专四写作技巧@(共33页)

1、这是一些值得背诵的句子，希望你们(n men)能够背下来。在好莱坞人人都梦想得到奥斯卡奖，连乞丐(qgi)都满怀着希望，乞丐要饭时，旁边立了块牌子，上面写着：Help keep my Oscar Hopes Alive.帮帮忙，让我保持(boch)我的奥斯卡希望。对生活充满希望，努力奋斗，不必担心结果，心态恬淡快乐。We should hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. The worst result is that we cant get out of the world alive.我们应该做最好的打算，做最坏的准备。最坏的结果是我

2、们不能活着走出这个世界。自己的希望要在一定程度上切合实际，获得满足的快乐。If at first you dont succeed, try, try, again. If it still doesnt work, redefine success.如果第一次你没有成功，接着再试；如果还不奏效，重新定义成功。注：。这有点儿自欺欺人，但也是调节心情的一种方法。无知者无畏，要敢于尝试新鲜事物，生活多彩快乐。All you need in this life is ignorance and confidence; then success is sure.所有你生命中所需要的就是无知和自信，那么

3、你肯定能成功。注：，敢于尝试新鲜事物，遇到挫折还是很自信地向前走，这种人成功的机会很大。坦然面对生活中的起起伏伏，荣辱不惊。Life is full of ups and downs, especially when youre an elevator operator.生活充满着上下起伏，特别(tbi)当你是一个电梯操作工时。注：ups and downs: 波动(bdng)，盛衰，浮动坦然接受自己的生活，尊重(znzhng)自己的选择。Life is a sum of all your choices.生命是你所有选择的总合。Life is like an onion: you peel

4、off layer after layer and then you find there is nothing in it.生活就象洋葱：你一层一层拨开就会发现里面什么也没有。顺境时也要时刻防范不测发生，快乐迎接挑战。Life is like surfing, you might catch a good wave and have a fun ride, but watch out for those sharks.鲨鱼 生活就象冲浪，你可能赶上了好浪，那会是一次有趣的旅行，但要提防那些鲨鱼。When life throws you stones, throw them back! 当生活

5、扔给你块儿石头，你再扔回去。挑生命中重要的事情去做，当然快乐。专四写作怎样才能拿得高分？ (一)写作题的性质 听和读是语言的input(输入)过程，因而对于听力和阅读的测试是考查学习者的被动英文技能；说和写是语言的output(输出)过程，对于口语和写作的测试则是考查学习者的主动英文技能。学习者的被动英文水平往往高于主动英文水平，因此听力理解材料的难度往往大于口语的内容，阅读理解材料的难度往往要大于写作。由此可见，在经过两年基础专业课的学习后，学习者应该将重点放在把被动英文水平转化成主动英文水平上 。一旦我们的大脑有了大量的语言输出之后，就能达到出口成章、下笔有神的境界。 (二)英语专业四级写

6、作(xizu)要求 能根据(gnj)题目列出写作提纲，在35分钟左右(zuyu)写出200250词的短文 。 以上均要求做到内容完整、条理清楚，语法基本正确，语言通顺恰当 。 能写一般的书信、通知、便条、请帖，填写简单的表格，格式正确，语言得体。 写作课培养学生初步写作能力，最简单的常用应用文。 (三)考试大纲对英语专业写作的要求和规定 (1)测试目的：按照英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求，检查学生在基础阶 段末期的英语写作能力。 (2)题型：主观试题，分为Section A和Section B两个部分。 Section A: Composition写作文 Section B: Note-w

7、riting写便条 (3)测试要求： a)作文。要求根据所给的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲) 写一篇180词的短文，能做到内容切题、完整，条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。 b)便条。要求根据(gnj)提示写大约5060词的便条、通知、请帖等。要求做到格式正确，语言得体。考试时间为10分钟。 (四)英语专业四级写作(xizu)的评分标准 1.作文(zu wn)的评分标准 (1)文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。 (3)组织严密，逻辑性强。 (4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。 (5)用词得体、恰

