冶金专业的英语精品课程

1、冶金专业的英语精品课程Unit 1 From the History of Ironmaking and SteelmakingExercisesTranslations SkillsText AnalysesTranslationLanguage PointsWords & ExpressionsTextDifficult SentencesBackground InformationBACK翻译技巧（一） 翻译标准及过程BACKDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) Translate the foll

2、owing English into Chinese Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the brackets Fill in the blanks with the words from the text Translate the following expressions into English BACKBackground Information 钢铁工业是世界上最重要的工业之一，也是传统史上最古老的工业之一。早在公元3000年前，铁就是人类文化与文明的基础。Background Information 从矿石中

3、提炼铁的历史可以追溯到史前时期。古时候，铁矿石是在炭火中加热的（起初无疑是偶然的），当火熄灭时，像海绵一样的固体铁块就产生了。海绵铁能够锤打成型制造工具和武器。冶金前辈发现，在吹火或扇风时，火会燃烧得更旺，铁就会更快地炼成。从此以后人们就使用风箱来增加风量。Background Information电弧炉炼钢图1 平炉生产示意图Text Worldwide, the iron and steel industry is one of the most significant and, in terms of tradition, one of the oldest sectors of in

4、dustry. As early as 3,000 years ago, iron was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization. Text The beginning of the extraction of iron from its ores dates back to prehistoric times. In early times, iron ore was heated in a charcoal fire (doubtless by chance at first). When the fire went ou

5、t, a piece of solid iron like a sponge was left. The spongy iron could be hammered into shape to make tools and weapons. Our metallurgical forefathers found that when they blew or fanned the flames, the fire became hotter and the iron was produced more rapidly, so bellows were used to increase the s

6、upply of air. The development of modern ironmaking production benefits from the application of several important techniques:Text Oxygen steelmaking processes are concerned mainly with the refining of a metallic charge consisting of hot metal (molten pig iron) and scrap through the use of high-purity

7、 oxygen to rapidly produce steel of the desired carbon content and temperature. Various steelmaking fluxes are added during the refining process to reduce the sulphur and phosphorus contents of the metal bath to the desired level. The oxygen top-blown process (LD or LD/AC) is currently the more comm

8、on, but is gradually giving way to combined blowing process in some new plants.Text (1) In 1709, Abraham Darby, a yang man succeeded in smelting iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production. (2) After the year 1755，steam engines and large electric motor were used a

9、s blast momentum to force more air into the hearth increasing blast volume greatly. (3) In 1828, Nilson adopted the regenerative hot blast stove to heat air for blast furnace , reducing the coke ratio of blast furnace greatly.Text Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, pr

10、oduced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron.Text In August 1856, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, made public the description of a process which eventually reduced the price of steel to about a seventh of i

11、ts former cost and more important still, made it possible to produce steel in large quantities. Henry Bessemers process consisted in blowing air from the bottom through the hot metal so that it could burn away impurities. This process was a mainstay of the steel industry. Text The first Bessemer con

12、verter was lined with silica bricks .The acid Bessemer process, as the Victorian ironmasters discovered, could not eliminate phosphor, which is harmful to steel, so low phosphoric pig irons had to be used. In 1878, two Englishmen, Sidney Thomas and Percy Gilchrist, contributed the improvement whereb

13、y they lined the converter with basic refractory bricks, containing magnesia or dolomite. Lime was added to the bath to combine with the phosphor and silicon, and thus remove them from the iron in the form of slag containing calcium phosphate and calcium silicate. The basic lining of the converter p

14、rovided conditions under which the reactions with the lime could take place without destroying the furnace lining. If silica brick were used, as in the acid process, the lime would attack it chemically.Text In 1865, another efficient process for steelmaking was introduced, this transformed the pig i

15、ron and/or scrap into regeneratively heated hearth-type furnace. After its inventors, it was also known as the Siemens-Martin process (or open hearth process). The Siemems-Martin open-hearth furnace was so called because the molten metal lies in a comparatively shallow pool on the furnace bottom or

