TPO2030托福阅读修辞目的题集锦

1、TP020-30托福阅读修辞目的题集锦Paragraph1:ThestoryofthewestwardmovementofpopulationintheUnitedStatesis,inthemain,thestoryoftheexpansionofAmericanagricultureofthedevelopmentofnewareasfortheraisingoflivestockandthecultivationofwheat,corn,tobacco,andcotton.After1815improvedtransportationenabledmoreandmorewesternfa

2、rmerstoescapeaself-sufficientwayoflifeandenteranationalmarketeconomy.Duringperiodswhencommoditypriceswerehigh,therateofwestwardmigrationincreasedspectacularly.OldAmericaseemedtobebreakingupandmovingwestward,observedanEnglishvisitorin1817,duringthefirstgreatwaveofmigration.EmigrationtotheWestreacheda

3、peakinthe1830s.Whereasin1810onlyaseventhoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestoftheAppalachianMountains,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere.Whatisthepurposeofthestatement,Whereasin1810onlyaseventhoftheAmericanpeoplelivedwestoftheAppalachianMountains,by1840morethanathirdlivedthere?OToillustratethatgenerallypopulati

4、onshiftsoccurrapidlyOTocorrectamistakenimpressionofAmericanagriculturefrom1810to1840OToemphasizetherangeandspeedwithwhichthewestwardmigrationoccurredOTodemonstratedhowattractivetheAppalachianMountainsweretoAmericansParagraph2:PollensamplesfromfreshwaterlakesinSyriaandelsewheretellusforestcoverexpand

5、edrapidlyattheendoftheIceAge,forthesouthwesternAsianclimatewasstillcoolerandconsiderablywetterthantoday.Manyareaswerericherinanimalandplantspeciesthantheyarenow,makingthemhighlyfavorableforhumanoccupation.About9000B.C.,mosthumansettlementslayintheareaalongtheMediterraneancoastandintheZagrosMountains

6、ofIranandtheirfoothills.Somelocalareas,liketheJordanRivervalley,themiddleEuphratesvalley,andsomeZagrosvalleys,weremoredenselypopulatedthanelsewhere.Heremoresedentaryandmorecomplexsocietiesflourished.Thesepeopleexploitedthelandscapeintensively,foragingonhillslopesforwildcerealgrassesandnuts,whilehunt

7、inggazelleandothergameongrassylowlandsandinrivervalleys.Theirsettlementscontainexoticobjectssuchasseashells,stonebowls,andartifactsmadeofobsidian(volcanicglass),alltradedfromafar.Thisconsiderablevolumeofintercommunityexchangebroughtadegreeofsocialcomplexityinitswake.Whydoestheauthormentionseashells,

8、stonebowls,andartifactsmadeofobsidian?OTogiveexamplesofobjectsobtainedthroughtradewithothersocietiesOToillustratethekindsofobjectsthatarepreservedinacoolclimateOToprovideevidencethattheorganizationofworkwasspecializedOTogiveexamplesoftheartisticabilityoflocalpopulationsParagraph2:Thetermfossilofteni

9、mpliespetrifaction,literallyatransformationintostone.Afterthedeathofanorganism,thesofttissueisordinarilyconsumedbyscavengersandbacteria.Theemptyshellofasnailorclammaybeleftbehind,andifitissufficientlydurableandresistanttodissolution,itmayremainbasicallyunchangedforalongperiodoftime.Indeed,unaltereds

10、hellsofmarineinvertebratesareknownfromdepositsover100millionyearsold.Inmanymarinecreatures,however,theskeletoniscomposedofamineralvarietyofcalciumcarbonatecalledaragonite.Althougharagonitehasthesamecompositionasthemorefamiliarmineralknownascalcite,ithasadifferentcrystalform,isrelativelyunstable,andi

11、ntimechangestothemorestablecalcite.Whydoestheauthormentionaragoniteinthepassage?OToemphasizethatsomefossilsremainunalteredformillionsofyearsOTocontrastfossilformationinorganismswithsofttissueandinorganismswithhardshellsOToexplainthatsomemarineorganismsmustundergochemicalchangesinordertofossilizeOToe

