiveaytidentifyirnyfrnn-irny.Se

14、nd,theybasiallyregardirnyasatrperafigurefspeehhseliteralandnntativeeaningsareutuallyppsedteahther.Thistraditinalunderstandinghasbeenunderhallengesbydernresearh.2.2lassifiatinfirnyThelassifiatinfirnyispresentedindifferentaysbythsehrknit.Bthidentifiesquiteanuberftypes:tragiirny,iirny,stableirny,unstab

15、leirny,draatiirny,situatinalirny,verbalirny,rhetrialirnysnandsfrth.KreuzandRbertsdistinguishfurtypesfirny:Sratiirny,draatiirny,irnyffateandverbalirny.8Ingeneral,irnyinvlvesantraditinbeteenappearaneandreality.Irnyresultsherethereisadiffereneinpintfviebeteenaharaterandthenarratrrreader.Traditinally,th

16、erearefurajrtypesfirny:verbal,draati,situatinalandi.2.2.1VerbalirnyVerbalirnyreferstspkenrdsnly.Verbalirnyurshenaharatersaysnething,butsuggestsrintendstheppsite.Thentrastisbeteenhatthespeakersaysandhatheatuallyeans.Frexaple,inJuliusaesar,arkAntnyrepeatstherds“andBrutusisanhnrableaninthefaus“Friends,

17、Rans,untryenspeeh.9arkAntnyseaning,hever,isthatBrutusispletelydishnrablebeauseBrutus,aesarsbestfriend,jinedthethernspiratrsandplungedaknifeintaesarshest.Inthispaper,thedisussinislaidupnthistypefirny,verbalirny.2.2.2DraatiirnyDraatiirnyinvlvesrethanjustspkenrds.Draatiirnyurshentheeaningintendedbyahar

18、atersrdsratinsisppsitefthetruesituatin.Thentrastisbeteenhattheharatersays,thinks,rdesandthetruesituatin.Further,theharateranntseerunderstandthentrast,buttheaudienerreaderan.Frexaple,inthell,draatiirnyurshenthellreferstIagas“hnestIag.10Unknntthell,IagisavillainhdeeiveshiintthinkingthatDesdena(thellsi

19、fe)hasbeenunfaithful.Frthis,thellunjustlykillshisife,believingthehletieinIagshnesty.Thediffereneinexaplesfrverbalanddraatiirny:AntnyallsBrutus“hnrableandknsheisnthnrable,hilethellallsIag“hnestanddesntknfIagsdeeit.2.2.3SituatinalirnySituatinalirnydefieslgialause/effetrelatinshipsandjustifiableexpetat

20、ins.Frexaple,ifagreedyillinaireeretbuyaltterytiketandinadditinalillins,theirnyuldbesituatinalbeausesuhairustaneanntbeexplainedlgially.Suhairustanesees“unfair.Thissensefbeing“unfairr“unfrtunateisatradearkfsituatinalirny.Beausepepleanntexplaintheunfairness,itausesthetquestinhetherrnttherdakessense.2.2

21、.4iirny(rIrnyffate)Seirnygesbeyndbeingunfairandisrallytragi.SuhirnyisftensseverethatitausespepletquestinGdandseetheuniverseashstile.Frexaple,ifanhnest,hardrking,andgeneruspersnbuysaltterytiketandinstenillindllars,nlytdieinanautrashtdayslater,theirnyuldreahtragiprprtins.hensituatinalirnyreahesthissal

22、e,itisftenallediirnyrirnyffate.Suhirnytypiallysuggeststhatpeplearepanstaliiusfres.3.IrnyandtheperativePriniple3.1TheperativePriniple“AerianphilspherH.P.Grieadeanattepttexplaintheursefnaturalnversatin,inhihipliedessagesarefrequentlyinvlved.Hisideaisthatinakingnversatin,thepartiipantsustfirstfallbeill

23、ingtperate;therise,ituldntbepssiblefrthetarrynthetalk.ThisgeneralprinipleisalledtheperativePriniple,abbreviatedasP.Itgesasflls:akeyurnversatinalntributinsuhasrequiredatthestageathihitursbytheaeptedpurpserdiretinfthetalkexhangeinhihyuareengaged.Thepriniplebreaksdnintpartiularaxisthatsuarizepartiulara