16、hearth as fig1-1 show. This rather inefficient performance of the open-hearth compared with the enormous output of the blast furnace, justified the emergence of the highly productive oxygen process for steel. Text As soon as electric energy could be supplied in sufficient quantities, electric heat w

17、as used for steelmaking. The electric-arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 19141918 war. The rapid increases in demand for alloy steels during and after the Second World War led to the construction of larger furnace with lower power consumption

18、 per ton of metal. Today, Electric arc furnace has a firm footing in the industry. Text After 1970s, Bessemer process and open-hearth process are losing their significance. As the demand for high quality steels increased, post-treatment became a routine step in the production of steel.Fig.1-1 Open-h

19、earth furnaceWords & ExpressionsAbraham Darby 亚伯拉罕达比Nilson 尼尔Henry 亨利贝塞麦(1813-1898, 首创酸性转炉炼钢的英国工程师)Victorian 维多利亚女王时代的Sidney Thomas 西德尼托马斯Percy Gilchrist 柏西克利斯特L-D 两个地点名字的缩写the L-D process 顶吹氧气炼钢工艺Words & Expressionsiron making 炼铁in terms of 以的观点, 就而说sector 部分; 部门serve as 用作; 充当Culture 文化; 文明Civiliz

20、ation 文明; 文化; 文明社会Extraction 提取ore 矿石date back 追溯Charcoal 木炭go out 熄灭sponge 海绵; 海绵状物Words & Expressionshammer into shape锤打成型metallurgical冶金学的forefather祖先, 先人, 前辈bellow风箱benefit from获益, 得益于coke焦炭innovation革新; 创新result in导致, 终于造成 .结果steep急剧上下的pig iron生铁Momentum 动力; 要素 hearth炉膛, 炉缸 Words & Expressionsb

21、last volume风量regenerative蓄热的hot blast stove热风炉blast furnace高炉coke ratio焦比articlesword剑；刀spring弹簧cast iron铸铁wrought iron熟铁consist in在于impurity杂质 Words & Expressionsmainstay支柱, 中流砥柱converter 转炉, 炼钢炉line炉衬 造衬silica硅石, 二氧化硅brick砖, 砖块acid酸酸性的eliminate除去phosphor磷phosphoric磷的basic碱性的; 基本的refractory耐火的, 耐熔的

22、 耐火材料magnesia氧化镁 dolomite白云石 Language PointsWords and Expressions 1). Benefit vt., vi. 有益于（常与from, by连用）获益；得益 于e.g. The plants benefited from the rain. 植物得益于这场雨。 We benefit from daily exercises. 我们得益于每天做操。Back to TextLanguage PointsWords and Expressions2). result in v.导致e.g. Nothing has resulted fro

23、m his efforts. 他的努力终成泡影。 Acting before thinking always results in failure. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败。 The accident resulted in the death of two people. 这场意外事故造成两人死亡。Back to TextDifficult SentencesWords and Expressions 3). Eliminate vt. 除去, 淘汰e.g. She has been eliminated from the swimming race because she did not

24、 win any of the practice races. 她已被取消了游泳比赛，因为她在训练中没 有得到名次。Back to TextDifficult Sentences1) Before the Industrial Revolution, steel was an expensive material, produced in only small quantities for such articles as swords and springs, while structural components were made of cast iron or wrought iron

25、. 工业革命以前，钢是一种贵重材料，只能少量生产以用来制造剑和弹簧，而结构部件则用铸铁或熟铁来制造。 producedwrought iron是过去分词作状语。 while在此是连接词意思是：但是, 然而。e.g. Some people like coffee, while others like tea. 有些人喜欢咖啡, 而有些人喜欢茶。Back to TextDifficult Sentences2) In August 1856,an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, made public the description of a process which

26、eventually reduced the price of steel to about a seventh of its former cost and more important still, made it possible to produce steel in large quantities. 在1856年8月，一位名叫亨利贝塞麦的英国人公布了他的炼钢方法，这个工艺能够把钢的成本降低到原来的七分之一左右，更重要的是它能够大量地生产钢了。 which 引出定语从句修饰process，reduce 和made并列作which 的谓语。Back to TextDifficult S

