城市道路论文(共13页)

1、城市道路工程(gngchng)城市道路是指在城市范围内具有一定技术条件和设施的道路。根据道路在城市道路系统中的地位、作用、交通功能以及对沿线建筑物的服务功能，我国目前将城市道路分为四类：快速路、主干路、次干路及支路。城市各重要活动中心之间要有便捷的道路连接，以缩短车辆的运行距离。城市的各次要部分也须有道路通达，以利居民活动。城市道路繁多又集中在城市的有限面积之内，纵横交错形成网状，出现了许多影响着相交道路的交通流畅的交叉路口,所以需要采取各种措施,如设置色灯信号管制、环形交叉(hun xn jio ch)、渠化交通、立体交叉等以利交通流畅。城市交通工具种类繁多，速度快慢悬殊，为了避免互相阻碍干

2、扰,要组织分道行驶,用隔离带、隔离墩、护栏或划线方法加以分隔。城市公共交通乘客上下须设置停车站台，还须设置停车场以备停驻车辆。要为行人横过交通繁忙的街道设置过街天桥或地道，以保障行人安全又避免干扰车辆交通；在交通不繁忙的街道上可划过街横道线，行人伺机沿横道线通过。城市道路的特点(tdin)：城市道路是城市交通和公共设施的承载体，对城市的可持续发展和文化传承具有重要的作用。由于城市道路具有的公共性、公益性、交通特殊性，其与公路、林区道路、乡村道路等相比具有其特殊性，这主要表现在：1.设计内容涵盖广，城市道路不同其他道路，在进行道路设计时不仅涵盖电力管道、排水管道、道路照明、绿化等其他道路具备的要

3、素外，还要涵盖供热、燃气、排污等要素。2.道路改造维护频繁，随着现代经济的快速发展和城市改造力度的加大，城市道路扩宽、改造、维护工程量繁重，但这些项目普遍较小，呈现出零碎性、分散性、局域性等特点。3.施工复杂，城市道路施工容易受多方面因素影响，如地形、拆迁费用、建筑物等，在进行施工不仅要考虑电力、通讯、排污、气暖等地下管道，还要涉及人流、建筑等地面因素，同时对城市道路施工时一般采取半封闭施工，否则会引起城市交通堵塞。4.交通特殊性，城市道路的交通运行体由公交车、小型汽车、自行车、电动车和行人组成，城市道路依据交通运行体被划分了不同的区域道路，如机动车道、非机动车道、人行道、公交专用道等，实现了

4、不同交通运行体的行驶分离。此外，城市道路的设计速度较低，一般不超过60Km/h。5.城市道路的管理隶属与公路不同，公路建设属于交通运输部，二城市道路属于住房和城乡建设部，这样的设置充分考虑了城市道路的特殊性和涉及内容的广泛性，有利于根据其特殊性制定专门管理措施或标准。城市道路设计的要求：一般认为，城市交通的本质是实现人、车辆或其他物体在道路上移动，因此城市道路设计与公路施工设计有本质区别，即城市道路以服务人为主要目的，公路以服务车为主要目的。以往城市道路的“以车为本”思想在当今社会已经滞后，在今后的城市道路施工设计时应把“以人为本”作为出发点，同时考虑道路-车辆-周围环境的联系。这样，不仅能够

5、实现城市道路的安全性和合理性，还能将城市道路建设为舒适、宜人、通畅的交通承载体，进而实现现代城市的可持续发展。在进行现代城市道路设计时要满足几个要求：1.人性化要求，城市道路应“以人为本”，在进行城市道路设计时应体现人的重要性，不仅注意到道路的基本功能，又能满足人的心理和生理需求，如进行建设无障设施、道路交通稳静化设计等，这样不仅不影响到道路的基本作用，同时又使行人获得了舒适、和谐和自然的心理感觉。2.空间要求，在进行规划城市道路空间时应充分的研究地表上下和高架立体空间的联系和影响，因为城市道路不仅承担着作为交通载体作用，同时承担着管路铺设、道路景观、城市特色等其他功能。因此，在进行城市道路空