12、xplainwhyfossilshellsaremorelikelytosurvivethanarefossilskeletonsParagraph3:Geothermalreservoirswithtemperaturesabove180centigradeareusefulforgeneratingelectricity.Theyoccurprimarilyinregionsofrecentvolcanicactivityashot,dryrock;naturalhotwater;ornaturalsteam.Thelattertwosourcesarelimitedtothosefewa

13、reaswheresurfacewaterseepsdownthroughundergroundfaultsorfracturestoreachdeeprocksheatedbytherecentactivityofmoltenrockmaterial.TheworldslargestsupplyofnaturalsteamoccursatTheGeysers,120kilometersnorthofSanFrancisco,California.Inthe1990senoughelectricitytomeetabouthalftheneedsofSanFranciscowasbeingge

14、neratedthere.Thisfacilitywastheninitsthirddecadeofproductionandwasbeginningtoshowsignsofdecline,perhapsbecauseofoverdevelopment.Bythelate1990ssome70geothermalelectric-generatingplantswereinoperationinCalifornia,Utah,Nevada,andHawaii,generatingenoughpowertosupplyaboutamillionpeople.Eighteencountriesn

15、owgenerateelectricityusinggeothermalheat.4.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthormentionthatinthe1990sTheGeyserswasinitsthirddecadeofproduction?OToprovidethehistoricalcontextofthegeothermalproductionofelectricityintheUnitedStatesOToimplythatTheGeyserswasthefirstgeothermalsitetobeputintoproductioninCalifornia

16、OTohelpexplainthesignsofdeclineshownbyTheGeysersOToexplainwhy70newgeothermalsiteswereputintoelectricityproductioninthelate1990sParagraph4:Itwouldappearthattheinstabilityoftheclimaticconditionsledpopulationsthathadoriginallybeennomadictosettledownanddevelopasedentarystyleoflife,whichledinturntopopula

17、tiongrowthandtotheneedtoincreasetheamountoffoodavailable.Farmingoriginatedintheseconditions.Lateron,itbecameverydifficulttochangebecauseofthesignificantexpansionofthesepopulations.Itcouldbeargued,however,thattheseconditionsarenotsufficienttoexplaintheoriginsofagriculture.Earthhadexperieneedpreviousp

18、eriodsofclimaticchange,andyetagriculturehadnotbeendeveloped.5.WhydoestheauthorstatethatEarthhadexperieneedpreviousperiodsofclimaticchange,andyetagriculturehadnotbeendeveloped?OTosuggestthatclimatechangehadoccurredlongbeforethedevelopmentofagricultureOToarguethatclimatechangedoesnotproperlyexplainwhy

19、agriculturedevelopedOTochallengetheassumptionthatagriculturedevelopedonlyinsomepartsoftheworldOToquestiontheclaimthatclimatechangeoccurredatthetimewhenagriculturedevelopedParagraph2:PerhapstheexplanationgoesbacktosomeideasraisedbyinfluentialSwisspsychologistJeanPiagetnamely,thatchildrenunderagetwoye

20、arsrepresenteventsinaqualitativelydifferentformthanolderchildrendo.Accordingtothislineofthought,theverbalabilitiesthatblossominthetwoyearoldalloweventstobecodedinaformradicallydifferentfromtheaction-basedcodesoftheinfant.Verbalabilitiesofoneyearoldsare,infact,relatedtotheirmemoriesforeventsoneyearla

21、ter.Whenresearchershadoneyearoldsimitateanactionsequenceoneyearaftertheyfirstsawit,therewascorrelationbetweenthechildrensverbalskillsatthetimetheyfirstsawtheeventandtheirsuccessonthelatermemorytask.However,evenchildrenwithlowverbalskillsshowedevidenceofrememberingtheevent;thus,memoriesmaybefacilitat

22、edbybutarenotdependentonthoseverbalskills.6.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatchildrenwithlowverbalskillsshowedevidenceofrememberingapastevent?OToprovideevidencethatmemoriesdonotdependonlyuponverbalskillsOTochallengetheideathatoneyearoldsaretooyoungtoformmemoriesOToarguethattheme

23、moryofoneyearoldsdependsonlyonaction-basedcodesOTosuggestthatPiagetlaterrevisedhisfindingsonthecorrelationbetweenmemoryandverbalabilityParagraph6:Photographydidindeedmakecertainkindsofpaintingobsoletethedaguerreotypevirtuallydidawaywiththeportraitminiature.Italsomadethewholebusinessofmakingandowning

