职称英语理工类b级

1、阅读判断*第十一篇Computer MouseThe basic computer mouse is an amazingly clever invention with a relatively simple design that allows us to point at things on the computer and it is very productive. Think of all the things you can do with a mouse like selecting text for copying and pasting1，drawing，and even

2、scrolling on the page with the newer mice with the wheel. Most of us use the computer mouse daily without stopping to think2 how it works until it gets dirty and we have to learn how to clean it. We learn to point at things before we learn to speak，so the mouse is a very natural pointing device. Qth

3、er computer pointing devices include light pens，graphics tablets and touch screens，but the mouse is still our workhorse.The computer mouse was invented in 1964 by Douglas Englehart of Stanford University. As computer screens became more popular and arrow keys were used to move around a body of text，

4、it became clear that a pointing device that allowed easier motion through the text and even selection of text would be very useful. The introduction of the mouse，with the Apple Lisa computer in 1983，really started the computer public on the road to relying on the mouse for routine computer tasks.3Ho

5、w does the mouse work? We have to start at the bottom，so think upside down for now. It all starts with the mouse ball. As the mouse ball in the bottom of the mouse rolls over the mouse pad，it presses against and turns two shafts. The shafts are connected to wheels with several small holes in them. T

6、he wheels have a pair of small electronic light-emitting devices called light-emitting diodes (LED) mounted on either side4. One LED sends a light beam to the LED on the other side. As the wheels spin and a hole rotates by，the light beam gets through to the LED on the other side. But a moment later

7、the light beam is blocked until the next hole is in place. The LED detects a changing pattern of light，converts the pattern into an electronic signal，and sends the signal to the computer through wires in a cable that goes out of the mouse body. This cable is the tail that helps give the mouse its na

8、me. The computer interprets the signal to tell it where to position the cursor on the computer screen.So far we have only discussed the basic computer mouse that most of you probably have or have used.5One problem with this design is that the mouse gets dirty as the ball rolls over the surface and p

9、icks up dirt. Eventually you have to clean your mouse. The newer optical mice avoid this problem by having no moving parts.参考译文：第十一篇 电脑鼠标电脑鼠标是一个惊人的巧妙发明，它设计简单，但却使我们能够对电脑屏幕上的东西进行非常有效的指挥。想想你可以用鼠标做的那些事情，比如复制粘贴，绘画，甚至用新式鼠标上的滚轮使网页上下滚动。我们大多数人每天都用电脑鼠标，却从来没有停下来想想它是怎样工作的，直到有一天它变脏了，而我们又必须学会如何对它进行清洁。我们会说话之前就已经学会

10、用手指东西，所以鼠标是一个很自然的指针设备。其他电脑指针设备还包括光笔，图形片和触摸屏等，但鼠标仍然是我们的主要工具。电脑鼠标由斯坦福大学的道格拉斯恩格尔哈特在1964年发明。随着电脑屏幕越来越受欢迎，而且箭头键可以在一个文本上随意移动，人们认识到一个能自由移动甚至选择文本的游标装置将是非常有用的。1983年鼠标的引进和苹果电脑丽莎的开始使用，使广大电脑用户开始踏上一条依赖鼠标完成常规电脑工作的道路。鼠标是怎样工作的？我们得从底都开始，所以现在把鼠标倒过来看。一切都开始于鼠标球。当鼠标底部的球在鼠标垫上滚动的时候，它压迫到两个滚轴并使其转动。这两个轴上有一些小孔，并与滚轮相连。滚轮两边各有一个

11、叫做发光二极管的小型电子发光器件。其中一个发光二极管向另一个发出一个光束。当滚轮转过一个小孔时，光束通过小孔到达另一边的发光二极管。但稍后该光束被阻塞，直到下一下孔转动到这个位置。发光二段管检测出光束的变化模式，将该模式转换成电子信号，并通过一条延伸出鼠标的电缆将信号传输给电脑，这条像尾巴一样的电缆正是鼠标得名的原因。电脑通过解读信号确定光标在电脑屏幕上的位置。到目前为止，我们只限于讨论基本型的电脑鼠标，你们中间多数人也许拥有一个鼠标，也许你们已用过鼠标。这样的设计带来的一个问题是，滚球滚动时表面吸附的灰尘会使鼠标变脏，所以昀终你必须对它进行清洁。较新的光学鼠标由于没有可移动的部件就避免了这一

12、问题的产生。第十二篇 Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake Scientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean1 is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria2 in AD3 365. Using radiocarbon dating technique

13、s, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, said Ms Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University of Cambridge, who led th

14、e study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks. Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault close to the southwest coast of Crete4

15、last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview. Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to find how often

16、such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of Greece5 and Sicily6 all the way up

