非谓语动词 (5)

1、语法复习非谓语动词June.28, 2013非谓语动词也称作非限定动词，即:在句子中充当除谓语以外的其他句子成分，如：主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、及表语的动词。 非谓语动词分类不定式（to do）动词ing（包括现在分词和动名词）动词ed (过去分词)非谓语动词可以担当的成分动词不定式：主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语动名词：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语现在分词：宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语过去分词：宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语动词不定式1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you.3.My hope

2、is to see you.4.I want him to see you. 5.He is the man to see you. 6.Im glad to see you.7.I went to see you.8.He went so early as to see you.（作主语）(作宾语）（作宾补）(作表语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）作结果状语）（作定语）不定式的三个结构：即否定结构、复合结构和疑问结构。否定结构为“not (never) to do”；疑问结构是特殊疑问词“how (what, which, who, whether) to do”；复合结构是“for/ of

3、+名词（或代词宾格）+ to do ”。不定式的三个时态形式和两个被动语态形式（可记忆为三时两语）主 动式 被 动式 一般时to do to be done 进行时to be doing 无完成时to have done to have been done 动词ing1.Swimming is his favorite sport. 2.He enjoys swimming. 3.His favorite sport is swimming. 4.I found him swimming in the river. 5.He is the man swimming in the river j

4、ust now. 6.Swimming in Summer, we can get cool.(动名词作主语）(动名词作宾语）(现在分词作宾补）(动名词作表语）(现在分词作定语）（现在分词作状语）动词ing的时态和语态形式，以动词do为例列表如下：主动 被动 用法 一般式doing being done（正在被）同时/后发生完成式Having donehaving been done （已被）先发生语态时态动名词的两个结构（即否定结构和复合结构），否定结构是not +动名词；复合结构是指动名词带上其动作的执行者即自己的逻辑上的主语。其结构有两种：1、代词宾格（形容词性物主代词） + 动名词2、

5、名词（名词所有格）+ 动名词注：该结构置于句首时（作主语），只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格的结构。作宾语两者均可。例：1) I object to Jacks (Jack) joining our club. （我们反对杰克参加我们的俱乐部。） 2) Do you mind my /me opening the window? （我打开窗你介意吗？） 3) Our going there is allowed. （我们获准去那里。）【注意在句首不能用us】过去分词1.This cup is broken. 2.This is a broken cup. 3.I found the cup

6、broken.4.Broken by Tom, the cup cant be used. (作表语）(作定语)(作宾语补足语）（作状语）1. 现在分词和过去分词的用法区别。它们的用法主要是根据动词是及物还是不及物来确定，不及物动词根据动作完成的程度，及物动词根据语态来确定。列表如下： 现在分词 过去分词 vi.表示 动作进行 表示 动作完成 vt.表示 主动 表示 被动 分词动词分词的两个结构否定结构：not + 分词例如：Not having known his address, I didnt write to him.复合结构（独立主格结构）有两种形式：（1）名词（代词主格）+分词（只

7、作状语）（2）with+名词（代词宾格）+分词（作状语或定语）例：1) The days work done, they went home. 他们做完一天的工作就回家了。2) He sat there with his feet pointing to others. 他坐在那儿把脚指向别人。非谓语动词的用法区别不定式和动名词作主语能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。两者的区别是：表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般的行为倾向时，多用动名词（这个区别同时存在于二者作宾语和表语中）。动名词作主语时通常位于句首；动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式

8、置于句末。Teaching is learning. 动名词作主语；后动名词作表语。习惯上 Its no use/useless/no good/no help/a waste of time 后接动名词作主语。 Its a waste of time talking with him.In fact it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.事实上，维持重要足球赛的秩序对警察来说是一项困难的工作。不定式和动名词作宾语当不定式作宾语后接宾补时，需用“it（形式宾语）+宾补+不定式（真

9、正宾语）”的句型。 I find it important to learn English well.2.下列动词短语接动名词：think of, aim at, keep on, persist in, be good at, do well in, leave off (停止做)，put off(推迟)，give up, feel like, cant help(情不自禁)，have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth, be fond/tired/afraid/capable of, be worth, spend. (in ) doing, insis

10、t on, set about 等。 My mother is good at cooking. 3. 下列词组中的to 是介词，后常接动名词作宾语：look forward to, devote to, contribute to (导致) get used to, pay attention to, be opposed to= object to (反对), get down to (着手做), stick to, lead to, turn to, come close to (差点，险些), etc.We are looking forward to hearing from you