6、间规划时要将公共设施空间、公共交通空间、行人机动车和非机动车空间以及其他作用空间统筹考虑，最终实现道路空间与基础交通功能的有机结合。3.路权合理分配要求，在城市道路施工设计时要充分的考虑路权分配问题，综合考虑路上行人、机动车和非机动车的交通运行方式，并据此对不同的交通运行体划分合理的道路权限，实现道路资源分配的合理和公平，保障各交通运行体的安全。4.城市景观要求，在进行城市道路设计时要充分考虑到道路景观的重要性，要在城市道路景观风貌、道路特色、道路空间组合等方面进行综合考虑，通过对道路结构、照明、尺寸等方面的设计，体现出现代城市的特色。城市道路设计(shj)细节：城市道路可分为交通性道路、生活

7、性道路、商业性道路和景观性道路。交通性道路主要作用于道路交通，适用于城市内部不同区域之间的交通转移，表现(bioxin)为对机动车辆道路要求较高，对非机动车辆和行人道路要求较低的特点，在进行交通性道路施工时交通标志、道路护栏、路旁照明设备、候车设施等设计要简单明了，以便交通运行体能够及时了解路况和交通管理。生活性道路更多地考虑了人的需求，如人行道、人行横道、公交车专用道等，实现了人车分离，在进行生活性道路规划时要细致入微，合理布局，增设各类道路管理设施控制车流和车速，以便满足行人的安全性和有效空间，创造出安全、舒适、宜人的道路交通环境。商业性道路一般设在商业繁华，或拥有大型购物和娱乐场所的两侧

8、，主要表现则是需要一定的交通承载能力以满足大量行人交通。在进行设计规划时应考虑行人交通安全和购物娱乐的方便性，不仅要设置专门候车区域，还要增设专用行人过街横道，以满足大量商业性道路的大人流量。景观性道路一般布置在能够体现城市特色或风貌的重点路段，以行人休闲和道路绿化为主要目的，道路一般呈对称性，宽广性、人车较远隔离性等特点，在进行设计时应考虑开道路放绿地与行人区域相结合的布置方式。城市道路是交通的直接载体,道路横断面是道路的平、纵、横三要素设计的有效组成部分。道路横断面设计的好坏关系到交通安全、道路功能、通行能力、用地的使用效率、城市景观等方面。城市道路横断面的形式直接或间接地成为道路交通流种

9、类及交通量大小的影响因素之一,合理的道路横断面形式一方面可以(ky)保证车流的畅通；另一方面可以通过合理绿化布置减少交通对环境的污染。近年来机动车的数量虽逐年(zhnin)增加,但车种增长比例不一,城市道路上车辆的行驶特性也发生了许多根本变化。具体表现在以下方面:道路上行驶车种的典型变化是小汽车日益增多；货车白天流量减少,夜间(y jin)大货车及特大型集装箱车增多；自行车逐渐减少,摩托车数量可观；随着人们生活水平的提高,道路的步行、休闲功能日益增强;随着环境意识的加强,人们对道路绿化功能提出了更高的要求。城市道路横断面是指道路中心线的法线方向断面,它由车行道、人行道、分隔带等组合而合。一般而

10、言,其规划设计必须综合考虑交通需要、建筑艺术、日照通风、减灾防灾、管线布置等方面要求。但我国城市道路横断面规划设计在理清功能、分期实施、机非分流、保护城市特色等方面存在不少问题,很难保障城市交通与城市特色的可持续发展。我国城市呈紧凑型布局形态,建成区内人口高度密集,人均建设用地指标远低于西方发达国家现有水平,大中城市土地资源处于极度短缺状态,随着我国城市化水平及城市社会经济发展水平的提高,这种状况将呈进一步加剧趋势。在我国,一方面道路建设资金极其有限,另一方面城市机动车保有量正在迅猛增长。因此,城市道路横断面应当如何科学合理分配,如何在适应交通需求的前提下尽可能提高土地资源利用效率,如何在有限