27、entences3) The acid Bessemer process, as the Victorian ironmasters discovered， could not eliminate phosphor, which is harmful to steel, so low phosphoric pig irons had to be used. 维多利亚女王时代的铁器制造商发现，酸性贝塞麦工艺不能去除对钢有害的磷，所以必须用低磷生铁进行冶炼。 as the Victorian ironmasters discovered是插入语作状语，whichsteel是非限制性定语从句，修饰p

28、hosphorus。 4). The basic lining of the converter provided conditions under which the reactions with the lime could take place without destroying the furnace lining. 转炉采用碱性炉衬为铁水与石灰发生反应提供了条件，从而避免了石灰对炉衬的损坏。under which引出的定语从句修饰conditions。Back to TextDifficult Sentences5). After its inventors, it was als

29、o known as the Siemens-Martin process (or open hearth process). 依它的发明者的名字命名，就叫做西门子马丁工艺 （平炉工艺）。 after在此的意思是：以.命名。 e.g. The boy was named after his uncle. 那孩子以他叔叔的名字取名。 6).This rather inefficient performance of the open- hearth， compared with the enormous output of the blast furnace， justified the eme

30、rgence of the highly productive oxygen process for steel. 与高炉的巨大生产能力相比，平炉效率不高，这就必然促成了大生产能力的氧气转炉炼钢法的出现。 comparedblast furnace是过去分词作状语。Back to TextDifficult Sentences7).The rapid increases in demand for alloy steels during and after the Second World War led to the construction of larger furnace with l

31、ower power consumption per ton of metal. 二次大战期间和之后，合金钢需求的快速增加导致要建造炉容大和每吨钢耗能低的炉子。 withper ton of metal是定语修饰larger furnace。 e.g. the Second World War：第二次世界大战。 Back to TextTranslation 钢铁工业是世界上最重要的工业之一，也是传统史上最古老的工业之一。早在公元3000年前，铁就是人类文化与文明的基础。 从矿石中提炼铁的历史可以追溯到史前时期。古时候，铁矿石是在炭火中加热的（起初无疑是偶然的），当火熄灭时，像海绵一样的固体铁

32、块就产生了。海绵铁能够锤打成型制造工具和武器。冶金前辈发现，在吹火或扇风时，火会燃烧得更旺，铁就会更快地炼成。从此以后人们就使用风箱来增加风量。现代炼铁生产的发展得益于几项重要技术的应用：Translation（1）1709年，一位叫亚伯拉罕.达比的年轻人使用焦炭炼铁获得成功,这一革新导致生铁产量陡然增加。（2）1755年以后，蒸气机和大型电动机作鼓风机动力，使鼓风量大幅增加。（3）1828年尼尔森采用蓄热式热风炉送风，使高炉焦比大幅降低。工业革命以前，钢是一种贵重材料，只能少量生产以用来制造像剑和弹簧这样的物件，而结构部件则用铸铁或熟铁来制造。Translation 在1856年8月，一位名

33、叫亨利贝塞麦的英国人公布了他的炼钢方法，这个工艺能够把钢的成本降低到原来成本的七分之一左右，更重要的是它能够大量地生产钢了。亨利贝塞麦工艺是从炉底向铁水吹入空气，使铁水中的杂质去除，它曾经是炼钢工业的一个主要支柱。 最早的亨利贝塞麦转炉是用硅砖做炉衬。维多利亚女王时代的铁器制造商发现，酸性贝塞麦工艺不能去除对钢有害的磷，所以必须用低磷生铁进行冶炼。1878年，名叫希德尼托马斯和珀西克利斯特的两个英国人对此法进行了改进，他们用含氧化镁或白云石的碱性耐火砖砌成炉衬，再向熔池加入石灰使其与铁水中的磷和硅化合，这样磷和硅就以磷酸钙和硅酸钙的形式从铁水中除去。转炉采用碱性炉衬提供了铁水与石灰发生反应的条