11、.4. 在表示“需要”的动词need, want, require后接动名词时，习惯上要用主动式表示被动意义，但若用不定式，则用被动式表示被动意义。These desks need repairing. = These desks need to be repaired. .下列动词常用不定式作宾语： aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arrange ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refu

12、se, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。 如：He offered to help us .I didnt expect to find you hereThey refused to accept his invitationThe little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in(2)下列动词通常用ing形式作宾语：admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain,

13、mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。如：Would you mind my smoking here ? The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day Good news keeps coming. Tina suggested spend

14、ing the weekend on her farm Have you finished correcting the students papers?(3)下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义相近：like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等.如：I prefer making (to make) an outline before I do my oral composition We all like playing (to play) table tennisThen they bega

15、n making (to make) plans for the work但是它们之间也有细微区别：To do 指具体某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用ing形式.如：I like reading books of this kind (惯常行为) I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you (具体某次行为) I prefer to stay at home today (具体某次行为) He prefers walking to cycling(惯常行为)(4)下列动词接不定式与接ing形式时意义不同：stop to do 停下(正在做的

16、事)去做另一件事 stop doing 停下正在做的事forget to do忘记做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘记曾做过某事(此事已做) 如He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office Ill never forget seeing him for the first timeremember to do记得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing记得某事已做过(此事已做)如：I remember seeing her once somewhere You must remember

17、 to take your umbrella when you leave homego on to do继续做另一件事 go on doing接着做同一件事如：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing somethingAfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenoveltry to do企图想做某事 try doing试着做某事(看看有什么后果发生)如：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldnt

18、 listenLets try doing the work some other way.mean to do (意思是)想做某事 mean doing 意味着做某事如：Revolution means librating the productive force Sorry ,I didnt mean to hurt youregret to do遗憾地做某事(通常后接say ,tell等动词) regret doing后悔做了某事如：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againHe regretted having told he

19、r the bad news be afraid to do sth 不敢做某事 be afraid of doing 害怕发生 危险 be sure to do sth 肯定会（讲话者认为） be sure of doing sth 自信（句子主语自信） agree to do sth 同意做（自己做） agree to sb.s doing sth 同意某人做某事（别人做） used to do sth 过去时常做某事 be /become /get used to doing sth 习惯做某事(5)注意有些动词如：advise，permit ,allow，admit，forbid，im

20、agine，consider接不定式与接ing形式的不同结构。这些动词后面跟复合宾语时，用不定式作宾补。advisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsidersbto do sth这些动词后面直接跟非谓语动词时，用动名词doing.advisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsiderdoing sth.1)We all consider John_ (be) an honest boy.2)Our boss forbids_ (chat) during office hours .3)The rules do not permi

21、t players _(step) out of bounds.4)The boy begged to permit him_ (explain).5)The young man imagined _(live) on a lonely island.6) It was useless to forbid children _(play) here.to play living to explain to step chatting to be 不定式、分词和动名词作定语动名词和分词作定语动名词作定语时并不强调主动或者被动关系，而是说明其所修饰的词的性质或用途；而分词分为现在分词和过去分词，现

22、在分词作定语时与所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的主动关系，强调动作的正在进行性；而过去分词作定语时与所修饰的名词为被动关系，所表达的含义有两种情况:仅仅表示被动，表示被动的同时，该动作也已完成。比较：This was once a hiding place for people there at war.这里在战时曾是那里的人们的一个藏身之所。(hiding作定语，表示用途)Look at the sleeping baby! How wonderful!看那个熟睡的婴儿，多好啊！（sleeping作定语，表示动作的进行性）It is said that cars made in this facto

23、ry are now at least as good as those made abroad.据说这个工厂制造的汽车现在至少和国外制造的汽车一样好了。(两个made仅表示动作的被动性)There still remain a lot of problems in the homework done by him yesterday.他昨天做的作业里面仍然有很多问题。(done表示被动和完成)位置：(1)动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面。如：I have something important to tell you The poor children had little to e

24、at它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系。如：There is some books for you to read (可看成：to read some books) Id like to get something to drink (可看成：to drink something)如果这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词。如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen) She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)意义*不