24、ssuptinsabutnversatin.DifferentpragaatiistsprpsedifferentnubersftheseaxisbutasriginallyprpsedbyGrie,thePriniplentainedfursetsfaxis:Theaxisfquantitya).akeyurntributinasinfrativeasisrequired(frtheurrentpurpsesftheexhange)b).Dntakeyurntributinreinfrativethanisrequired.TheaxisfqualityTrytakeyurntributin

25、nethatistrue:a).Dntsayhatyubelievetbefalse.b).Dntsaythatfrhihyulakadequateevidene.TheaxifrelatinBerelevant.TheaxisfannerBeperspiuus:a).Avidbsurityfexpressin.b).Avidabiguity.).Bebrief(avidunneessaryprlixity).d).Berderly.113.2IrnyasvilatinfPGrielassifiesirnyasanexaplefipliatureandshshneanauntfrirnyasa

26、asefflutingtheperativePriniplebyvilatingtheaxifquality.Exaples:(1)Thisdiligentstudentseldreadsrethananhurpernth.12Theintendedeaningfthespeakeristhisisalazystudent.Hever,heusesanppsitef“lazydiligent.Diligentishereusedtprduesaras.(2)A:Srry,ary.Ianntgiveyualiftafterrk.Ihaveteetafriendattheairprt.B:Than

27、kyuveryuh.Itsverykindfyu.13Inthisnversatin,BdesntreallypraiseA.Heuses“Itsverykindfyu.tshhisdissatisfatininfat.(3)A:Jhnsayshetpsusallatftball.B:Ilikehisheek.14henBsaid,“Ilikehisheek.,heinfringedthequalityaxittellalie.ItiseasilyinferredfrthentextthatBusestheppsiterd“liketeanhistrulydislike.(4)RseandDa

28、videtanelegantannthestreet.Theyappreiatedherfineatinuntilshesuddenlyspittedphlegttheflr.Underthissituatinesthedisurseasflls:Rse:Sheisreallylvely,isntshe?David:Shesureis.15Rsetendedtuse“lvelytlaughattheelegantanspratinhere.Theseinstanesarevilatinsftheaxiftruthbysayingsethinghe/shedesntreallybelieve.I

29、ntheseirnyats,indiretnessseeslikeashieldhihasksagenuineintentnsideredriskybythespeakers.Theirnialutteranesntnlynveyessagesbutalsnealhatthespeakersreallybearinind.ThespeakersvilatetheperativePriniplensiuslytexpresstheirrealeaninginindiretay.Irnyhelpstaketheutteraneuhrehur.4.IrnyandthePlitenessPrinipl

30、e4.1ThePlitenessPrinipleLeehthinksthatGriesperativePrinipleinitselfanntexplainhypepleeplyindiretnesshilenveyinghattheyean.Inadditin,differentsietiesayperateaxisindifferentays.ThereustbeseapparentexeptinsinatualuniatinthatperativePrinipleanntexplain.TherefreLeehprpsestsuppleentGriesperativePrinipleit

31、hthePlitenessPriniple(PPfrshrt).Thestrategiesaresuarizedbel:Tat:a).iniizesttther.b).axiizebenefittther.Genersity:a).iniizebenefittself.b).axiizesttself.Apprbatin:a).iniizedispraisefther.b).axiizepraisefther.desty:a).iniizepraisefself.b).axiizedispraisefself.Agreeent:a).iniizedisagreeentbeteenselfand

32、ther.b).axiizeagreeentbeteenselfandther.Sypathy:a).iniizeantipathybeteenselfandther.b).axiizesypathybeteenselfandther.16Altgether,theaxisaresaidt“savetheperativePriniple,theyexplainhathappensintheasehenitisbreahed.Exaple:Frrest:Inlyaughtfive.BatSalesan:Auplereandyuanhaveyurselfaktail.17Thisisadialgu