11、的资金条件下尽可能提高资金利用效率显得尤为重要。注重道路功能设计,提高城市道路的宜人氛围城市道路横断面分配必须体现不同类别交通在不同类别道路上的优先级差异,从快速路到支路,行人、自行车优先级应越来越高,但小汽车等机动车优先级需愈来愈低。地面常规公交在各类道路上都应体现一定的优先性,提高公共交通可达性,方便居民出行。为实现各类道路预期设计功能,为体现不同类别交通流的优先级差异,建议道路非机动车道、人行道宽度设计需打破传统,其规划设计宽度宜随着道路等级的提高而适度变窄。我国城市地下管网布设尚未考虑采用综合管沟方式。一般而言,道路等级越高,所需布设的管线就越多,对路侧带、非机动车道的宽度要求就愈大,

12、所以在道路横断面设计时这些宽度尺寸往往是由管线布置而不是交通的需要决定的。我国城市道路绿化规划与设计规范对各类道路的绿地率提出很高要求,我国城市,除部分南方风景旅游城市外,城市干路绿化水平多未达到规范要求。因此,干路为满足管线布设等非交通功能而增加的路侧带、人行道宽度可设为绿化带,以改善城市景观,提高城市道路的宜人氛围,减缓机动车交通带来的噪声、尾气等环境污染。我国城市交通将要经历机动化发展历程,人们应吸取美国道路建设的经验教训,在道路横断面规划设计中,必须考虑步行友好,注重街道景观设计,注重连续安全步行系统建设,主次干路必须设置分隔带和行人、自行车过街安全岛,以适应我国老龄化时代的到来,提高

13、道路安全性,体现道路为广大居民服务的最基本功能。合理确定机动车车道宽度,节约(jiyu)道路用地资源,降低工程造价。我国现行规范的车道宽度标准就采用城市道路平面交叉口的选择在选择城市道路平面交叉口确定的时候，选择的首要条件是要有一个理想的、最好的位置。同时交叉口的位置要按照城市道路平面交叉口道路的等级、计算行车(hngch)速度、转向车流的分布和交通量、自然条件和地形条件等因素选定，重点应考虑以下三个方面(fngmin)：1.平面线型。平面线型的选择好坏直接影响着城市道路交叉口，要选择有道路是直线的地方作为平面线性的选择位置，这样行车不仅能顺利的通过，还能降低交叉的长度，假如是在有曲线上拼接的

14、话，那么也要尽可能的大半径曲线上（不设超高的曲线），绕开在小半径曲线上，由于在小半径曲线上对于路面会平顺衔接，使行车安全和战地都是不方便的。所以，咋拼接的时候，要认真考虑到正交或较大角度斜交，最小交角不宜小于45。2.地形条件。要选择在地面平整、而且还要是在视野开阔的地段选择拼接，在挖方地段的时候要绕开有路段路拼接的地方，因其对于行车视线及路基排水均为不利。3.竖向条件。交叉口应尽量选择在水平坡段上，如条件限制，亦应设在平缓坡段上。衔接方式的确定：在城市道路交叉口的竖向布置上，要按照、并符合行车舒适、排水通畅及视线开阔的要求，在道路互相交错的时候要在道路交叉口平顺的面上，这项能够使道路上的水及

15、时的排除。如果是在不论是道失控制要求严格的情况，应避免使用这种方法，因为它可能会给路基排水和线路拉坡造成困难。变坡衔接法。这种方法的衔接点位置及衔接断面与顺坡法一样的，区别在于衔接点后的线路纵坡不采用接既有路的路面横坡进行顺坡而是以衔接点为变坡点，采用平坡或较缓的上坡为衔接纵坡。这样情况下，可以补充顺坡法的缺陷，比较适用于在挖方地段的时候路基排水困难和高程损失受限制的衔接条件。不好的方面就是衔接点会有坡度变化，在交叉口上没有平顺的路面，同时会使路面上的排水困难，过往的车辆也会受到影响，所以在运用这种办法的时候，要考虑到它的不足之处。平交口立面设计平交口的设计主要是以平交口立面设计为主。平交口立