25、定式作定语表示将来的动作。如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river*现在分词作后置定语表示正在进行的动作，与其所修饰的名词有“主谓关系”， 可转换成定语从句 如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river= The bridge which is being built now is the third bridge across the river*过去分词作后置定语表示已完成或被动的动作，与其所修饰的名词

26、有“动宾关系”，可转换成定语从句： 如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river= The bridge which was built last year is the third bridge across the river即时巩固练习用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)The man_ (question) in the police station now is a spy2)A man_ (respect) others will be respected3)she can find no one _(

27、make) friends with4)Is there anybody _ (answer) the question ?5)Half of the guests _(invite) to the conference were foreigners.being questionedrespectingto maketo answerinvited6)The matter _(discuss) is very important7)That is the way _(operate) the machine8)She was a professor _(love) by all her st

28、udentsbeing discussedto operateloved不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾补现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作在进行。如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment (看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来。)*不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作的过程。I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left legThey were made to work day and night (他们被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某个时刻正在干活。)过去分词作宾补和宾

29、语在逻辑上有动宾关系，表被动或完成。I saw a bird caught by Tom. I saw the boy beaten by his father1. 不定式（除了在感观动词如see, hear等后表示动作的全过程外）的动作多发生在句子谓语动词之后（具有“将来”的意义），如: request, order, warn, cause, advise, persuade, wish, expect, would like, ask, tell, force, get, encourage 等。“请求、建议、说服、希望某人去做某事”。My advisor encouraged me t

30、o take a summer course to improve my writing skills. 我的导师鼓励我参加暑假进修班以提高我的写作水平。2. 不定式在感观动词如see, hear, watch, notice, listen to, feel等后作宾补表示动作的全过程，且省略不定式符号“to”.They knew her very well as they had seen her grow up from childhood. 他们很了解她，因为他们看着她从小长大。3. 不定式在let, make, have, see, hear, watch, notice, liste

31、n to, feel 后作宾补省“to”。但作主补时恢复“to”.Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然他经常逗他小妹妹哭，可今天他却被他小妹妹给弄哭了。4. 主语+ call on (upon) (号召)/ depend on/ wait for/ ask for/ count on (指望) + sb. + to do sth.Im waiting for you to give me the answer. 我在等你回答我。即时巩固练

32、习用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)I meant to buy an evening paper, but I didnt see anyone _(sell) them.2)Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn). He always work hard.3)The patient was warned _(not eat) after the examine.4)Just now I saw a man_ (walk) in the street, with a little girl _(seat) on his shouldersellingto lea

33、rnnot to eatwalkingseated6)The lady loved to have her luggage _(weigh).7 )Who did the teacher have _(clean) the blackboard just now?9)The thief was caught_ (steal) goods in the supermarket again 10)-What happened to Mr. White early this morning ? -Oh，he was seen_ (knock) down and the driver_ (drive)

34、 awayweighedcleanstealingknockeddrove现在分词和过去分词作表语同一动词的现在分词和过去分词作表语时的区别：过去分词作表语，主要表示主语（多指人，也可指物）的心理感受或所处的状态，含有被动的意思；而现在分词作表语多表示主语（多指物，也可指人）所具有的特征，含有主动的意思。The story was very moving and we were greatly moved.这个故事很感人，我们都被深深地感动了。The disappointing boy disappointed his father for his failure again in the e

35、xam.这个令人失望的男孩再次考试不及格，让他爸爸很失望。My job is teaching English. 动名词作表语，可换成 = Teaching English is my job.动名词作主语。The girl is reading English. 现在分词作表语，与be 动词构成现在进行时态。不定式同样可以作句子的主语和表语，所表示的意义也非常接近，但两者也有一定的区别：一般来说，v-ing 多表示一般行为和状态，而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。What you should do is to look after the baby.Our plan is t

36、o set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。 不定式和分词作状语分词短语与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。分词短语在句首多作时间、原因、条件等状语，其作用完全相当于一个状语从句。在句末多作方式或伴随状语，也可作结果状语。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动和完成。而动词不定式一般式在句中作目的、原因或结果状语。一、作结果状语*不定式表示结果，常用于以下句型 enough to, too to, so as to do, such + n. +as to do, 和 only to do表示出人意

37、料的结果。I got up only to find it was raining outside (起来时没有料到在下雨。) He was too excited to say a word (太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。)*分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况。如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money(父母去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。) The output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tons (产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。)二、动词不定

