环境工程专业英语和翻译要求

1、环境工程专业英语 和翻译要求2English ProverbImperfection is beauty, madness(疯狂) is genius (天才，天赋) ，and its better to be absolutely ridiculous (荒唐的) than absolutely boring.不完美也是一种美丽，疯狂也是一种天赋，不靠谱总好过超无聊。 3Review of the Last Lesson4Appreciation of moviesThe 11th Hour Chinese name （中文名称） 第十一个小时Director Castleberry，Leo

2、nardo DiCaprio Information about the move （相关信息）莱昂纳多.迪卡普里奥 本片是以一种访谈的形式，向观众说明了我们所面临环境问题。访谈对象包括前苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫、著名科学家史蒂芬霍金、前中情局局长詹姆斯伍尔西、超过50位的顶尖科学家、思想家和领导者 。5Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering61. Background to Environment SciencePart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringScience and technolog

3、y constitute a primary productive force. ScienceSocial ScienceNature ScienceThe social science deals with the study of people and how they live together as families, tribes(群落，部落), communities (社区), races (种族), and nations.The nature sience deals with the study of nature and the physical world. It i

4、ncludes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and environmental science.72. What is the book about?Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringThe objective Description of environmentalThe objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the in

5、terdisciplinary（跨学科，各学科） study of environmental problems: their causes, why they are of concern, and how we can control them.The primary coverage Information on the basis causes of environmental disturbances (困扰) Basis scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems

6、 and to be able to quantify them 8Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringThe primary coverage Current state of the technology environmental control in its application to water, air and pollution problems Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling ma

7、ny of the complex interactions between human activities and nature Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology, but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so, or in many instances because of a lack of resources to

8、 do so.93. Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmental is the physical and biotic habitat (栖息地) which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.When the goal of improving environmental quality is taken to be improving human wellbe

9、ing (健康，幸福), the word environment broadens to include all kinds of social, economic, and cultural aspects.System is a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, water supply system, the world or universe.System103.

10、Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEngineeringEngineering is a profession (职业、专业) that applies science and mathematics to make the properties (特性) of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.Pollution can be defined as a

11、n undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.Pollution11Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering is manifest (显

12、示，表明) by sound Engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of Environmental sanitation (卫生系统或设备), notably (尤其) in the provision of safe, palatable (可口的), and ample (足够) public water supply; the proper disposal of or recycle of wasterwater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of u

13、rban and rural (田园，乡村),areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.Environmental engineeringFurthermore it is concerned with engineering problems on the field of public health.123. Interaction of s

14、ystemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringMany of environmental problems will apply only within one of water, air, or land systems , justifying (证明，为作出解释) the breakdown (分解) into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension (理解) of related problems within

15、 one system.Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields (子域) as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies. 133. Interaction of systemsPart Introduction to Environmen

16、tal EngineeringUnfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined (局限于) to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems. A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from (根源) the emission (排放) of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) and nitrogen oxide gases int

17、o the atmosphere from the stacks (烟囱) of generating stations (发电厂), smelters (熔炉), and automobile exhausts (汽车尾气) 。 These gases are then transported by air currents (气流) over wide regions. Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life (水生生物), forests, and agricultur

18、al crops. 144. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringMany major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology. With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land (耕地), dis

19、appearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls (微生物滋长 ). Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.154. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringFor example, whe

20、n people are sick and dying from disease, it is natural to want to improve human health.When health is improved and infant mortality (婴儿死亡率) is reduced, a population explosion may result. To feed this growing pollution, natural habitats (自然栖息地) are often destroyed by turning them into farmland. As n

21、atural habitats are destroyed, the wild plants, predatory animals (食肉动物), and parasites (寄生生物) that once lived there are killed as well. 164. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringBecause of the lack of predators and parasites, outbreaks of insect pests (害虫) become more

22、 common. Farmers use pesticides (农药) to control the pests and protect the crops, but in the process the environment becomes polluted. The development of this entire (整个的) cycle in itself consumes fossil fuel (化石燃料) supplies that are becoming scarce. In addition, when fuels are burned, air pollutants

23、 are generated. 174. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringHow does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking (相关联的) problems? To make the task (工作、任务) a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.What environ

24、mental problems are people up against？OverpopulationPollutionDepletion of ResourcesChanges in the Global ConditionThe War18Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringOverpopulationOverpopulation may be defined as the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the