8、当、丰富。 (6)语法正确。 (7)拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。 (五)高分密招 1. 在写作中，遇到不会表达的词语该怎么办? 对于母语是中文的学习者，其中文词汇量往往大于英文词汇量，在英文写作中遇到不能表 达的词语是最正常不过的事情了。但有的考生在遇到不会拼写的单词时，往往绞尽脑汁，冥思苦想，结果造成思维短路，得不偿失。其实，对于这种情况，也有两种对策。 对策一：用其近义词代替。 如在写Student Use of Computer这篇作文时，很多同学以“在 最近10年里，学生使用电脑的小时数一直(yzh)在增加”这句话来开头。“10年”可以用decade表 示，“增加”可以用ascend表示

9、。但是不知道这两个词或对于它们的拼写没有把握时，可用 其近义词表示，如“10年”直接用ten years就可以，“增加”还可用increase, go up, rise, grow, jump, climb等。在这个时候，考生必须遵守“宁为瓦全，不可玉碎”的原则。 这就要求在平时注意多收集一些同义词。如在每一篇作文中都会用到的一个(y )单词“认为”， 英文中有很多单词来表达此义，如think, agree, claim, maintain, argue, believe, hold, suggest, viewas, regardas, consider(as)。又如另一个单词“目前，最近”

10、 ，可用nowadays, these years, recently, lately, currently, at present。此外， 同义词的收集与运用(ynyng)有助于考生在写作中用词多样化。 对策二：当考生在写作中，既找不到该词 的近义词，又不能用解释性的语言进行阐述时，考生可以考虑用其上义词或下义词来代替。 上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明；下义词是事物的具体表现形式。如Owing a Car这 篇文章谈到拥有汽车的弊端，其中有一点是汽车会排放出一氧化碳(carbon oxide)和二氧化 碳(carbon dioxide),对空气造成污染。当然，如果不知道如何拼写，更不知该

11、如何去 释义一氧化碳和二氧化碳时，可以用它们的上义词poisonous gases来表示，因为不 论是一氧化碳还是二氧化碳都是有毒气体。又如Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus(大学生该如何走出校园了解世界)，提纲的第二点要求是大学生了解社会的途径( 大众媒体、社会服务等)。“大众媒体”为mass media，“社会服务”为social service。 如果考生不会表达，但是在提纲里又明确规定不能不写时，可以用其下义词来代替。大众媒 体的具体表现形式是TV，radio, newspaper, internet；社会服务的具体表现形式则为pa

12、rt|time job, tutoring等。因而，考生在写作中遇到不会表达的单词时，应该沉着冷静 ，考虑用其近义词、上义词或下义词来代替。 如何(rh)给阅卷老师留下美好的第一印象 要想作文获得高分，显而易见就是要给阅卷老师留下美好(miho)的印象。老师们的阅卷过程是郁闷枯燥的。使自己的文章在大约1分钟的阅读时间内，迅速地在他们的脑海中形成较多的兴奋点，是至关重要的。 首先，作文的写作时间为35分钟，合理(hl)的时间安排为10+20+5，前面的10分钟用来读题审题 ，构思并列提纲，接着的20分钟用来按照提纲写作，最后5分钟用来检查及润色。合理的时 间安排是写出优秀 作文的必不可少的第一步

13、。 其次，卷面的设置。要想让阅卷老师对你的作文试卷有一种赏心悦目的感觉，作文的排版应该不多于2/3，不少于1/3，要留有余地，不要将卷面写得密密麻麻。字体不要过大或过小。字迹要工整。段落方面，英语专业四级考试作文的特点决定了作文写法的基本框架为三段论。俗话说，事不过三，超过了三段后就会让人感到过于繁琐。并且应当注意的是，每段开头都应该有缩进，留有两个单词的位置。 再次，除了形式之外，作文 的内容也尤其重要。阅卷老师阅卷一般是从第一段看语言，从第二段看结构。这就要求考生 的作文开头部分以及每一段的第一句一定要写得像英文，不要出现任何的拼写或语法错误。 除了语言的地道外，还要求作文有层次感。可以用

14、一系列表示逻辑关系的连词，即路标 词来表示思路的清晰，如and, however, furthermore,also, whats more等。此外，还可 以用对等的句式结构，如for one thing, for another； On the one hand, on the other hand等来增加文章的层次感。总之，议论文对语言的要求主要体现在三个方面：用 恰当的逻辑词表现文章的逻辑性。要注意自然段与主题句的运用，即用自然段表现出文章 的逻辑性，并在每段中用主题句说明要点，给人一目了然的感觉。要注意句型结构，注意 每句的重心和句与句之间的衔接，使句意一环扣一环，避免松散。 便条(b

15、intio)的写作 便条是一种简单的书信形式(xngsh)。要求学生仔细阅读和分析所给的情景，确定便条所涉及的内容 ，如写便条者与便条接收者的身份(shn fen)、两者之间的关系及情景的正式程度等。便条的特点在于内容简短，大多是临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。与正规书信相比，便条的语言更为口语化。有急事需告诉别人而又不能面谈时，就可以写便条，如请假条、留言条等。一般不写地址，与普通书信基本相同。结尾时也无需要结尾礼词，只需要写上便条者姓名。便条的日期一般只要写上星期几，也可以写明上午、下午的具体时间。便条具有用途广泛、形式简单、文字要求不十分严格的特点。环球时代:英语专四写作必背经典句型1

16、 There is no sport I enjoy more than swimming. 2. Nothing is more important than perseverance in achieving success. 3. I dont imagine anything we cannot do so long as we persist. 4. There is no denying that our economy is developing by leaps and bounds. 5. It is universally acknowledged that what he

17、 has done was a mistake. 6. It is conceivable (可想而知的) / obvious (明显的) / apparent / that there will be a new economic crisis throughout the world, but we hope it wont happen. 7. It goes without saying （不言而喻）that we have to work hard if we want to learn a foreign language well. 8. Science to the human

18、 mind is what air or water is to the body 科学之于人类思想正如水或空气之于身体 9. Crisis is to us what illness is to our body. 10. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生没有朋友，犹如人生没有太阳 11. General Lee is everything General Grant is not. 12. Great changes have taken place since our country entered WTO. 13.

19、On no account can we lie. 14. Under no circumstances should we reveal our secret. 15. There is no one but longs to communicate with others 16. So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 17. It is high time we did something to change the situation. 18. The situation will worsen unless some

20、steps are taken to stop it. 19. The reasons why I am the most partial to blue are threefold. 20. We should spare no effort to make a success of our career. 21. It pays to take part in social works in order to know the outside world better. 22. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.23. We sho

21、uld bring home to people the value of working hard. 24. Taking exercise is closely related to health. 25. The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 26. change the course of history turn over a new leaf shape the destiny of a nation shape the world break a new ground 27. Smoking has a g

22、reat influence on our health. 28. Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 29. We shall do our utmost to change and reverse the current situation. 30. Time is more than money. 专四写作指导：如何用英语简单句表达复杂(fz)思想这是从你们(n men)的实际出发给出的回答。因为学了很多年的英语，大部分考生还是能够写出一些东西的，最起码能够写出一些英语的简单句吧。简单句包括S+V（主谓句），S+V+O（主谓宾

23、），S+V+O+O（主谓宾宾），S+V+O+C（主谓宾宾补），S+V+C（主系表），复杂一些的句子无不是由这些(zhxi)简单句演变而来的。 用简单句写复杂思想 学了这么多年英语，为什么还不能写出好的句子？原因在于想得太复杂了。我们可以将要表达的汉语思想，全部说成简单的句子，而简单句，在写作时是考生可以掌控的。之后再将简单句加以润色、组合，使之登堂入室，夺取高分。 例如写这句话：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪的工作是不可能的。看到这样的汉语句子，一般我们的反应是要用Itisimpossibleforsb.todosth这样的句型，然后想着往里填词：在sb.的位置填上“刚刚毕业的大学生”，在不定

24、式的位置填上“找到高薪的工作”，如下所示： Itisimpossiblefor刚刚毕业的大学生to找到高薪的工作. 那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写？英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形容词放在大学生前面，所以就要用定语从句，写成collegestudentswhohavejustgraduated，如果graduated不会写，先写成left；然后怎么写“高薪的”，英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在jobs的前面，所以用定语从句，写成tofindjobswhichcangivethemalotofmoney.这样这个句子将写成：Itisimpossibleforcollegestudent

25、swhohavejustgraduatedtofindjobswhichcangivethemalotofmoney.这样将两个定语从句放在这个句型里面，实在是太容易犯错了。实际上，刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成：newly-graduatedstudents,而高薪的工作可以写成well-payingjobs,将这两个短语放进去，成为：Itisimpossiblefornewly-graduatedstudentstofindwell-payingjobs，与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。不过试问，能写出这两个短语的有几人呢？ 我们能不能换一种思路，想得简单点，把上面一句话拆分成为四句： 每

26、年，都有很多大学生毕业。 他们都想找到工作。 这些工作可以给他们很多钱。 这是不可能的。 我相信这样的句子大部分考生很快就可以写出来： Everyyear,manycollegestudentsgraduate. Theyallwanttofindjobs. Thesejobscangivethemalotofmoney. Thisisimpossible. 第一句话属于五种简单句中的主谓句，第二句是主谓宾，第三句是主谓间宾直宾，第四句是主系表。 下面我们看看能不能润色一下：第一句话我们将熟悉的many改为heapsandheapsof（一批一批的），这是换词；然后?：fromuniversi

27、ties；又想到还有独立的学院，再加上andinstitutes.第一句话变成：Everyyear,heapsandheapsofcollegestudentsgraduatefromuniversitiesandinstitutes. 这句话这样一改，便成气候了。 第二句和第三句可以用定语从句连接起来，因为第三句的主语是第二句最后jobs的重复，所以成为：Theyallwanttofindjobs，whichcangivethemalotofmoney.再润色，我们发现give可以改为offer，alotofmoney可以改为handsomesalaries.利用学过的语法知识我们可以让这个

28、句子更加复杂，给定语从句中加一个插入语：theyhope，放在which后面，这样这句话就成为：Theyallwanttofindjobs，whichtheyhopecanofferthemhandsomesalaries. 第四句话也可以和前两句连在一起，这次不采用主从复合句，而采用并列句，因为意思发生转折，故用but连接，而impossible太绝对了，改为hardlypossible，于是成为：Theyallwanttofindjobs，whichtheyhopecanofferthemhandsomesalaries，butthisishardlypossible. 所以最初的那句话，

29、经过拆解、加工（换词和连句）形成了下面的一组句子：Everyyear,heapsandheapsofcollegestudentsgraduatefromuniversitiesandinstitutes.Theyallwanttofindjobs，whichtheyhopecanofferthemhandsomesalaries，butthisishardlypossible. 上文总共32个词，与我们刚才认为很难达到的那个句子Itisimpossiblefornewly-graduatedstudentstofindwell-payingjobs（10个词）相比，气势上毫不逊色，但是哪一种

30、写法更适合广大考生的情况呢？当然是从熟悉的东西着手改造更为可取，像newly-graduated和well-paying这样的天外来客式的词组需要积累，或者自己(zj)有意去搜寻。再强调一下：上面这组句子是我们从简单句变过来的。简单句写作思路 英文写作的思维就像一个黑洞，似乎深不可测，但如果我们将写作的过程视为一个看不见的汉译英的过程就会简单明了得多。根据笔者的经验，英文写作一般是先想主语，因为主语是一句话的开头；再想谓语，谓语中应该会先写助动词，所以先想用什么时态、语态、情态；接下来是动词，动词要考虑的是用及物动词还是不及物动词，是系动词还是实义动词。如果是及物动词就要考虑跟宾语，系动词就要

