水处理方式微生物学

1、水处理方式微生物学ContentsSection A The microbial worldSection B Microbial metabolismSection C Information storage and transferSection D Bacterial structure and functionSection E Bacterial geneticsSection F Bacteria and Archaea in the environment Section G Eukaryotic microbes, an overviewSection H The fungi

2、and related phylaSection I The Chlorophyta and ProtistaSection J The viruses补充1：环境因素对微生物生长的影响补充2：微生物在自然环境中的作用补充3.环境微生物污染、监测及控制补充4：微生物在废水处理中的应用微生物实验：6个 A1 The Microbial world Section A The Microbial worldObjectives1.What is a microbe微生物？2.Prokaryotes原核生物 and eukaryotes真核生物3.The importance of microbio

3、logy(微生物学Microbe Approximate range of sizes Nature of cellViruses 0.010.25 Acellular非细胞的Bacteria 0.1750 Prokaryote原核细胞Fungi 2 1m Eukaryote真核细胞Protista 21000 Eukaryote1.What is a microbe？1.1 Microbe : Microbe is used to describe an organism that is so small that , normally , it cannot be seen without

4、 the aid of a microscope. 1.2 the category :Viruses病毒, Bacteria细菌, Archaea古细菌 ，fungi真菌and protista原生生物1.3 Their sizes and cell type Relative sizes of cells and their components1.What is a microbe？1.4 Biological Classification The biological classification system that we still use for plants and anim

5、als, is relatively minor modified , for fungi and microorganisms. It is a system that starts with a few categories at the highest level, and further sub-divides them at each lower level. The levels were given names that are already familiar to you Kingdom 界 Phylum门 Class 纲 Order 目 Family 科 Genus 属 S

6、pecies种1.What is a microbe？1.5 Microbial Classification Virus kingdomVirusProkaryote kingdomFungi kingdomProtogene eukaryote kingdomBacteria phylumBlue algae phylumCyanobacteria 蓝细菌Bacteria细菌 Actinomyceto放线菌 Mold霉菌Yeast酵母菌Algae藻类protozoa原生动物1.What is a microbe？1.5 Microbial nomenclature命名法binomial s

7、pecies nameFor example: Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach Staphylococcus 属名葡萄球菌 aureus种名金黄色的 Rosenbach命名人For example:Escherichia coli Escherich Escherichia埃希氏杆菌属 coli大肠菌，原意是从结肠colon别离出来的 Escherich(最早别离人2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotesThe first cellBacteriaArchaeaEukarya2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotes原核生物真核生物

8、遗传物质和复制的组装：1.DNA在细胞中游离；2.只有一个染色体；3.DNA与类组蛋白连系；4.含有染色体外的遗传物质，称为质粒；5.在mRNA中没有发现内含子；6.细胞二等分分裂，只有无性繁殖；7.遗传信息可以通过接合、转导、转化发生。遗传物质和复制的组装：1. DNA在膜包围的核中，只有一个核仁；2.多于一个染色体，每个染色体是双拷贝3.DNA与组蛋白连系；4.只在酵母中发现质粒；5.所有基因中都发现内含子；6.细胞分裂为有丝分裂；7.遗传信息交换发生在有性繁殖过程，减数分裂导致产生单倍体细胞，它们能融合。原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别一2.Prokaryotes and e

9、ukaryotes原核生物真核生物细胞的组装：1.质膜含有hopanoids、脂多糖和磷壁酸；2.能量代谢与细胞质膜连系；3.光合作用一细胞质中的膜系统和泡囊联系； 4.由一根蛋白鞭毛丝构成鞭毛；5. 核糖体70s；6.肽聚糖的细胞壁（只有真细菌有，古细菌中是不同的多聚体。细胞的组装：1. 质膜含有固醇；2.多数情况下在线粒体中发生；3.藻类和植物细胞中存在叶绿体4.鞭毛有9+2微管排列的复杂结构5.核糖体80s（线粒体和叶绿体中的核糖体是70s）6.多糖的细胞壁，一般是纤维素或者几丁质。原核生物和真核生物遗传和细胞组装上的主要区别二2.Prokaryotes and eukaryotesTh

10、e major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotesThese Microbes?Prokaryotes : Bacteria , Archaea， ActinomycetoEukaryotes : Fungi , Algae , ProtozoaAcellular: VirusesFor example 1: ProkaryotesBacteriaFor example 1: ProkaryotesBacteria and Its FlagellaFor example 1: ProkaryotesE.coliFor example 1

11、: ProkaryotesAgeneral bacteriumFor example 1: ProkaryotesArcheabacteriaFor example 2: Eukaryotes ProtozoaProtozoaFor example 2: Eukaryotes ProtozoaProtozoaFor example 2: Eukaryotes ProtozoaMicroscopic, single-celled animals, more complex and larger than bacteria10000-15000 nmeucaryotic (DNA in nucle

12、us within cell)Most not pathogenicMost are motile.Aquatic with animal-like characteristicsIngest organic matter for nutrients.For example 2: EukaryotesAlgaeFor example 2: Eukaryotes FungiVery diverse group of eukaryotes. Yeasts are unicellular and sphericalFor example 2: EukaryotesEukaryotic CellFor

13、 example 3：Acellular virusesFor example 3：Acellular virusesFor example 3：Acellular virusesConsist of nucleic acid and protein.Intracellular parasites very small (20-100 nm), very simplenot composed of cellsNeed to infect host cells to replicate3.The importance of microbiology Environment Medicine Agriculture Food Biotechnology research For example: Environment 1676年荷兰人列文虎克用自磨镜片，制造了一架能放大266倍的原始显微镜检查了污水、齿垢、粪便等，发现了许多肉眼看不见的微小生物，正确描述了微生物的形态有球形、杆状和螺旋形，为微生物的存在提供了科学依据。(Louis Pasteur,18221895)首先实验证明有机物发酵和腐败是由微生物引起，而酒类变质是因污染了杂菌所致,而非自然发生。自此，微生物学成