17、the Adriati7 to Dubrovnik8. This would be similar to the ancient quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta9, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.参考译文第十二篇 科学家研究预测地中海地区大地震公元365年，东部地中海地区发生特大地震

18、和海啸，摧毁了亚历山大市，科学家们已经找到了证据证明：那里存在的一直被人忽视的断层，每隔800年就有可能就引发一次强地震和海啸。通过运用放射性碳素技术和计算机仿真模型，研究者们重建了古代那场灾难，以便证实是断层引发了地震。“我们认为每800年就会出现一次这种类型的地震。”负责此项研究的剑桥大学地震学家贝丝肖恩女士说道。科学家们研究以往的地震，为的是确定未来出现同种大地震的可能性。肖恩女士说：对于地中海地区上千万的居民来说，确定是断层引发了公元365年地震和海啸非常重要。她在一次电话访问中进而补充说：克里特岛西南海岸附近的断层昀后一次引发足以引起海啸的大地震是在公元1300年左右，这就意味着下一

19、次强地震将在未来的100年中出现。肖恩女士说，她和她的同事测量了断层两侧的震动强度，并确定大规模地震多久发生一次才会引起这样的震动强度，从而推算出地震产生的大致间隔时间。根据其计算机仿真模型显示，如果断层产生8级的震动，那么它引发的海啸就会淹没亚历山大市和北非的沿海地区、希腊和西西里岛的南部海岸、以及从要费里亚海到杜布罗夫尼克的广大地区。这个近似于公元365年摧毁大部分希腊地区的地震，当时地震引发的海啸吞噬了亚历山大市和尼罗河三角洲，造成工上千万人死亡。概况大意与完成句子第十一篇 The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World 1 Scientists rece

20、ntly made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease. 2 The motor works by shuffling atoms betwee

21、n two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows but never gets as big as the other droplet and eventual

22、ly bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke2. 3 The technique exploits the fact that surface tension the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating becomes more importa

23、nt at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water. 4 Although the amount of energy produced is small 20 microwatt s it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor4. The whole setup5 is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds o

24、f times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be too million times more powerful than a Toyota Camrys 225 horsepower V6 engine. 5 In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was

25、100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettls group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory. 6 Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other

26、 things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.参考译文：第十一篇 世界上昀小的电动机昀近科学家公布了现有的昀小的电动机。就是在一个句号里，上百个这样的电动机也能来回

27、地运动。将来有一天，类似的发动机也许能够为一个机械医生提供动力，在人的身体里自由移动，治疗疾病。发动机通过碳纳米管中的原子在两小滴金属溶液间的来回运动进行工作。其中一个小滴甚至比另一个还要小。当微弱的电流通过时，大一点的小滴金属溶液中的原子就会缓慢逸出，进入小一点的小滴。这样，后者体积不断增大但决不会大到和前者一样昀后，与大一点的小滴金属溶液相撞。当他们接触时，大的小滴便夺回它失去的原子。能量这样迅速地来回运动就产生一次动力冲程。这项技术利用了表面张力的原理原子或分子有不愿被分开的倾向这在纳米等级上更加重要。表面张力同样也使某些昆虫能在水上行走。虽然这样产生的能量很少只有20微瓦，但与电动机的

28、小等级相比，功率也是相当可观了。整个装置的体积不到200纳米，比起人类一根头发的宽度，它要小几百倍。如果纳米电动机能按比例放大到汽车发动机的尺寸，它将会比丰田凯美瑞的225马力的V6引擎还要大1亿倍。1988年，理查德乌勒教授和他的同事发明了第一台微型发动机，100微米长，或者说有一根头发那么粗。2003年，泽特尔的小组制造出第一台纳米级的发动机。2006年，他们又造出了纳米传送带，能够像工厂里传送汽车那样移动极小的粒子。纳米技术的工程师尽力去模拟自然，用一个个原子来制造物体。在这些事物当中，纳米发动机能够被用于光电路来改变光的方向，该过程被称为光学转换。未来主义者预想有一天，被纳米发动机驱动

29、的纳米机器能在人体内移动，发现疾病并修复被破坏的细胞。第十二篇 A Strong Greenhouse Gas 1 Methane is a colorless, odorless gas; it is also a potent greenhouse gas, and once released into the atmosphere1, it absorbs heat radiating from Earths surface. Thats why methane is a major contributor to the planets increasing temperature ri

30、se or global warming. Molecule for molecule, methanes heat-trapping power in the atmosphere is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide2, the most abundant greenhouse gas. 2 With 13 billion cows belching almost constantly around the world (100 million in the U. S. alone), its no surprise that methane r

31、eleased by livestock is one of the chief global sources of the gas. Other prime methane sources: petroleum, drilling, coal mining, solid-waste landfills and wet lands. 3 Greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide make up only a small part of Earths atmosphere, which is 78 percent nitrogen and