24、imagesdemocratic.Portraiture,oncealuxuryfortheprivilegedfew,wassuddenlywellwithinthereachofmanymorepeople.7.Whatpointdoestheauthormakeinparagraph6?OPaintingsbecamelessexpensivebecauseofcompetitionwithphotography.OPhotography,unlikepainting,wasatypeofportraiturethatevenordinarypeoplecouldafford.OEver

25、ystyleofpaintingwasinfluencedbytheinventionofphotography.OThedaguerreotypewasmorepopularthanthecalotype.Paragraph6:Allthesediverseconstituentsareaggregatedtogethertoformchondriticmeteorites,likeAllende,thathavechemicalcompositionsmuchlikethatoftheSun.TocomparethecompositionsofameteoriteandtheSun,iti

26、snecessarythatweuseratiosofelementsratherthansimplytheabundancesofatoms.Afterall,theSunhasmanymoreatomsofanyelement,sayiron,thandoesameteoritespecimen,buttheratiosofirontosiliconinthetwokindsofmattermightbecomparable.Thecompositionalsimilarityisstriking.ThemajordifferenceisthatAllendeisdepletedinthe

27、mostvolatileelements,likehydrogen,carbon,oxygen,nitrogen,andthenoblegases,relativetotheSun.Thesearetheelementsthattendtoformgasesevenatverylowtemperatures.WemightthinkofchondritesassamplesofdistilledSun,asortofsolarsludgefromwhichonlygaseshavebeenremoved.Sincepracticallyallthesolarsystemsmassresides

28、intheSun,thissimilarityinchemistrymeansthatchondriteshaveaveragesolarsystemcomposition,exceptforthemostvolatileelements;theyaretrulylumpsofnebularmatter,probablysimilarincompositiontothematterfromwhichplanetswereassembled.8.lnparagraph6,whydoestheauthormentionthattheSunhasmanymoreatomsofanyelement,s

29、ayiron,thandoesameteoritespecimen?OToshowhowdifficultitistocomparethecompositionofameteoritewiththatoftheSunOToexplainwhyacomparisonofthecompositionsofameteoriteandoftheSunhastobedoneintermsofratiosofelementsOToidentifythemostcommonelementinboththeSunandmeteoritespecimensOToemphasizehowmuchlargerthe

30、SunisthananymeteoritespecimenisParagraph4:AlthoughtheremarkableantiquityofAustraliasrockartisnowestablished,thesequencesandmeaningsofitsimageshavebeenwidelydebated.Sincethemid-1970s,areasonablystablepicturehasformedoftheorganizationofAustralianrockart.Inordertocreateasenseofstructuretothispicture,re

31、searchershavereliedonadistinctionthatstillunderliestheformsofmuchindigenousvisualcultureadistinctionbetweengeometricandfigurativeelements.Simplegeometricrepeatedpatternscircles,concentriccircles,andlinesconstitutetheiconography(characteristicimages)oftheearliestrock-artsitesfoundacrossAustralia.Thef

32、requencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptivetermthePanaramiteestylealabelwhichtakesitsnamefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface.Certainfeaturesoftheseengravingsle

33、adtotheconclusionthattheyareofgreatagegeologicalchangeshadclearlyhappenedafterthedesignshadbeenmadeandlocalAboriginalinformants,whenfirstquestionedaboutthem,seemedtoknownothingoftheirorigins.Furthermore,thedesignswerecoveredwith“desertvarnish,”aglazethatdevelopsonrocksurfacesoverthousandsofyearsofex

34、posuretotheelements.ThesimplemotifsfoundatPanaramiteearecommontomanyrock-artsitesacrossAustralia.Indeed,siteswithengravingsofgeometricshapesarealsotobefoundontheislandofTasmania,whichwasseparatedfromthemainlandofthecontinentsome10,000yearsago.WhydoestheauthorincludeinformationaboutTasmaniainparagrap

35、h4?oToprovideevideneethatthePanaramiteestyleiswidespreadandofgreatageoToprovethatAboriginalAustralianscouldnothavemadethecarvingsinTasmaniaoToindieatehowresearehershavedeterminedhowlongagoTasmaniaseparatedfromthemainlandoToillustratetheimportanceofgeometricrockarttotourisminTasmaniaparagraph5:Reside