38、式作目的状语为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首。He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 2. 不定式可在easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, heavy, light, expensive, nice, fit, safe, interesting, important, dangerous, cheap, good, pleasant, impossible 等形容词后作

39、状语。和主语常为被动关系，但不定式要用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，应加上适当的介词。The pen looks rather old, but in fact, it is very smooth to write with. 这支笔看起来很旧，但事实上，写起来很流畅。三. 作原因状语1. 不定式用在下列表示情绪或态度的形容词后作原因状语：glad, pleased, happy, sorry, surprised, willing, eager, ready, disappointed, anxious, content, clever, angry, foolish, rude, cr

40、uel, right, wrong, quick, slow, sad, able, afraid, shocked, delighted等。 He was willing to undertake the difficult task just now2. Tired from the trip, he soon feel asleep.= Because he was tired from the trip, he soon feel asleep.3. Tasting nice and delicious, the fried chicken was soon sold out. = A

41、s the fried chicken tasted nice and delicious, it was soon sold out. 4. Not having finished his homework in time, the boy was punished by his teacher. = As the boy hadnt finished his homework in time, he was punished by his teacher. 5. Being ill, she didnt go to school today. = As she was ill, she d

42、idnt go to school today. 四. 作时间状语（现在分词和过去分词作时间状语前面可加when, while, once等） 现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句： Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. = When he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. 过去分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句： Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion. = When the mountain was seen

43、from a distance, it looked like a lion. 五. 作条件状语（现在分词和过去分词作条件状语前面可加if, unless） 现在分词作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句：Playing all day, you will waste your valuable.= If you play all day, you will waste your valuable. 过去分词作条件状语，相当于一个条件状语从句： Dont speak at the meeting unless asked to.= Dont speak at the meeting unless

44、you are asked to.六. 作方式状语The children walked one by one into the classroom, talking and laughing.Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. 我们坐火车访问了好多城市。Heearnsalivingdrivingatruck.他靠开卡车谋取生。七. 作伴随状语My parents wrote me a letter, telling me to change my job. 我父母来信让我换一份工作。Tom lay on the grass,

45、staring at the sky for a long time. He stood there, fascinated by the singing. 他站在那里，被歌声所吸引。八. 作让步状语Laughed at by everybody，he had my sympathy. = Though he was laughed at by everybody，he had my sympathy.人人都嘲笑他，但我却同情他。Left to his own devices，Charles did not relax his efforts.查尔斯虽孤立无援，但他并没有放松自己的努力。Wor

46、kingsohard,hefailedagain. Livingmilesaway,heattendedthecourse. 九. 过去分词作比较状语Compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesnt seem high at all. 评论性状语有些惯用的分词短语在句子中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度，观点等，我们称这种状语为评论性状语。generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from/by（根据来判断）, consid

47、ering（考虑到）, taking into consideration (考虑到) given(考虑到) talking of（谈到，提到）, supposing（假如）providing (如果) broadly speaking (广义上说) narrowly speaking (狭义上说) frankly speaking (坦率地说) exactly speaking（确切地说）honestly speaking (老实说) roughly speaking(大体说来)等 Generally speaking, girls are more interested in litera

48、ture than boys.ed+主句（不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替. 1.Used as a means of traffic in China, the bike is very useful.2.Being used by me now, the bike cant be lent to you.3.Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing.4.Written in simple E

49、nglish, the book is easy to read.5.Having been told several times, 可以写成=Told several times,. he couldnt understand what I meant with/without+宾语+现在分词、动词不定式、过去分词的复合结构 With winter coming on, its time to buy warmclothes.Jack soon fell asleep with the light still burning.(作伴随状语)I wont be able to go on ho

50、liday with mymother being ill.(作原因状语)With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. With a lot of work to do, I have no time go out with you.With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.每件事都考虑到了，我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。With different methods used，different results are obtaine

51、d. 采用不同的方法，得到不同的结果。She went angrily away without a word spoken. 她一个字也没说，就生气地走了。即时巩固练习用所给动词的正确形式填空：1)-Why was the official meeting called?-_(select) new officers2) The beautiful girl tried to kill herself only _(save)3)When_(face)with a strong enemy, they had always retreated4)_(wear)out after a long walk, Henry called and said he couldnt comeTo selectto be savedfacedWorn5) The president expressed his satisfac