32、nearly 21 percent oxygen. And without greenhouse gases to trap the suns heat and warm the planet, life as we know it couldnt exist3. But in the last 200 years, human activity that requires burning oil, natural gas, and coal for energy has magnified the greenhouse effect. 4 Atmospheric concentrations

33、 of methane have more than doubled in the last two centuries. Blame for this often focuses on big industries and gas-guzzling vehicles. But agriculture plays a major role, too. In the past 40 years alone, the global cattle population has doubled. 5 Cows munch mostly grasses and hay yet they grow big

34、 and hefty. Why? Because of the rumen. The rumen holds 160 liters of food and billions of microbes. These microscopic bacteria and break down cellulose and fiber into digestible nutrients. A cow couldnt live without its microbes. As the microbes digest cellulose, they release methane. The process oc

35、curs in all animals with a rumen (cows, sheep, and goats, for example), and it make them very gassy. Its part of their normal digestion process. When they chew their cud, they regurgitate some food to rechew it, and all this gas comes out. The average cow expels 600 liters of methane a day. 参考译文：第十二

36、篇 一种强烈的温室气体甲烷是一种无色无味的气体，同时也是一种很强烈的温室气体，一旦释放到空气中，就会吸收地球表面散发的热量。所以说甲烷是使这个星球日趋变暖(或叫全球变暖)的一个主要原因。按分子与分子对比，甲烷在大气中吸收热量的能力是二氧化碳昀丰富的温室气体的21倍。由于全世界有130亿头牛几乎在连续不断地打嗝（仅美国就有一亿头），难怪由牲畜释放的甲烷就成为了一种主要的全球性甲烷来源。其他主要的甲烷来源有：石油、钻井、采煤、固体垃圾以及沼泽地。甲烷和二氧化碳等温室气体只占地球大气的一小部分，大气中78%为氮气，将近21%为氧气。如果没有温室气体来吸收太阳的热量，使地球变暖，我们所知道的生命就不会

37、存在。但在过去的200年里，通过燃烧油、天然气和煤来获取能量的人类活动加剧了温室效应。在过去的两个世纪里，甲烷在大气中的浓度地加了一倍多，人们常常将此归罪于大工业和汽车。但是农业在其中也扮演了一个重要角色。仅在过去40年里，全球牲畜数量就翻了一番。牛吃的大部分是草，但却长得身高体壮。原因何在？在于它们都长有瘤胃。它们的瘤胃容纳160升的食物，养育数十亿的微生物。这些微小的细菌和原生动物可分解纤维素，形成可吸收的营养。没有这些微生物牛就无法生存。由于微生物可吸收纤维素，所以就会释放出甲烷。所有长有瘤胃的动物（比如牛、绵羊和山羊）都会这样，因此它们经常释放出气体。这是它们的正常吸收过程的一部分。它

38、们反刍时，就会将食物重新咀嚼，于是就释放出气体。一般每头牛每天会排出600升甲烷。因此，我们认为，牲畜释放的气体也是全球变暖的一个主要因素。阅读理解第三十一篇 Hurricane Katrina A hurricane is n fiercely powerful , rotating form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles in diameter. The term hurricane is derived from Hurican, the name of 8 native American storm god1. Hur

39、ricanes are typical of2 a calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter, known as the eye. They occur in tropical regions. Over its lifetime3, one of these storms can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs4. The seed for hurricane formation5 is a cluster of thunderst

40、orms over warm tropical waters. Hurricanes can only form and be fed6 when the sea-surface temperature exceeds 270C and the surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the northern hemisphere. Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate and

41、condense into clouds and rain releasing heat in the process. It is this heat energy, combined with the rotation of the Earth, that drives a hurricane. When the warm column of air7 from the sea surface first begins to rise, it causes an area of low pressure. This in turn creates wind as air is drawn

42、into the area. This spinning wind drags up more moisture-laden air from the sea surface in a process that swells the storm8. Cold air falls back to the ocean surface through the eye9 and on the outside of the storm. Initially, when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour, these mild, wet and grey weathe

43、r systems are known as depressions10. Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the southeastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005. Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the US, leaving a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake11 almost the size of the UK. Thousands have been ki

44、lled or injured and more than half a million people have been displaced in a humanitarian crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the great depression.12 The cost of the damage may top13 $ 100 billion.第三十一篇 卡特里娜飓风飓风是一种猛烈、强大、螺旋形式的热带风暴，直径可达1241240英哩。飓风hurricane一词是由Hurica一词衍生而来，Hurican是美国本地风暴之神的名字。飓