16、面设计主要是按照纵断面，道路横坡进行设计，再设计的时候要尽量使路面等高线圆滑，不要有棱角突出，在车道转弯的时候想到车道横坡方向及大小，同时还要想到被交路是新建筑的道路还是老道路的问题，更要想到交叉口排水的问题。立面设计的要求(yoqi)和原则：在设计交叉口的时候要求主要是，使主要道路的过往车辆顺利通过，在主要道路的过往车辆不受到影响下，稍微的改变一下纵坡和横坡，目的是为了(wi le)照顾次要道路的行车需要。设计的原则是：在同一等级互相交错的时候，维护自己的纵坡没有变化，来改变别处的横坡度。在主要和次要道路互相交错的时候，那么，主要道路的纵面和横断面不改变，然后把次要道路的双坡横断面慢慢地与主

17、道路的纵坡相一致的单坡横断面，这样做的目的是方便与主道路的交通顺利。在设计的时候，切记一定要有一个道路的纵坡方向背离交叉口，去目的是有利于排出水。交叉口范围内横坡要平缓些，一般不大于路段横坡，以利于行车。交叉口立面设计标高应与周围建筑物的地坪标高协调一致。路桥过渡段因不均匀沉降出现,按原有纵断面设计图无法施工,而进行道路调坡时最小坡长达不到规范最小值要求高架道路或多跨大桥在建设中因施工误差或不同结构的差异沉降使得按纵断面设计图施工可能(knng)造成结构安全性不足、附属结构设施需要重新返工等一系列问题,且按现状标高进行调坡时最小坡长达不到规范最小值要求。综上所述,在路面大修及改扩建工程中均会遇

18、到纵断面设计指标难以达到,如强制执行时可能会影响结构安全、增加不必要的造价等问题但从使用要求上又必须满足行车平稳、舒适且不影响交通安全等要求,因此针对性地提出相对应纵断面指标作为设计参考依据非常重要. Urban road engineering City road is a certain technical conditions and facilities in the city within the road. According to the road in the city road system status, function, traffic function and ser

19、vice function of the buildings along the city road, at present in our country will be divided into four categories: expressway, trunk road, secondary road and branch to be convenient. The road connection between the city various activity centers, to shorten the distance running vehicle. The major pa

20、rt of the city to have road access, to facilitate the residents activities. There are concentrated in the city road within the limited area of the city, arranged in a crisscross pattern reticular formation, there are many influences the intersection of road traffic flow intersection, So it is necess

21、ary to take various measures, such as setting the color light signal control, ring cross, traffic, etc. in order to facilitate the smooth traffic interchange. City traffic tools of various kinds, the speed gap, in order to avoid each other obstacles, to organize the traffic lane, isolation pier with

22、 belt, guardrail or scribing method to separate the passengers. City public transportation shall set the parking platform, but also set the parking lot for parking vehicles. To set up a bridge or tunnel across the street for pedestrians to cross the busy street, to protect the safety of pedestrians

23、and vehicles to avoid interference in traffic; traffic on the street across the street crossing, pedestrians waiting to cross the road along on line Too. City Road has its unique features: public, public welfare, traffic particularity, and road, road, road, road, road, road, road, road, road, road,

24、road, road, road, road, forest road, road, road, forest road, forest road, road, forest road, forest road, road, forest road, forest road, road, rural road, road, road, rural road. To increase the speed of development and efforts to transform the city, city road widening, renovation, maintenance of

25、engineering quantity heavy, but the project is generally small, showing a fragmented, decentralized, complex characteristics of local.3. construction, city road construction is easy to be affected by many factors such as topography, relocation costs, buildings, in construction we should consider not