36、ncetimesvaryenormously.Theyrangefromafewdaysforsmalllakesuptoseveralhundredyearsforlargeones;LakeTahoe,inCalifornia,hasaresidencetimeof700years.TheresidencetimesfortheGreatLakesofNorthAmerica,namely,LakesSuperior,Michigan,Huron,Erie,andOntario,are,respectively,190,100,22,2.5,and6years.LakeEriesisthe

37、lowest:althoughitsareaislargerthanLakeOntarios,itsvolumeislessthanone-thirdasgreatbecauseitissoshallow-lessthan20metersonaverage.WhydoestheauthordiscusstheGreatLakesinparagraph5?oTodemonstratetheextenttowhichresidencetimesvaryfromlaketolakeoToillustratehowresidencetimesarecalculatedforspecificlakeso

38、ToarguethattheresidencetimeofalakeincreaseswithareaoToemphasizethatLakeTahoesresideneetimeisunusuallylongparagraph4:Butthatisnotallthatchanges.Duringallphasesofsleep,severalchangesintheairpassageshavebeenobserved.Ittakestwieeasmuehefforttobreatheduringsleepbeeauseofgreaterresistaneetoairflowintheair

39、waysandehangesintheeffieieneyofthemuselesusedforbreathing.Someofthemuselesthathelpkeeptheupperairwayopenwhenbreathingtendtobeeomemorerelaxedduringsleep,espeeiallyduringREM(thephaseofsleepinwhiehthereisrapideyemovement).Withoutthismuseularaetion,inhalingislikesuekingairoutofaballoonthenarrowpassagest

40、endtoeollapse.Alsothereisaregulareyeleofehangeinresistaneebetweenthetwosidesofthenose.Ifsomethingbloeksthegoodside,suehaseongestionfromallergiesoraeold,thenresistaneeinereasesdramatieally.Coupledwiththesefaetorsisthelossoftheeomplexinteraetionsamongthemuselesthateanehangetherouteofairflowfromnosetom

41、outh.Whatistheauthorspurposeinstatingthatinhalingislikesuckingairoutofaballoon?oTorefutetheargumentthatadditionaleffortisneeessaryforbreathingduringsleepoToarguethatREMsleepismoreimportantthanNREMsleepoToillustratethedifficultyofbreathingduringsleepoToillustratehowblockageofnarrowpassagescanbepreven

42、tedduringsleepparagraph4:AnotherimportantpushwastheonsetoftheLittleIceAge,aclimaticphenomenonthatledtocoolertemperaturesintheNorthernHemisphere.AlthoughtheheightoftheLittleIceAgewasstillaroundthecorner,someevidencesuggeststhattemperatureswerefallingduringthethirteenthcentury.Theenvironmentalchangesa

43、ssociatedwiththistransitionarenotfullyunderstood,butpeoplelivingclosesttotheSanJuanMountains,tothenortheastofMesaVerde,wereaffectedfirst.Growingfoodattheseelevationsisalwaysdifficultbecauseoftheshortgrowingseason.AstheLittleIceAgeprogressed,farmersprobablymovedtheirfieldstolowerelevations,infringing

44、onthelandsofotherfarmersandpushingpeopletogether,thuscontributingtotheaggregations.ArchaeologistsidentifyacorrespondingshiftinpopulationstowardthesouthandwesttowardMesaVerdeandawayfromhigherelevations.WhydoestheauthorstatethatGrowingfoodattheseelevationsisalwaysdifficultbecauseoftheshortgrowingseaso

45、n?oToexplainwhythehigherelevationswerealwaysrelativelysparselypopulatedoTosuggestthatanyworseningofconditionswouldhavesignificantconsequencesoToemphasizehowresourcefulthepeoplegrowingfoodattheseelevationswereoToarguethatfarmingwasnottheprimarysourceoffoodathighelevationsParagraph3:ThegreatheightofMa

46、rtianvolcanoesisadirectconsequenceoftheplanetslowsurfacegravity.Aslavaflowsandspreadstoformashieldvolcano,thevolcanoseventualheightdependsonthenewmountainsabilitytosupportitsownweight.Thelowerthegravity,thelessertheweightandthegreatertheheightofthemountain.ItisnoaccidentthatMaxwellMonsonVenusandtheH