45、风的特征是其中心的无风区域气压低，直径在1260英里之间，被称作风眼。它们在热带区域出现。在飓风肆虐整个过程中，有一种飓风可释放相当于1万颗核弹的能量。飓风形成的原因是由于雷暴聚集在温暖的热带水面上。只有当海平面的温度超过27摄氏度并且周围的空气稳定时，飓风才能形成，壮大。在6月到11月之间的北半球这些条件可达到。在这些条件下，大量的水蒸气凝结成云和雨，并在此过程中释放热量。正是这些热能，加上地球的自转驱动着飓风。当海平面的柱状暖气流首次开始上升时，它会引起一片低气压区，而这一区域紧接着会形成风，因为空气被吸引流动进这一区域。这一旋转运动的风带起了海面上更多的充满水汽的空气。这一过程增大了暴风

46、的威力。冷空气通过暴风中心降回海面，落到暴风外围。开始，当风速达到每小时23英时，这些温和、潮湿、灰色的气候系统被称作低气压区。2005年的8月23日，卡特里娜飓风以这种方式在巴哈马群岛东南形成。卡特里娜飓风对美国墨西哥湾沿岸造成了毁灭性打击，其后留下了面积为9万平方英里的受灾区域几乎和英国的面积一样大。数以千计的人因此伤亡。五十多万人被迫离开家园，如此大规模的人道主义危机是美国自大萧条以来还未经历过的。此次飓风造成的破坏可能超过1千亿美元。 第三十二篇 Mind-reading1 Machine（B级） A team of researchers in California has deve

47、loped a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning whats happening in their brains. When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neuro

48、ns are responsible for this processing. The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at. Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxy

49、gen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-

50、rich blood and therefore, which parts are working to process information. An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity

51、 like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images. The California researchers tested brain activity by having two voluntee

52、rs view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers brains to light up on the scan, indicating

53、 activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see. In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This tim

54、e, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.第三十二篇

55、 读心机一个加州的研究团队开发了一种可以通过扫描人体大脑所发生的变化从而预测出这个人正在看一些什么样的物体的方法。当你注视一些物体时，你的眼睛会发送一个关于该物体的信号到你的大脑中。大脑的不同区域处理眼睛发送的这些信号。大脑中负责这个过程的细胞叫做神经元。fMBI(功能性磁振造影)脑扫描可以大体地比较大脑中人们对所观察物体基本形状的电运动。像身体中其他地方的细胞一样，活跃的神经元细胞也需要氧气。血液为神经元提供氧气，神经元越活跃，对氧气量的需求越大。大脑中越是活跃的区域，它的神经元也就越活跃。为此，更多的血液会流经这一区域。那么通过使用fMRI，科学家可以使大脑中接收相对多的富氧血液的部分可视

56、化。因此，可视化的部分就是处理信息的部分。fMRI机是一种可以扫描大脑和测量流向大脑的血液变化的设备。这项技术为研究者显示，当人们思考观察进行像说话阅读这样的活动时，大脑运动的变化。通过突出显示人们观看不同图像时头脑工作的区域，fMRI可以帮助科学家们确定与不同图像相关的大脑活动的具体形式。加州的研究者让两个志愿者观测数百个诸如人、动物和水果这样的日常事物。他们用这样方式来测试大脑的活动。科学家使用fMRI机来记录志愿者看每一张图片时大脑的活动。显示这一活动时，不同物体会使志愿者大脑的不同区域在扫描时亮度增加。科学家利用此信息来建立一种模式去预测大脑对所看到事物可能如何反映。在第二个测试中，科

57、学家让志愿者看120个新图像。和以前一样，他们每看一张新图像时大脑都被扫描一次。这次，科学家用他们的模式来比较fMRI扫描的图像。例如，如果图像在第二次测试显示相同的形式的大脑活动，同时，该脑活动与在第一次测试中苹果图片有大关联，那么这个模式可能会预测出志愿者们正在看一些苹果。第三十三篇 Experts Call for Local and Regional Control of Sites for Radioactive Waste (B级) The withdrawal of Nevadas Yucca Mountain as a potential nuclear waste repos

58、itory1 has reopened the debate over how and where to dispose of spent nuclear fuel and high-level nuclear waste. In an article in the July 10 issue of Science, University of Michigan2 geologist Rodney Ewing and Princeton University3 nuclear physicist Frank von Hippel argue that, although federal age

59、ncies should set standards and issue licenses for the approval of nuclear facilities, local communities and states should have the final approval on the siting of these facilities. The authors propose the development of multiple sites that would service the regions where nuclear reactors are located

60、. “The main goal, should be to provide the United States with multiple alternatives and substantial public involvement in an open siting and design process that requires acceptance by host communities and states,”the authors write. Ewing and von Hippel also analyze the reasons why Yucca Mountain, se