33、einthevieFrrestGup.AlthughBubbatellsFrresteverythingabutshriping,butFrreststillfindsthatshripingistugh.neday,henlyathesfiveaftera-hle-dayhardrking.ThebatsalesanjustakesajketFrrestinrdertheerhiup.eanhile,healstellsFrrestafatthatFrrestathestlittle.ItisaninstanefplitenessardingtthePlitenessPriniple.4.2

34、TheIrnyPrinipleArdingtLeeh,irnyisasend-rderpriniplethatbuildsnrexplitsthePlitenessPriniple.TheIrnyPriniple(IPfrshrt)aybestatedinageneralfrasflls:“Ifyuustauseffene,atleastdsinaayhihdesntvertlynflitiththePlitenessPriniple,butallsthehearertarriveattheffensivepintfyurrearkindiretly,byayfipliature.18Irny

35、anhappenifthespeakervervaluesthePlitenessPriniplebyblatantlybreakingaaxiftheperativePrinipleinrdertuphldthePlitenessPriniple.Frexaple:A:Geffhasjustbrredyurar.B:ell,IlikeTHAT!19ArdingttheIrnyPriniple,eaninterpretthisirnialutteranethisay:hatBsaysisplitetGeffandislearlynttrue.TherefrehatBreallyeansisip

36、litetGeffandtrue.LeehbelievesthattheIPanakeaspeakeriplitehileseeingtbeplite.Inbeingplite,aspeakerisftenfaedithalashbeteenthePandthePP.Thespeakerhasthsehfart“trade-ffthePagainstthePP.Inbeingirni,aspeakerexplitsthePPinrdertuphld,ataretelevel,theP.TheIrnyPrinipleservesthepurpsefavidingdiretritiisthrugh

37、beingantisial,beinginsinerelyplite.ThisprinipleexplainshyseftheGrieanaxisarebreahed.205.Irnyandverbalhur5.1VerbalHurFrthesurfaeeaningfthephrase“verbalhur,eaneasilygetitseaning:verbalhuristhehurthatisrganizedthrughverbalfr.Verbalhuristhehurthatisreatedrexpressedthrughlanguageiththeassistanefsituatina

38、lntextasinally.Verbalhuranbeprduedbykindsffigurefspeeh,say,persnifiatin,exaggeratin,irnyandsn.5.2VerbalirnyasanapprahtverbalhurVerbalirnyreferstspkenrdsnly.Iturshenaharatersaysnething,butsuggestsrintendstheppsite.Itisanapprahthur.Asanexpressinfisd,irnyisfrequentlyusedbythegreatinds,say,ritersrphilsp

39、hers.Exaple:BernardShasAnxietyTheexeedinglyfasinatingandharingAerianandanerDunannegtffarak说俏皮话tBernardSha:“Sir,givenIainbinatinith与结合yu,andthatehaveahildhhasbthylksandyurisdandability.Itshuldberakerjak出色的.Thenplae-lking相貌平平,IrishriterBernardSharakedbak回嘴:“Inasethehildnlyhasylksbutyurisdandability,th

40、atuldberak-brained发疯的.21Inthisstry,BernardShasAnxiety,hatBernardShasaidisardingtthesenteneftheandanerDunan.Stheysharedtheunderstandinginnandthehurasineffet.Exaple:HatandHeadHanshristianAndersen,aDanishnurserytaleriter,asbrninahublefaily.Heftenreatrnhatevenintheinter.Aplaybylkeddnupn看不起hiandsaidunnsi

41、nably肆无忌惮:“hattheshabby寒酸的thingnyurhead?Isthatstilledalledahat?Nttbeutdne胜过,Andersenuntered对抗thathapinreply:“hattheshabbythingbeneathyurhat?Isthatstillalledahead?22HereAndersenhangedtherderfthetrds,“hatand“head,hihhelpedhitrakbak.Hurresulted.Exaple:AGreatanEinsteinnertealettertharliehaplin.Hesaid:“Y

42、urfilThedernTie,everybdyintherldanunderstand.Yuillertainlybeeagreatan.Einstein.Inhisanserttheletterharliehaplinrte:“Iadireyuevenre.YurTheryfRelativitynbdyintherldunderstands,butyuhavealreadybeeagreatan.haplin.23Inthisstry,harliehaplinaslevertlendirnytauseandesapefrbeingutdne.Frtheabveexaples,thenlus

43、inanbeeasilyreahedasirnyisfrequentlyusedtprduehur.Intherrds,thehurfeaturefirnyuldbeeasilyfundinhurstries.6.PragatifuntinsfirnyInthefrerpartsfthispaper,ehavealreadydisussedabuttherelatinbeteenirnyandP,theassiatinbeteenirnyandIP,andthennetinbeteenirnyandverbalhur.ThughirnyseesttakeflutingPasitsnduty,i

44、tatsasanassistantfIPatively.Asatypefverbalhur,irnydevtesitselftprduehurinpeplesuniatins.Hever,hatarethepragatifuntinsfirny?Inthissetin,thekeytthisquestinillbepresentedainlyfrtajraspets:pragatifuntinsfEnglishirnyandpragatifuntinsfhineseirny.6.1PragatifuntinsfEnglishirnyPragatifuntinsfEnglishirnyanbes

45、tatedinvariusays,siilartthelassifiatinfit.Inthefllingpassage,theeffrtillbenentratedntheajrfuntinsfirny.Firstly,hileusingirnypepletendtuseaffirativetexpressritiquerdisntent.Sendly,irnyisalaysusedasaeanstsatirize.Thirdly,irnyisusedasanapprahtbeplite.Lastbutnttheleast,irnyisusedasanapprahtbehurus.6.1.1

46、UsedasanaffirativetexpressritiquerdisntentInEnglish,irnyisftenusedtstatenesnegativeattitudetsething.Frexaple:(1)Ijustadresquites.24(2)Yuareabighelp!25(3)Yuaretellingstries!26Inexaple(1),“adreatuallytellsusthedispleasurefthespeaker.Itanbelearnedfrtheeaningbeteenthelinesthatthespeakerhatessquitesinfat

47、.Thesentenefexaple(2)isntreallyusedtpraisethe“helpbuttindiate,“Yunlydnthingthelp.Thespeakerfexaple(3)appliesirnytakeakery.Ineverydaylife,pepletendtuseirnyintheirspeehthughsetiestheyayntbensiusfit.Thefllingisantherinstane:(4)Thisrning,Iaslatefrrk;atnn,Ihadybikestlen;ntheayhethisafternn,Islippeddninth

48、estreet.Stday,Iaertainlyenjyingyself.27bviusly,thenarratrdidntenjyhiselfindeedthisday.iththestrngdisntentftheterribleexperiene,heexpressedhisdispleasurebyusingtheppsiterd“enjy.6.1.2UsedasaeanstsatirizeIrnyisusedtveilfeelingsinasubtleay.rdsfpraiseareftenfundherendenatiniseant.Belareseexaples:(1)Likea

49、llthetherffiersatGrupHeadquartersexeptajrDanby,lnelathartasinfusediththederatispirit:hebelievedthatallenutsideGrupequal,andhetherefrespurnedallenutsideGrupHeadquartersithequalfervur.(JsephHeller:ath22)28(Thispassageipliesthatlnelathartasntderatiatall:hisderatispiritextendednlythisngrup;allthershetre

50、atedithsrnandhighhandedness.)(2)ayunghealthyhildellnursedisatayearldastdeliius,nurishing,andhlesefd,hethersteed,rasted,bakedrbiled;andIakendubtthatitillequallyserveinafriasseeraragut.29Theauthrhereprpsedtheeasuretslvetheprblefstarvatinandverppulatinbyeatingrsellinghildrenfrprfailies.Hever,hisrealpur

51、pseastripffthehypritialaskfhyprites.Usedasaeanstsatirize,irnyhelpedtdislsetheseriusprblefthesietyinabveexaple.6.1.3UsedasanapprahtbepliteIndailynversatin,pepleareapttbeplite.Asanindiretexpressin,irnyisidelyapplied.Frexaple:(1)“Haveadrink?“Allright,butntupatthebar.eilltakeatable.“Theperfetfather.(F.S