47、awaiianshieldvolcanoesonEarthrisetoaboutthesameheight(about10kilometers)abovetheirrespectivebases-EarthandVenushavesimilarsurfacegravity.Marsssurfacegravityisonly40percentthatofEarth,sovolcanoesriseroughly2.5timesashigh.AretheMartianshieldvolcanoesstillactive?Scientistshavenodirectevidenceforrecento

48、rongoingeruptions,butifthesevolcanoeswereactiveasrecentlyas100millionyearsago(anestimateofthetimeoflasteruptionbasedontheextentofimpactcrateringontheirslopes),someofthemmaystillbeatleastintermittentlyactive.Millionsofyears,though,maypassbetweeneruptions.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthorcompareMaxwellMon

49、sonVenustotheHawaiianshieldvolcanoesonEarth?oTohelpexplaintherelationshipbetweensurfacegravityandvolcanoheightoToexplainwhyMarsssurfacegravityisonly40percentofEarthsoTopointoutdifferencesbetweenthesurfacegravityofEarthandthesurfacegravityofVenusoToarguethattherearemoresimilaritiesthandifferencesbetw

50、eenvolcanoesondifferentplanetsParagraph5:TheconventionalexplanationforthelossofVenetiandominanceintradeisestablishmentofthePortuguesedirectsearoutetotheEast,replacingtheoverlandSilkRoadfromtheBlackseaandthehighlyprofitableIndianOcean-caravan-easternMediterraneanroutetoVenice.ThePortugueseVascodaGama

51、sVoyagearoundsouthernAfricatoIndiatookplaceattheendofthefifteenthcentury,andby1502thetrans-Abrabiancaravanroutehadbeencutoffbypoliticalunrest.WhydoestheauthormentionuVascodaGamaVoyagearoundsouthernAfricatoIndiainthepassage?otoindicatehowthePortuguesecametochallengeVenetiandominanceoftradewiththeEast

52、otoexplainwhypoliticaltroublesresultedintheclosingoftheusualroutestoIndiaotoprovethatVenetianscouldnotsailroundshipsasefficientlyassailorsfromothercountriesdidotoshowthatVenetianrelianceonroundshipsratherthangalleysprovedtobeweaknessParagraph5:Whenplantspioneeredtheland,theyfacedarangeofchallengespo

53、sedbyterrestrialenvironments.Onland,thesupportivebuoyancyofwaterismissing,theplantisnolongerbathedinanutrientsolution,andairtendstodrythingsout.Theseconditionsfavoredtheevolutionofthestructuresthatsupportthebody,vesselsthattransportwaterandnutrientstoallpartsofplant,andstructuresthatconservewater.Th

54、eresultingadaptationstodrylandincludesomestructuralfeaturesthataroseearlyinplantevolution;nowthesefeaturesarecommontovirtuallyalllandplant.Theyincluderootsorrootlikestructures,awaxycuticlethatcoversthesurfacesofleavesandstemsandlimitstheevaporationofwater,andporescalledstomatainleavesandstemsthatall

55、owgasexchangebutclosewhenwaterisscarce,thusreducingwaterloss.Otheradaptationsoccurredlaterinthetransitiontoterrestriallifeandnowwidespreadbutnotuniversalamongplants.Theseincludeconductingvesselsthattransportwaterandmineralsupwardfromtherootsandthatmovethephotosyntheticproductsfromtheleavestotheresto

56、ftheplantbodyandthestiffeningsubstancelignin,whichsupporttheplantbody,helpingitexposemaximumsurfaceareatosunlight.Whatpurposedoesparagraph5serveinthelargerdiscussionoftheoriginsofterrestrialplants?oToemphasizehowlongittookforancestralplantstoadjusttolifeonlandoTodisprovetheargumentthatlandplantsadap

57、tedeasilytotheirnewterrestrialenvironmentoToexplainhowplantcolonizationchangedthephysicalenvironmentoftheterrestrialworldoTodescribehowancestralplantssolvedtheproblemstheyconfirmedincolonizingParagraph1:Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,techno

58、logy,andeconomicpowerknownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepower.Increasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,byth

59、eeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyort

60、opowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.16:WhydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthatuGreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal?oTorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcenturyoToexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceof