2016卫生类职称英语B文章大全

1、Aspirin a New Miracle DrugUsing aspirin,an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription,to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery.But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics,digitalis and other miracle

2、drugs. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves,this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2.In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin.By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant,acetylsalicylic acid,3 under

3、the name of aspirin. Since then,aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients.As a pain killer aspirin is,according to one study,more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use.It also acts on4 the bodys thermostat,tu

4、rning down fever. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently.In 1950 the late Dr.Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight,sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day.None had had a heart attack.He enlarged his group to 8,0

5、00 and in 1956 reported：Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 andno major strokehad occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years.But his observations were largely ignored. Then Dr.Vane proved that aspirin turned off the bodys prosta

6、glandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell.Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever,pain and arthritis.One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries.Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect. Vanes finding caused som

7、e researchers to recall Cravens 1956 observations,which now had a possible scientific explanation.Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke. In 1972,ten US medical institutions began twodouble-blindtrials7 of 303 patients who suffered from

8、transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)8.Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients,while placebo tablets were given to 150.Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which.After six months,the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs,and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than t

9、hecontrols.The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this purpose widely. Food and CancerMedical expels have suspected for many years that there is a strong link between what a person eats and cancer. They say a new study provides the first evidence1 that vitamins could reduce a

10、persons chance of developing cancer. A team of Chinese and American scientists did the study. They are from American National Cancer Institute2 and the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences3 in Beijing. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of the s

11、tudy. About thirty thousand people between the ages of 40 to 69 took part in the study. They were from the northern central Chinese area of Linxian. Most of themtook vitamins and minerals every day for five years.Linxian was chosen because the people there have all extremely high rate of cancer of s

12、tomach and esophagus. Researchers believe that fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate. Researchers divided those into eight groups. Seven of the groups received different mixtures of vitamins and minerals daily. The amounts of the vitamins and minerals wer

13、e 1 to 2 times greater than what American health officials say is needed. The eighth group received sugar pills4 that had no effect. Those who seemed to gain the most received a mixture of a form of vitamin A called carotene, vitamin E and the mineral selenium. The vitamin and mineral are believed t

14、o prevent damage to cells caused by cancer-causing substances. Researchers reported a 13 percent drop in cancer rates in those who took carotene, vitamin E and selenium5. They also found a 10 percent drop in the number of deaths caused by strokes from bursting blood vessels.Scientists warn that it i

15、s too soon to know if the effect would be the same among people in other countries. They note that the people in Linxian eat foods that lack necessary vitamins and minerals. Chinese officials will continue to record the health records of the people in Linxian for many years. For now officials report

16、edly are considering using the results of the study. They want to find a way to improve the health of people in Linxian and other small towns in China.Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being thre

17、atened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Overal

18、l, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition toreporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other per

19、sons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent eventMore than 10% of the residents said they were not allow

20、ed to have enough sleep, 和 the average number of hours without sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some ty

21、pe of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someon

22、e taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment, “being pushed, kicked or hit, and having someone “threatening your reputation or career, were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.How Deafness Makes It Easier to HearMost people think of Bee

23、thovens hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However， he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity1， but his biographer， Maynard Solomon， takes a different view.

24、Solomon argues that Beethovens deafness “heightened his achievement as a composer. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment， free from the sounds of the outside world， free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. Th

25、ey continue to “hear music with as much， or greater， accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.Michael Eagar， who died in 2003，became deaf at the age of 21. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months： “my former musical experiences began to play back to

26、 me. I couldnt differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.2 After many years， it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs， to hear music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. How is it that the world we see，touch，hear，and smell is both “out th

27、ere and at the same time within us？ There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. No man-made device could replace the ability to hear. However， it might be possible to use the brains remarkable power to make sense of the e

28、lectrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first “switched on his cochlear implant， the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually， with much hard work， he began to identify everyday sounds. For example， “The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.The pri

29、mary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar， he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. But when it came to his beloved music， the implant was of no help.When he wanted to appreciate music， Eagar p

30、layed the piano. He said， “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added clarity to hearing in my head.5”Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect，but which can change their live

31、s. Still， as Michael Eagar discovered， when it comes to musical harmonies， hearing is irrelevant. Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet JobJohn Harrison has what must be the mos