34、件，从而避免了炉衬的损坏。如果象酸性法那样使用硅砖，石灰就会对炉衬产生化学侵蚀作用 Translation在1865年，诞生了另一种有效的炼钢工艺，它使生铁/和废钢进入到具有蓄热室的炉子中进行冶炼。依发明者的名字命名，就叫做西门子马丁工艺（平炉工艺）。之所以被叫做西门子马丁平炉工艺是因为铁水盛在一个比较浅的炉底或炉膛内，如图1-1所示。但是，平炉效率不高，适应不了高炉的巨大生产能力，这就必然促成了大生产能力的氧气转炉炼钢法的出现。Translation一旦电能供应充足，电热就开始被用来炼钢。在19141918年的战争期间，电弧炉工艺首次被广泛地用于合金钢的生产. 二次大战期间和之后，合金钢需求

35、的快速增加导致要建造炉容大和吨钢能耗低的炉子。当前，电弧炉在工业上有着稳定的地位。 二十世纪七十年代后，亨利.贝塞麦工艺和平炉工艺逐渐被淘汰。而随着对高质量钢需求的增加，炉外精炼已成为当今炼钢过程中必不可少的步骤。Translate the following expressions into English keys 1. the iron and steel industry 2. spongy iron 3. structural component 4. basic refractory brick 5. wrought iron 6 . open hearth 7. Charcoal

36、 8. low phosphoric pig iron 9. cast iron 10. Coke 11. blast furnace 12. bath 13. blast volume 14. Dolomite 15. post-treatment 1.钢铁工业 2. 海绵铁 3. 结构部件 4. 碱性耐火砖 5. 熟铁 6. 平炉 7. 木炭 8. 低磷生铁 9. 铸铁 10. 焦炭 11. 高炉 12. 熔池 13. 风量 14. 白云石 15. 炉外精炼Fill in the blanks with the words from the textkeys1. As early as 3

37、,000 years ago, i was serving as a basis of human culture and civilization.2. The beginning of the extraction of iron from its ores dates b to prehistoric times. 3. The s iron could be hammered into shape to make tools and weapons.4. B were used to increase the supply of air.5. This innovation resul

38、ted in a steep r in pig iron production. 2. back 3. spongy 4. bellows 5. riseFill in the blanks with the words from the textkeys6. The first Bessemer c was lined with silica bricks.7. The idea of using pure oxygen to convert molten iron into steel was suggested in some of the Bessemer p over100 year

39、s age.8. The e -arc furnace process was first used extensively for the production of alloy steels during the 19141918 war.9. After 1970s, B process and open-hearth process are losing their significance.10. As the demand for high quality steels increased, p -treatment became a routine step in the pro

40、duction of steel.Fill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the bracketskeys Early sponge iron was 1 (produce; produced; produces) in bloomery hearths furnaces. The furnace with low pit or shaft furnaces were 2 (made; make) of mud, quarries or erratics. With 3 (improving; improved; improves

41、) utilization of the heat in the lump-producing furnaces, temperatures could be raised to such a degree that the charged material was melted to a liquid duced 2. made 3. improvingFill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the bracketskeysIt is now understood that when the iron is

42、 molten in a blast furnace, it 4 (absorb; absorbs; absorbed ) three to five per cent of carbon and other impurities as well. This saw the start of the blast furnace.4. absorbsFill in the blanks by choosing the right words form the bracketskeysUp to the beginning of the 18th century, blast furnaces w

43、ere operated with charcoal. In 1709, AbrahamDarby, a yang man succeeded in 5 (smelting; smelted) iron with coke. This innovation resulted in a steep rise in pig iron production5. smeltingDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F)1.The extraction of iron from its ores dates back to 18th times. ( )2.In 1709, AbrahamDarby, a yang man succeeded in smelting iron with coal. ( )3.The first Bessemer converter was lined with carbon bricks. ( )keys1.F 2.F 3. FDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F)keys August 1856,an Englishman, Henry Be