26、 only the electric power, communications, sewage, gas heating and other underground pipelines, but also relates to the flow of people, buildings and other ground factors, at the same time on the city road construction is usually adopted semi closed construction, otherwise it will cause traffic jam i

27、n the city of.4. traffic, city road traffic by bus, small cars, Bicycle, electric vehicles and pedestrians, the city road according to the traffic system is divided into different areas, such as motor vehicles, non motorized vehicles, sidewalks, bus lanes, etc., in addition, the design speed of urba

28、n roads is lower, generally not more than 60Km/h.5. City Road, belonging to the Ministry of transport, highway construction belonging to the Ministry of housing and urban and rural construction, such as the full consideration of the particularity of urban roads and the content of the wide range of s

29、pecial management measures or standards. Urban road design requirements: generally, the essence of urban traffic is to achieve people, vehicles or other objects on the road, so the urban road design and road construction design has essential difference, that is, the main purpose of urban road constr

30、uction design, road to serve as the main purpose of the past, the city road construction design should take the people-oriented as a starting point, taking into account the road vehicles. The traffic load, so as to realize the sustainable development of modern city. To meet several requirements in t

31、he modern city road design: 1 human requirements, city roads should be people-oriented, should reflect peoples importance in the city road design, the basic functions of attention not only to the road, but also can satisfy peoples psychological and physiological needs, such as building barrier free

32、facilities, road traffic calming design. The basic function of this not only affects the road, while the pedestrian was comfortable, harmonious and natural psychological feeling.2. space requirements, should be fully in the planning of the surface space on the city road and elevated stand Contact an

33、d influence of body space, because the city roads not only bear the traffic as carrier, and bear the pipe laying, road landscape, city features and other functions. Therefore, the public space in the city road planning, public traffic space, pedestrian space and other motor vehicles and non motor ve

34、hicles and consider the role of space finally, realize the organic combination of road space and traffic function based.3. row distribution requirements, to fully consider the rightdistribution problems in design and construction of the city road, considering the pedestrians, non motor vehicles and

35、motor vehicle traffic operation mode, and according to different traffic Running the body to divide the reasonable road authority to realize the reasonable and fair of road resources allocation to ensure the safety of.4. city landscape requirements. In the design of urban road to take full account o

36、f the importance of road landscape, road features, road space combination, etc., through the design of road structure, lighting, size and other aspects, reflects the characteristics of modern cities. City road design details: city road transportation can be divided into the road of life, road, comme

37、rcial road and landscape of the road traffic roads. A major role in road traffic, suitable for different regions inside the city transportation between the transfer performance of motor vehicles on the road to high, non motor vehicles and pedestrian road requirements low characteristic, in the traff

38、ic of road construction traffic signs, road fence, street lighting, facilities design should be simple and clear, so that traffic can timely understand the conditions and life of road traffic management. More consideration of the needs of people, such as sidewalks, crosswalks, bus only With the road

39、, realize the separation of people and vehicles, in the life of road planning should be meticulous, reasonable layout, set up all kinds of road traffic and vehicle speed control facilities management, in order to satisfy the safety and efficiency of pedestrian space, create a safe, comfortable and p

40、leasant environment, road traffic. Commercial road is generally located in the bustling commercial. Or with shopping and entertainment on both sides, the main performance is the need of certain traffic carrying capacity to meet a lot of pedestrian traffic. In the planning and design should consider

41、the convenience of the traffic safety and shopping and entertainment, not only to set up a special waiting area, plus special pedestrian crosswalk, to meet the Landscape road is generally arranged in the main road, which can reflect the characteristics of the city, the main purpose of pedestrian lei

42、sure and road greening is the main purpose, the road is generally symmetrical, broad and far isolation. Urban road is the direct carrier of traffic, the road is the road, vertical and horizontal three factor design is effective. The road cross section design is related to traffic safety, traffic saf