32、t wanted job in the United States. Hes the official taster for Edys Grand Ice Cream, one of the nations best-selling brands. Harrisons taste buds are insured for $1 million. He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edys headquarters in Oakland, California. And when he isnt doing that, he travels, bu

33、ying Edys in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isnt all Cookies n Cream a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, its extremely hard work, which requires d

34、iscipline and selflessness.For one thing, he doesnt swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get som

35、e air into the sample. Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes h

36、eavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakf

37、ast is a cup of herbal tea. This is a small price to pay for what he calls the worlds best job.Harrisons family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy swe

38、etness. He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert. On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.Edys i

39、ce cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. However, you should never call it plain vanilla. “Its a very complex flavor, Harrison says.Once-daily P

40、ill Could Simplify HIV1 TreatmentBristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill. Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/ ADDS2，for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a

41、lot of pills to take. It would be simplerif drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Science

42、s. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market. Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva3. Gilead combined the others Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It al

43、so involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of_ what_ is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIV.In January the New England Journal of Medicine4 published a study of the new pill. Res

44、earchers compared its effectiveness to5 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT6 and 3TC7. The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects8. Gilead paid for the

45、 study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, Glaxo Smith Kline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of

46、limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months t

47、o ask the United States Food and Drug Administration9 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders10. Experts say more than forty million peopl

48、e around the world are living with HIV.Pregnant Women Warned About ACE InhibitorSome of the most commonly used medicines for high blood pressure are drugs called ACE inhibitors. Doctors have given these drugs to patients for twenty-five years. A government study in the United States found that the u

49、se almost doubled between 1995 and 2000.Doctors have known for years that women should not take ACE inhibitors during the last six months of pregnancy. The medicine can injure the baby. ACE inhibitors, though, have been considered safe when taken during the first three months. But a New study has fo

50、und that women who take these drugs early in their pregnancy still increase the risk of birth disorders2. The study shows that, compared to others, their babies were almost three times as likely to be born with major problems.3 These included problems with the formation of the brain and nervous syst

51、em and holes in the heart.The researchers say they found no increased risk in women who took other blood pressure medicines during the first three months. Researchers at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and Boston University did the study. The New England Journal of Medicine4 published the results

52、. The researchers studied the records of almost thirty thousand births between 1985 and 2000. Two hundred nine babies were born to women who took ACE inhibitors during the first three months of their pregnancies. Eighteen of the babies, or almost nine percent, had major disorders.ACE inhibitors are

53、often given to patients with diabetes. But diabetes during pregnancy can result in birth defects. So the study did not include any women known to be diabetic5. ACE inhibitors suppress a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE. This enzyme produces a chemical in the body that makes blood

54、 passages narrow. The drugs increase the flow of blood so pressure is reduced.5. New drugs are tested on pregnant animals to see if they might cause birth defects in humans. But experts say these tests are not always dependable. The United States Food and Drug Administration6 helped pay for the stud

55、y. The F. D. A. says women who might become pregnant should talk with their doctor about other ways to treat high blood pressurePrivacy Worry May Keep HIV1 Patients from TherapyPatients infected with HIV are often concerned about2 the confidentiality of their HIV-positive status. In fact, some patie

56、nts are so worried that they will actually give up treatment to prevent the release of this information, according to a report published in the August issue of AIDS Care.Dr. Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein and colleagues from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina3, studied the confidentiality issues of

57、15 HIV-infected patients from rural North Carolina locations. They were divided into groups designed to explore their attitudes toward, and experiences with, breaches in confidentiality.“The fear of a breach in confidentiality is definitely affecting the care that HIV-infected patients receive, Whet

58、ten-Goldstein said. “Most studied patients had experienced or knew someone who had experienced a breach in confidentiality.“Two types of breaches occurred,Whetten-Goldstein noted. “The first was a more obvious type of breach. One example was a nurse who told her child that her patient was HIV-positi

59、ve out of concern that her child would play with the patients child.“The other type of breach was more subtle, one that providers might not consider breaches, 5” Whetten-Goldstein explained. “This type of breach involves providers talking about a patients HIV status without the patients knowledge of

60、 the interaction.“The law allows the sharing of information between providers within the same institution, but patients consent must be obtained before providers at different institutions can share information, she pointed out.“Patients in the study wanted providers to tell them when they are going