贸易实务ch8票据

1、第八章 Instruments in International Settlement 1 Introduction of international settlements2 Introduction of Instruments 3 Bill of exchange4 Promissory Note5 Checks 1 1 Introduction of international settlements一、Why do we study international settlement?Do you know how to make payment safely and efficien

2、tly in the international trade?Do you know how to finance in the international trade?International settlement in fact is the course that tells us how to make payment in an international transaction. 2二、The Research Objective of International Settlement 1.Tools of international payment and settlement

3、（国际结算工具）Bill of Exchange汇票 Promissory Note本票Check支票 2.Methods of international payment and settlement（国际结算方式）Remittance汇款 Collection托收 Letter of credit信用证 Letter of guarantee银行保函 Factoring保理 Forfeiting福费廷3三、What is international settlement?internationalsettlementto pay or collect money owed or claim

4、able.1、relating to, or involving two or more nations2、Extending across or transcending national boundariesInternational settlement refers to the money transfer via banks to settle accounts, debts and claims among different countries.4Three elements in international settlement（国际结算中的三要素）(1)Persons in

5、 different countries（不同国家）(2) Banks Participation（银行参与）(3) Funds transfer (资金转移）5(1)Persons in different countries（不同国家）6(2) The role of Banks Participation（银行参与）Seller and buyer are far from each other, it is inconvenient and dangerous for seller and buyer to make direct cash payments from one coun

6、try to another countryfacilitating funds transfer efficiently world-wide;7(3)Funds transfer (资金转移）Funds transfer always happens in the following activities:Visible tradeinvisible tradeFinancial transactionPayment between governmentsimporting and exporting the tangible and visible commodity and goods

7、. Importers in one country must make payment to exporters in another country for their imported goods; exporters must receive payment from the overseas buyers.It includs service trade, technology transfer, patent, copyright contracts, etc. service trade include all receipts and payments between the

8、residents and foreigners on transportation, insurance, travel, communications, postage and bank service, etc. International financial transaction covers foreign exchange market transaction, government supported export credits, syndicated loans, etc. The government of one country may make payment to

9、that of another country for political ,military or economic reasons, such as giving aids and grants, providing disaster relief, etc. 8Visible tradeinvisible tradeFinancial transactionPayment between governmentsInternational Trade Settlement Accounting for 80% International settlementInternational No

10、n-trade SettlementAccounting for 20% International settlement, but increasing quickly9四、Evolution of Modern International SettlementFrom barter transaction to cash settlement(从易货交易到现金结算）10From cash settlement to non-cash settlements(从现金结算到非现金结算）11From direct payment made between international trader

11、s to payment effected through a financial intermediary(从直接支付到通过金融中介支付）As foreign exchange banks were set up over time in different regions around the world ,the payment channel has changed, especially after a new means of payment, namely the bill of exchange, had been widely used in international pa

12、yments and settlements. These banks acted as intermediaries effecting international payments by the buyers to the sellers. Banks are playing more and more important roles in international trade and become the center of international settlement. 12From traditional settlement to E-settlement(从传统结算到电子结

13、算）In traditional settlement, buyers, sellers and banks connect with each other by modern transportation or communication, such as plane, railway, telephone etc.Nowadays, internet is developing very fast and are becoming the most communication in daily life. Buyers, sellers and banks can communicate

14、with each other by internet. People are trying to make payment on line. E-commerce and information technology is promoting international settlement to develop itself toward non-paper and automatic transaction.13五、Basic Methods of International SettlementSettlement oncommercial credit基于商业信用的结算Settlem

15、ent on bank credit基于银行信用的结算141、Prepayments in advanceThe goods will not be shipped until the buyer has paid the seller.Time of payment: Before shipmentGoods available to buyers: After paymentRisk to exporter: NoneRisk to importer: Relies completely on exporter to ship goods as orderedCharacteristics

16、:Provides greatest security for the seller and greatest risk for the buyer.Requires that the buyer have a high level of confidence in ability and willingness of the seller to deliver the goods as ordered.15Basic points to be considered in using advance paymentThe credit standing of the exporter must

17、 be exceedingly good.The economic and political conditions in the exporters country should be very stable.The importer should have sufficient balance sheet liquidity or be confident of obtaining working capital by way of importing financing.The importer should have the knowledge that the exchange co

18、ntrol authorities in his country will permit advance payment to be made.162、Open AccountsThe exporter ships the merchandise and expects the buyer to remit payment according to the agreed-upon terms.Time of payment: As agreed uponGoods available to buyers: Before paymentRisk to exporter: Relies compl

19、etely on buyer to pay account as agreed uponRisk to importer: None17Essential features of open account business are:The credit standing of the importer must be very good.The exporter is confident that the government of the importers country will not impose regulations deferring or blocking the trans

20、fer of funds.The exporter has sufficient liquidity to extend any necessary credit to the importer or has access to export financing.18Risk AssessmentExporters Risk Importers Risk High High Open Account Collection Letters of Credit Cash in Advance LOW LOW19六、国际结算中的往来银行（一）商业银行分支机构与联行1商业银行分支机构Represent

21、ative Office（代表处）Agency Office（代理处）Foreign Branch（海外分行）Subsidiary (子银行)Affiliate Bank（联营银行）Consortium Bank（银团银行）2、联行（ sister bank ）（二）代理行20A representative officeA representative office is a small service facility staffed by parent bank personnel that is designed to assist MNC clients of the parent

22、bank in dealings with the banks correspondents.Promotes the bank in the local marketNot licensed or chartered May not accept deposits or make loansRepresentative offices also assist with information about local business customs, and credit evaluation of the MNCs local customers.21Agency officeAgency

23、 office is the overseas financial institution which can transfer money and make loans in foreign country.One part of the parent bank, not a dependent legal person(juristic person).Not to accept deposits, but can make loans, provide trade financing, issuing L/C, and make acceptance.22Foreign Branch B

24、ankAn office of an organization that is located outside the home country of that organization where a banking or financing business is conducted.A foreign branch bank operates like a local bank, but is legally part of the parent.Subject to both the banking regulations of home country and foreign cou

25、ntry.Can provide a much fuller range of services than a representative office.Branch Banks are the most popular way for U.S. banks to expand overseas.23Subsidiary bankA subsidiary bank is a locally incorporated bank wholly or partly owned by a foreign parent.子银行是在东道国登记注册而成立的公司性质的银行机构，在法律上是一个完全独立的经营实

26、体，对自身的债务仅以其注册资本为限负有限责任。子银行的经营范围较广，通常它能从事东道国国内银行所能经营的全部银行业务活动，在某些情况下，还能经营东道国银行不能经营的某些银行业务。子银行除可经营银行业务外，还可经营非银行业务，如证券、投资、信托、保险业务等。24affiliate bankAn affiliate bank is one that is partly owned but not controlled by the parent.在法律地位、性质和经营特点上同子银行类似，总行股权在50以下，其余股权可以为东道国所有，或由几家外国投资者共有。25consortium bankA co

27、nsortium bank refers to a joint venture in which no single owner has a controlling interest.银团银行(ConsortiumBank)通常是由两个以上不同国籍的跨国银行共同投资注册而组成的公司性质的合营银行。任何一个投资者所持有的股份都不超过50。Sister bank联行(SisterBank)就是指银行根据业务发展的需要，在国内、国外设置的分、支行。总行与分、支行之间，分行与支行之间及其相互问都是联行关系。 26Correspondent BankThe correspondent bank can

28、be defined as “a bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.”代理行又可分为账户行和非账户行。账户行(DepositoryBank)是指代理行之间单方或双方相互在对方银行开立了账户的银行。账户行是在建立代理行关系的基础上，为了解决双方在结算过程中的收付而建立的特殊关系。账户行间的支付，大都通过开立的账户进行结算。账户行可以是单方开立账户和双方互开账户。27单方开立账户是指一方银行在对方银行开立的对方国家货币或第三国货币账户。如中国银行在美国纽约的若干家银行(美国或外

29、国)开设有美元现汇账户。双方互开账户是指代理行双方相互在对方国家开立对方国家的货币账户。如中国银行在美国纽约花旗银行开立美元账户；花旗银行在北京中国银行开立人民币账户。非账户行(Not-depositoryCorrespondent)是指除账户行以外的其他代理银行，或者说是没有建立账户行关系的代理行。非账户行之间的货币收付需要通过第三家银行办理。28How to establish correspondent bank relationshipChoose the best bankThe reputation of the bankSize of the BankService offere

30、d by the bankPhysical feature and personnelSigning contract and exchanging control documents(控制文件）Specimen Signature(印鉴样本）是银行有权签字人的签字式样。代理行印鉴由总行互换，包括总行及所属建立了代理关系的分行的有权签字人的签字式样。29Telegraphic test key（密押）是银行之间事先约定的，在发送电讯文件，由发电行在电文中加注密码。密押具有很强的机密性，使用一段时间后，应予以更换。Terms and conditions（条款费率表）是银行在办理代理业务时收费的

31、依据。一般由总行制定并对外发布，各分支行据此执行。对方银行委托我方银行办理业务，按照我方银行费率表收取费用；我方银行委托国外银行办理业务，则按对方银行费率表收费。30七、Inter-bank accounts (银行往来帐户）Banks always open an account in other banks in foreign countries, thus forms the inter-bank accounts.开户行A帐户行BA银行B银行31开户行A开户行B帐户行C32To credit sbs a/c with 贷记某人或某某单位帐户一定金额To debit sbs a/c w

32、ith借记某人或某某单位账户一定金额Remitting bankPaying bankIn cover ,please debit our account with you33Remitting bankPaying bankIn cover ,we have credited your account with us.34Remitting bankPaying bankIn cover we have authorized HSBC to debit our account and credit your account with them.HSBC352 Introduction of

33、Negotiable Instruments 广义的票据是指商业上的权利单据（Document of Title），作为某人的、不在其实际占有下的金钱或商品的所有权的证据。如发票、提货单、栈单、仓单、保单等。狭义的票据专指依规定要式签发和流通的汇票、本票、支票等信用工具。是以支付一定金钱为目的，由出票人签名于票据上，无条件的约定由自己或另一人支付一定金额，可以流通转让。就本章内容而言，流通票据是专指狭义票据。36Board meaning of Document Commercial Document SecuritiesFinancial Document Document of Title

34、, evidence that gives rise to a legal right of possession or control of commodities or moneyTransferSemi-negotiable(quasi-negotiable)NegotiableNarrow meaning of Document Assignmentpromissory notes Draftscheques 37一、票据（广义）流通的形式1、过户转让或通知转让(Assignment)Share certificate, life policy, debenture, etc.写出转让

35、书的书面形式，表示转让行为并由转让人签字。在债务人那里登记过户，或书面通知原债务人，不因债权人变更而解除其债务。受让人获得权利受转让人权利缺陷的影响。是在三个当事人之间，债权转让人、债权受让人、原债务人之间完成转让行为。382、交付转让(Transfer)B/L, Warehouse Receipt, Dock Warrants, etc.通过单纯交付或背书交付而转让票据，不必通知原债务人。受让人取得它的全部权力，可以用自己的名义对票据上所有的当时人起诉。受让人获得权利并不优于前手，而是继承前手权利，还要受到前手权利缺陷的影响。是在两个当事人之间，转让人和受让人之间的双边转让行为。393、流通

36、转让(negotiation)采用流通转让的票据有汇票、本票、支票、国库券、大额定期存单(Certificate of Deposit)、不记名债券（Bearer Securities）等。转让人经过单纯交付或背书交付票据给受让人，受让人善意的支付对价取得票据，不必通知原债务人。受让人取得票据，即取得他的全部权利，他可以用自己的名义对票据上的所有当事人起诉。受让人或得票据权利优于前手，及受让人的权利不受前手权利缺陷的影响。是在两个当事人及转让人和受让人之间的双边转让。40二、票据（negotiable instruments）的概念票据是指出票人依据票据法签发的，由本人或委托他人在见票时或在票

37、载日期无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的一种有价证券。 1、Essentials of a negotiable instrumentBe in writingBe signed by the maker or drawerBe an unconditional promise or order to payState a fixed amount of moneyBe payable on demand or at a definite timeBe payable to order or to bearer412、Characteristics of Negotiable Instru

38、mentsEstablishing the claim for a sum certain in money(票据创设了付给一定金额的请求权）The aim of issuing instrument is not to prove the existed rights and obligations, but to establish some rights and obligations 设权证券证权证券422)Accepting the instruments without investigating or questioning(票据是无因证券，不必追究原因的证券）Once the

39、instrument is issued, rights on the instrument and reasons why instruments are created are separated，independent to each other.(票据一旦做成，票据上权利即与其原因分离，成为独立的票据债权债务关系，不受先前原因关系存在与否的影响）票据的原因是票据的基本关系，包括两方面的基本内容（1）出票人与付款人之间的资金关系；（2）出票人与收款人，或背书人与被背书人间的对价关系。4344Example: A deposit money in B, and A buys goods f

40、rom C, then A issued an instrument to C, paid by B; C transfers the instrument to D because C once borrowed money from D; And D transfers the instrument to E for some value relationship; E asks B to make payment.45张三李四王五赵六受胁迫还赌债贸易要求付款X463）流通性(negotiability)A向B出售货物，取得了向B收款的权利，A将此权利转让给C，此为一般债权之转让，A应将此

41、通知给B。如果A并未履行交货义务或所交货物不符合合同规定，B可以拒绝向C付款。如果A向B出售货物后，B为了支付合同款项，向A签发了一张支票，A将此支票转让给C，无需获得B的认可。如果A并未履约或所交货物不符合合同规定，B亦不得拒绝对C付款。ABC货物债权票据票据474）文义性票据债务人只根据票据文字记载来履行付款义。5）和要式性Requisite in formThe form of instruments should keep up with law. Only those accordance with law can be protected.票据的形式以及各记载事项必须符合法律规定。

42、即票据为要式不要因。486）提示性resentment。票据的债权人请求债务人履行票据义务时，必须向付款人提示票据，始得请求付给票款。 7）返还性Returnability 。票据的持票人领到票款时，应将签收的票据交还付款人。49案例思考案例8-1A建筑公司从B钢铁厂购进一批钢材，数量200吨，价款15.6万元。钢材运抵建筑公司后，A为B钢铁厂签发一张以A公司为发票人和付款人、以B厂为收款人的到期日在三个月后的商业承兑汇票。一个月后，B厂从C金属公司购进一批冶金轧辊，价款16万元。B厂就把A公司开的汇票背书转让给C公司，余下的4000元用支票方式支付完毕。汇票到期后，C公司把汇票提交A公司要求

43、付款，A公司拒绝付款，理由是B钢铁厂供给的钢材不合格，不同意付款。A公司的做法是否合法？50三、票据的法律体系英美法系以英国的1882年票据法(Bill of Exchange Act,1882)为代表美国1952年统一商法典(Uniform Commercial Code, 1952)第三编“商业票据”大陆法系以1930年日内瓦统一汇票本票法公约和1931年日内瓦统一支票法公约为代表。中华人民共和国票据法于1995年5月10日颁布，1996年1月1日起实施。51523 Bill of exchange 一、概念A bill of exchange is an unconditional or

44、der in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money, to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to bearer.汇票是由出票人向另一人签发的要求即期、定期或在可以确定的将来时

45、间向指定人或根据其指令向来人无条件支付一定金额的书面命令。分类53我国票据法定义：P14554(二)汇票的必备内容555657581.汇票的字样根据（日内瓦统一法）的规定，汇票上必须标明“汇票”字样。如：“Exchange for”，“Bill”，“Draft”等。592.无条件的支付命令（l）书面形式。很显然汇票以及其他票据必须是书面存在的，否则无法签字和流通转让。汇票可以是打印的、印刷的、手写的， （2）支付命令。汇票是一项付款命令，因而措词应直接了当，应使用祈使句，例如“pay to the order of”。 （3）无条件性。Pay to *pay to the order of*

46、60I beg you to pay to Mary one hundred Sterling Pounds. I should be very pleased if you pay to Tom five thousand US Dollars. Pay to ABC providing the goods the supply are complied with contract the sum of ten thousand US dollars. (附带条件的支付命令无效)Pay to ABC from our NO.2account the sum of . (使用一种特殊资金去支付

47、的命令不可接受)61pay to the order of A the sum of pound sterling one thousand only provided that the goods are up to the standard of the contract pay A USD 100 out of the sales profits of cotton sweaters. pay A USD 100 from NO.2 ACCOUNT 623. 出票地点和日期 Place & Date of Issue出票地点应该与出票人的地址相同，英国票据法认为汇票未注明出票地点也可成立

48、，此时就以出票人的地址为出票地点。国际汇票注明出票地点，就应按照出票地点的法律来确定必要项目是否齐全，汇票是否成立和有效。各国采用行为地法律原则，即出票行为在某地发生，就以该国家法律为依据。63我国票据法和日内瓦统一法规定，汇票应当记载出票日期，否则汇票无效。列明出票日期的作用（1）决定汇票提示期限是否已经超过日内瓦统一票据法 第23、34条分别规定的见票后一固定时期付款汇票，或见票即期付款汇票必须在出票日以后一年内提示要求承兑或提示要求付款。（2）决定到期日。付款时间是出票日若干天付款的汇票，从出票日算起，决定其到期日。（3）决定出票人的行为能力。若出票是法人已宣告破产或清理，丧失行为能力，

49、则汇票不能成立。64英国票据法则认为出票日期不是汇票必须记载的事项。如果汇票未填写出票日期，持票人可以将自己认为正确的日期补加填入。否则将被认为是必要项目不全的不符点。 出票日期的写法，欧洲形式DD/MM/YY和美国形式MM/DD/YY按照ISBP的建议，月份要用各月名称的简写或全称。654.付款时间（time of payment/tenor）（1）即期付款的汇票（bills payable at sight/on demand, pay to .）又称即期汇票（sight/demand bill）。指持票人提示汇票的当天即为到期日。即期汇票无需承兑。若汇票没有明确表示付款期限，即为见票即付

50、的汇票。（2）定期付款汇票或在可以确定将来时间付款的汇票（bill payable at a determinable future time）俗称远期汇票（time/usance/term bill）见票后若干天付款（Bill payable at *days/*months after sight）由持票人向付款人提示承兑，以便从承兑日起算确定付款到期日，并明确承兑人的付款责任。66出票后若干天付款汇票（Bills payable at *days/*months after date）此种汇票需由持票人向付款人提示要求承兑，以便明确承兑人的付款责任。提单日期/装运日期/说明日期后若干天付

51、款的汇票（Bills payable at *days/*months after B/L date/shipment date/stated date）如：At 30 days after B/L date pay to .shipment.01 May 67到期日的算法见票/出票/说明日后若干天付款（at * days after sight/date/stated date）:算尾不算头，若干天的最后一天是到期日，如遇节假日顺延。例at 90 days after sight.见票日为4月15日，则付款日为？从说明日期若干天付款。见UCP600 article3如果用于确定装运日期，fr

52、om 包含提及的日期；after则不包含提及的日期。如果用于确定付款到期日，from 和 after 均不包含提及的日期。68例 shipment date falls at 60days from 15 April.4月 15-30 16天5月 1-31 31天6月 1-13 13天（60天）Means shipment date falls on 13 June.shipment date falls at 60 days after 15 April.4月 16-30 15天5月 1-31 31天6月 1-14 14天（60天）Means shipment date falls on 1

53、4 June.69例 Maturity date falls at 60 days from 15 April.Maturity date falls at 60 days after 15 April.4月 16-30 15天5月 1-31 31天6月 1-14 14天（60天）Means Maturity date falls on 14 June.705.确定金额的货币Accurate amount除了写明应付的确定金额外，有时还可以：（1）带有利息。日内瓦统一票据法第5条规定：“即期付款汇票或见票后若干天付款汇票，可由出票人加列利息记载，如果是其他付款期限的汇票，不能带有利息，如果加列

54、利息视为无记载。”pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of one thousand US dollars plus interest. (没有注明利率)根据英国票据法第9条规定，这张汇票不能成立。按照日内瓦统一票据法视为无记载，汇票本身有效71pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of one thousand US dollars plus interest calculated at the rate of 6% per annum from the date hereof to the date of payment

55、. pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of one thousand US dollars plus interest calculated at the rate of 6% p. a. (根据日内瓦统一票据法第5条，从出票日期算，商业惯例以付款日作为终止日)72（2）分期付款。英国票据法第9条允许汇票分期付款。但日内瓦统一票据法不允许汇票分歧付款。At 30 days after date pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of one thousand US dollars by instalments. At

56、30 days after date pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of one thousand US dollars by ten equal consecutive monthly instalments. 73（3）支付等值其他货币在支付等值得其他货币时，必须注明汇率。Pay to the order of ABC Co. the sum of one thousand US dollars converted into sterling equivalent. (没有注明汇率不宜接受)Pay to the order of ABC Co. t

57、he sum of one thousand US dollars converted into sterling equivalent at current rate of exchange. 汇票金额要用文字大写（Amount in Words）和数字小写（Amount in Figures），如果文字与数字不符，以文字为准，而实际做法多是退票，要求出票人更改后，再行提示要求付款。746 付款人名称和付款地点付款人（drawee）也可称为收票人。付款人的名称、地址必须书写清楚，以便持票人向其提示要求承兑或付款。757.收款人名称和付款地点收款人（payee）是汇票上记名的债权人，汇票上记载

58、的收款人通常称为抬头，根据抬头的不同写法，确定汇票的可流通性或不可流通性。Restrictive Order限制性抬头Pay A Company onlyPay A Company not transferable不能转让流通76指示性抬头Demonstrative OrderPay to the order of A Company Pay to A Company or order背书转让77来人抬头Payable to Bearer英国票据法允许以来人作为收款人，日内瓦统一票据法不允许以来人作为收款人Pay bearerPay to A Company or bearer无需背书，仅凭交

59、出即可转让788.出票人名称和签字79（三）汇票的其他记载事项Other items on a draft成套汇票（A set of bill）的各张汇票面额和内容是完全相同的，每张必须有编号，各张要交叉著名全套中任何一张付款后，其余各张不再付“付一不付二”Pay this first of bill of exchange (second of the same tenor and date being unpaid) to” 付二不付一“Pay this second of bill of exchange (first of the same tenor and date being u

60、npaid) to” 8081(四) 汇票的当事人1.出票人(Drawer)开立签发和交付汇票的人。出票人在承兑前是主债务人，承兑后是从债务人，他对汇票付款承担的责任是保证汇票凭正式提示，即按其文义被承兑和付款，并保证如果汇票遭到退票，他将偿付票款给持票人或被迫付款的任何背书人。822.付款人(Drawee)接受汇票的人。也是接受支付命令的人（addressee）。因其未在汇票上签名，故不是汇票的债务人，不承担汇票一定的付款责任。3.承兑人（acceptor）付款人对汇票承兑签名后，就成为承兑人（acceptor），他已自己的签名表示其同意执行出票人发给他的无条件支付命令。应承担的责任是：按照