43、ety, road function, traffic capacity, urban landscape, urban landscape and other aspects. The form of urban road traffic flow is directly or indirectly. There are many changes in the driving characteristics of the vehicle. The typical changes of the road are the increase of the car, the reduction of

44、 the traffic flow, the increase of the number of vehicles and the large container trucks, the increase of the number of bicycles, the improvement of the living standard, the increasing of the Road, and the higher requirements. City Road cross section refers to the normal direction of the center line

45、 of the road section, which consists of roadways, sidewalks, strip combinations and so on. Generally speaking, the design must consider the traffic needs, architectural art, sunshine ventilation, disaster prevention, pipeline layout and other aspects of the requirements. But Chinas City planning and

46、 design in the clear road cross section the function, phased implementation, non diversion, there are many problems in protecting the city characteristics, it is difficult to guarantee the sustainable development of city traffic and city characteristics. Our city is a compact layout, built-up area p

47、opulation density, per capita construction land index lower than the current level of western developed countries, large In the extreme shortage of land resources in the city, along with the social and economic development level of our country city and city level increases, this situation will furth

48、er exacerbate the trend. In our country, on the one hand, the road construction funds is extremely limited, on the other hand the number of city vehicles are in rapid growth. Therefore, how to scientific and reasonable city road cross section the distribution, how to adapt to the traffic demand as m

49、uch as possible under the premise of improving the efficiency of utilization of land resources, how to improve the efficiency of capital is particularly important in the conditions of limited funds. Focus on road design, improve the urban road of urban road cross section distribution must reflect th

50、e different types of traffic on different road, from the road to the branch, pedestrian, bicycle priority should be more and more low, but the car and other vehicles priority should be reflected in a certain priority, improve public transport accessibility, to reflect the different types of traffic

51、flow priority differences, proposed road non machine moving lane, pavement width design need to break the tradition, the width of the planning design with the road The level of the increase is modest. Our country city underground pipe network layout has not been considered by utilitytunnel. Generall

52、y speaking, the higher the level of the road, pipeline layout required more and more, the road side band width requirements of non motorized vehicle lane is big, so the road cross section design when the width is often determined by the pipeline layout rather than traffic. Our country on all types o

53、f road greening rate put forward high requirements, our country city, in addition to the southern part of scenic tourist city, city road greening level does not meet the specification requirements. Therefore, in order to meet the road layout pipeline and other non transport function and increase the

54、 roadside sidewalk belt. Wide Degree can be set for the green belt, to improve the urban landscape, improve the urban road, pleasant atmosphere, reduce the noise of motor vehicle traffic, pollution and other environmental pollution. Our city traffic going through mechanization development, people sh

55、ould draw lessons from the United States in the planning and design of road construction, road transect, must consider the pedestrian friendly, on the street landscape design, focus on the construction of pedestrian system for safety, must set up separate primary roads and pedestrian, bicycle crossi

56、ng safety island, in order to adapt to the times the arrival of Chinas aging, improve road safety, the most basic function of road service for the residents. Reasonably determine the motor vehicle lane width, road to save land resources, reduce the cost of the project. The current lane width specifi

57、cation of China by City Road intersection selection In the choice of Urban Road intersection, the first condition is to have an ideal, the best position. At the same time, the location of the intersection of urban road level, calculate the speed, the distribution and traffic volume, natural conditio

58、ns and terrain conditions and other factors, the focus should be considered in the following three aspects:The 1 plane line. Choose good or bad plane design directly affects the city road intersection, to choose the road is straight as local position selection of plane linear, this road can not only

59、 pass through, but also can reduce the length of the cross, if it is in a curve splicing, it should be as large as possible curve radius the (no high curve), bypassing the small radius curve, due to the small radius curve on the road will be connected smoothly, so that traffic safety and battlefield

60、 are not convenient. Therefore, when ye mosaic, to give careful consideration to the orthogonal or large angle oblique angle, the minimum of not less than 45 degrees 2 terrain conditions. To choose the flat on the ground, but also is the choice of splicing in the vision area, when the excavation loc