25、resources available in that area.Many people argue that the population explosion that has taken place in the twentieth century is now the most important problem we face. It is important first because overpopulation is a major cause of all environmental problems: Fewer people would use less oil, chop

26、 down fewer trees, and pour less sewage into rivers. 19Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringOverpopulationSecond, overpopulation and the starvation（饥饿） that accompanies it are generally higher on our list of priorities than other environmental concerns. It is hard to argue that an area shou

27、ld be set aside as parkland to preserve（保护） a vanishing（消失） forest or savanna（平原，热带大草原） when that might be used to raise crops that would prevent fellow human beings from starving to death. 20专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论21专业英语翻译理论范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic t

28、reatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic system

29、s and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria. 22专业英语翻译理论During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-calle

30、d aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world (more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large qu

31、antities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.23专业英语翻译理论The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the

32、quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste

33、products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.24专业英语翻译理论1. 专业英语翻译概论1.1 专业英语的特点1.1.1 专业英语的词汇特点专业词汇出现的频率低。词义专一。广泛是使用缩写词。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳DO disso

34、lved oxygen 溶解氧25专业英语翻译理论POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 总凯氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厌氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器SBR sequencing batch reactor 间歇式活性污泥法 专业英语的句法特点广泛使用陈述句。Aerobic means requiring the presenc

35、e of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.26专业英语翻译理论广泛使用被动语态。During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water

36、(H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated.被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。27专业英语翻译理论简略表达多。The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutan

37、ts in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 长句使用多。Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。28专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trill

38、ion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice多重修饰。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety p

39、ercent of them from Antarctica.29专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more

40、 than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.粗译：世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。30专业英语翻译理论1.1.3 专业英语的修辞特

41、点时态运用有限。过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated. 修辞手法较为单调。31专业英语翻译理论逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for表示语气转折的词：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so,

42、 thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示限制的词：only, if only, except, besides, unless表示假设的词：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than

43、 that obtained in anaerobic processes.32专业英语翻译理论1.2 翻译的基本知识1.2.1 翻译标准严复天演论：信、达、雅忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。33专业英语翻译理论1.2.2 翻译的过程理解-表达翻译的理解过程通读全文，领会大意。明辨语法，弄清关系。结合上下文，推敲词义。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and pur

44、ification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.34专业英语翻译理论 翻译的表达过程a. 一稿初译，忠实为主。b. 二稿核对，注意逻辑。c. 三稿定局，润色词句。 翻译的方法 直译 意译Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purificat

45、ion process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.35专业英语翻译理论2. 词义的选择和引申2.1 词义的选择2.1.1 根据词类选择词义E.g.: like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter.Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.I

46、 hope that I can drive the tractor like you do. 36专业英语翻译理论2.1.2 根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.: operate: 操作、运转、完成、实施Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity.Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.Transistors(晶体管) operate as control devices and amplifier.The ele

47、ctric computers can operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance. 37专业英语翻译理论 represent: 代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants.The material referred to as “acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a

48、 pH of 5.6.38专业英语翻译理论2.1.3 根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.:The ability to do work is called energy. （功）This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工厂）The time for the water supply is cut by half.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 语言习惯的转换 E.g.:Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的）Lig

49、ht-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、浅）39专业英语翻译理论2.2 词义的引申2.2.1 单词的引申E.g.:Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （桥梁）This kind of wood works easily. （加工）Within these broad categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥机).The thicker the wire

50、the more freely it will carry current. （容易）40专业英语翻译理论2.2.2 词组的引申E.g.:Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中间结构） At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源） High concentrations of critical elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human h

51、ealth. （微量）41专业英语翻译理论3. 词类转换3.1 非动词译成动词E.g.:The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。42专业英语翻译理论3.1.1 名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词（1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词E.g.: In the absence of friction, vehicles could not even start.Control of dissolved o

52、xygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater.c. The main object of sedimentation is the separation of clear water from mixture.43专业英语翻译理论(2) 一些加er或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。 E.g.:Talking with his son, the old man

53、was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.Professor Wang was the instructor of our experiment.2. 适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.:A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.44专业英语翻译理论3.1.2. 形容词译为动词1. 英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如familiar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表语时，译成动词。 E.g.: Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.45专业英语翻译理论2. 有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成动词。E.g.:The final product moistu