31、考虑跟表语。系动词跟表语 下面，我们一起来写几句话。 例一：国际旅游业创造了很多就业机会。 这句话比较简单。首先想想写这句话主语应该是什么？应该是“国际旅游业”，谓语应该是“创造”，还要带一个宾语“就业机会”。这句话的主干应该是：旅游业创造就业机会。对应的简单句句型应该是主谓宾S+V+O.先写主语：Internationaltourism；下面考虑时态，这应该是一个经常反复发生的动作，故用一般现在时，create这个动词应该加s；create是及物动词，所以后面加上manyjobopportunities,写成：Internationaltourismcreatesmanyjobopportu

32、nities. 例二：外出工作让母亲们没法照顾好孩子。 这是一个稍微难的句子，先想主语，是“外出工作”，在主语的位置要用动名词，写成Workingoutside：“让”不能写成let，要用make,时态用一般现在时，故make要加s；make是及物动词，后跟宾语mothers,“没法照顾好孩子”就成为宾语补足语，构成S+V+O+C的句型，宾语补足语用形容词，写成unabletotakegoodcareoftheirchildren,全句成为：Workingoutsidemakeswomenunabletotakegoodcareoftheirchildren. 当然还可以写成： Working

33、outsidemakesitimpossibleforwomentotakegoodcareoftheirchildren. 这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作让母亲们照顾好孩子成为不可能”，然后活用了it作为形式宾语，将不定式后置。相比之下第一种写法稍显生硬。 第三种写法：Workingoutsidedepriveswomenofthechancetotakegoodcareoftheirchildren. 这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作剥夺了母亲们照顾好孩子的机会”，活用了deprivesb.of这个句型。所以英语写作有很多可能，可选择自己最有把握的句子写出来。

34、 例三：五月到九月份，公司的营业额极不稳定。 这句话在图表写作时可能遇到。五月到九月份可以理解为在五月到九月份，作时间状语，写成betweenMayandSeptember；主语选择“公司的营业额”，将这句话理解为“是极不稳定的”；谓语动词选择系动词be的过去式，为was：“不稳定的”用形容词erratic,这句话可以写成主系表结构S+V+C：BetweenMayandSeptember,theturnoverofthecompanywasfairlyerratic.注意系动词所表示的“是”，经常在汉语思维中隐藏。 结束语：简单句需要同学(tng xu)们好好训练，因为简单句是走向更复杂句子结

35、构的基础，也是新四级考生在临场考试时最能够有把握写好而不犯错的句型。下面是托福的范文，跟四级略有区别，大家看一下他们的观点(gundin)和用词。不要看他的结构。Should animals be used in testing new drugs and procedures? Animal TestingAnimal testing may be necessary, but we need to be be mercifulEvery year, millions of animals undergo painful suffering or death as a result of s

36、cientific research into the effects of drugs, food additives, cosmetics and other chemical products. While most people think animal testing is necessary, others are upset by what they see as needless suffering. This essay looks at some of the positive and negative aspects of animal testing. Many med

37、ical treatments and procedures have been developed from experiments on animals. Since animals share many features with humans, scientists use animals to test the safety and effectiveness of newly developed drugs before pilot testing on small groups of patients. Medical teams practice new operating t

38、echniques such as transplants on animals. Without animal testing, many procedures or new drugs would be extremely unsafe. However, many people are concerned that animals are suffering unnecessarily and cruelly. They do not believe that every new drug needs to be tested on animals, especially with th

39、e huge database of knowledge and modern computer models. They also are worried that many animal tests are ineffective, pointing out that any drugs have had to be withdrawn from the market despite extensive testing. They particularly feel that animal testing should not be used for non-essential produ

40、cts such as cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, and cleaning products. Furthermore, some campaigners would like to see certain tests replaced and more humane methods used. We need to make sure that the millions of animals who are used for testing new products are treated with the minimum of suffering. Altho

41、ugh some animal testing may be unavoidable at present, treating our fellow creatures as mercifully as possible will demonstrate our humanity.267 wordsAnimal TestingThere is no alternativeEvery day, thousands of people are saved from painful diseases and death by powerful medical drugs and treatments

42、. This incredible gift of medicine would not be possible without animal testing. Despite these overwhelming benefits, however, some people are calling for animal testing to be banned because of alleged cruelty. This essay will examine arguments for and against animal testing.Those against the use of