52、.FitzgeraldBabylnRevisited)30(2)“Thebyhasbrkenantherglass,saidthether.“Afinething!thefatherreplied.31Inexaple(1),thesnhsethepliteayfusing“theperfetfatherhihatuallyreferredtnehasstingyabutneyatter.Ifheplaineddiretlythisfatherthat“Astingyfather,theiplitenessuldbreaktherelatinshipbeteenthefatherandsnre

53、rless.nversely,thefatherinexaple(2)ritiizedthefaultfhissninanindiretay.“Afinething!uldbetreatedasaritiisutfgdill.6.1.4UsedasanapprahtbehurusInSetin5.2fthispaper,ehavelearnedthatverbalirnyservesasanapprahfverbalhur.Therefre,thehurusfuntinfirnyanbeeasilyrevealed.Belaresereexaplesfrfurtheraknledging.(1

54、)PlitehrseTheBahseesBallalkinglaely,askshi:“hatshappened?Ballsays:“IenttthefrestparktridethehrsenSunday.“Isurethatitasanunruly难驾驭的，rthehrsedidntalltride?“Btharent.Justthehrseasveryplite-henitrantastkade栅栏atafullgallp,itstppedallfasuddenandadeeleapverfirst.SaysBall.32(2)TakeninTie“hatstheatterithyurh

55、ands?“Theyerebittenbytheserpent大蛇.“Hanithappen?“Ienttthefrestthedaybefreyesterday.Seeingthereisasnakearundthetree,Ipikedupastiktbeat.“issedthetarget.“N,hatististed缠绕arundthetreeasarpe,hilehatIpikedupasjustasnake.33Aneneptinfhataplitehrseisshsfrthinexaple(1).HururredhenBallunderstatedhisdispleasingex

56、perienebyusingirny.Siilarly,theebarrassentfthenarratrinexaple(2)isellveiledintheirnistateent,hihbringshurtgdeffet.6.2Pragatifuntinsfhineseirny6.2.1hineseirnyhineseirny,tseextent,isequaltthetypefEnglishirny,naelyverbalirny.Generallyspeaking,itanbelassifiedasfivetypes:irnyfrendatinanddergatin褒贬反语，irny

57、frsatire(挖苦反语)，irnyfrfun兴趣反语,irnyfraffetin亲近反语andirnyfrephasis强调反语.34Thelassifiatinisbasiallyinthelightfthepragatifuntinsfirny.Thedetaileddenstratinftheillbentinuedinthefllingparts.6.2.2Pragatifuntinsfhineseirny(i)IrnyfrpraiseanddenigratinIrnyfrpraiseanddenigratinistusepraiseinsteadfdergatryter,rvie

58、versa.Itisanindiretutteranethatanavidakingentsindiretay.Ithasnthingtdithsaras.Frinstane:凤姐道：“我那里管得这些事来？见识又浅，口角又笨，心肠又直率，人家给个棒槌我就认作针，脸皮又软，搁不住人家两句好话，心里就慈悲了。(“Iinapabablefrunningthings,shesigned.“Itignrant,bluntandtatless,alaysgettinghldftherngendfthestik.AndIssft-hearted,anyneangetrunde.)35Apparently,a

59、ngXi-fengdngradedherselfas“ignrant,bluntandtatless.Hever,herpersnalityisellknnastalent,quik-tnguedandise.Itanbensideredthatirnyisusedtbedestinthissituatin.(ii)IrnyfrsatireSatireplaysarleffrequentfeaturefirny.Itseeslikeaspiledhildtseliteratureriters.Frexaple:(1)几个“慈祥的老板到菜场去搜集一些菜叶，用盐一浸，这就是他们难得的佳肴。(Sek

60、ind-heartedbssesgtthearketandpikupsevegetableleaves,ingbakanddippingtheintsaltater,thenagd-givenateisreadyfrthe(theenrkers)36(2)湘云笑道：“主雅客来勤，自然你有些警动他的好处，他才要会你。宝玉道：“罢，罢！我也不称雅，我乃俗中又俗的一个俗人，并不愿同这些人来往。(“henthehstisultured,guestsfrequenthishuse,qutedHsiang-yun.“Helikesseeingyu,surely,beauseheanlearnsething