43、 animal testing claim that it is inhumane to use animals in experiments. I disagree completely. It would be much more inhumane to test new drugs on children or adults. Even if it were possible, it would also take much longer to see potential effects, because of the length of time we live compared to

44、 laboratory animals such as rats or rabbits.Opponents of animal testing also claim that the results are not applicable to humans. This may be partly true. Some drugs have had to be withdrawn, despite testing. However, we simply do not have alternative methods of testing. Computer models are not adva

45、nced enough, and testing on plants is much less applicable to humans than tests on animals such as monkeys. Until we have a better system, we must use animal testing.A further point often raised against animal testing is that it is cruel. Some of the tests certainly seem painful, but the great major

46、ity of people on this planet eat meat or wear leather without any guilt. Where is their sympathy for animals? Furthermore, animals clearly do not feel the same way as humans, and scientists are careful to minimize stress in the animals, since this would damage their research.I agree that we need to

47、make sure that animals who are used for testing new products have the minimum of suffering.However, I am convinced that animal testing is necessary, and that it will continue to benefit humans in new and wonderful ways.311 wordsAnimal TestingAdvantages of Animal Testing in Medical Research Medical r

48、esearch involving animals has dramatically improved the health of the human race. Without animal testing, the cure for polio would not exist and diabetics would suffer or die from their disease. Despite these benefits, some people believe that animals should be not be used for testing medical techni

49、ques and drugs. This essay will outline the advantages of animal testing. Animal testing allows scientists to test and create new drugs. Animals such as monkeys or rabbits have similar physical processes to humans. This allows scientists to test the effects of certain drugs. If a drug produces adver

50、se effects in animals it is probably unfit for human use. Animal testing is cheap. There is a large supply of animals for medical research. Animals are easily bred, and maintained safely in controlled labs. The costs of testing in humans would be extremely high.Many people argue that animal testing

51、is cruel. In some cases this is true. However it would be much more cruel to test new drugs on people or children, or to let people die because there was not enough information about a drug. Furthermore, legislation in most countries sets standards for animal treatment, and laboratories have guideli

52、nes to prevent cruelty.Opponents of animal research also say that information from animals does not apply to humans. They point to certain commercial drugs which have been withdrawn because of side-effects in humans While it is true that animal systems differ from human systems, there are enough sim

53、ilarities to apply information from animals to humans.Animal rights campaigners claim that we dont need new tests because we already have vast amounts of information. However, many new deadly infections appear every year and new treatments and drugs are needed to combat these deadly plagues.Animal t

54、esting is needed in the world we live in. Our responsibility is to manage the animals in our care and balance their suffering against the good that comes from them. 321 words Should children be educated at home or in school? Home Schooling: The Right Choice?Are parents really helping their children

55、by teaching them at home?In most countries in the world, governments require children to attend schools in which trained teachers are responsible for educating the children using an approved curriculum. However a significant number of parents believe that it is much better for their children to be e

56、ducated at home by the people who know them and their needs best. This essay will examine the question of home schooling and discuss which the best option for the child is An increasing number of parents are deciding that home schooling is the best option for their children. They are unhappy with th

57、e quality or depth of education offered in the schools, or have other reasons why they feel that traditional schools are not suitable for their children. One reason is social factors. Parents worry that their children will suffer from bullying or will be forced into antisocial behavior by peer press

58、ure. They believe that the good behavior they have taught the child will be lost in school. Another reason is concern over the quality of schooling available. Schools frequently have large classes. They are often under-funded, and staffed by teachers without sufficient knowledge of their subjects. S

59、ubjects such as the familys religion or language may not even be available in the school. Other parents may disagree with the aims of the school curriculum, preferring for academic, social or cultural reasons to keep their children separate. Finally, some children with special needs may need particu

60、lar parental care. However, there are many arguments in favor of sending children to conventional schools. The first is that the children will be exposed to other children. These children may represent either a cross-section of society or a narrow group, but in either case the children will interact