国际经济学教学课件：ch08 Trade Restrictions Tariffs

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionTrade Restrictions: TariffsDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER E I G H T8Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In this chapter:8.1 Introduction 引言8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 关税的局部均衡分析8.3 The Theo

2、ry of Tariff Structure 关税的结构理论8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country 小国关税的一般均衡分析Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In this chapter:8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country 大国关税的一般均衡分析8.6 The Optimum Tariff 最优关税

3、Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction 引言While it is generally accepted that free trade maximizes world output and benefits all nations, most nations impose some restrictions on the free flow of international trade.广泛的认为自由贸易可以使世界产出最大化并且对所有国家都有利，然而所有

4、国家都会给自由贸易的自由流动增设一些限制条件Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction 引言Trade policies are advocated by special groups that stand to benefit from trade restrictions.通常是那些受益于贸易壁垒的的一些特殊利益群体会极力赞成贸易壁垒Import vs. export tariffs 进出口关税An import tariff is a tax or du

5、ty levied on imported commodities. This is the most common form of tariff.进口关税是对进口商品课征的税收 这是最常见的税收形式Introduction 引言An export tariff is a tax on exported commodities.Prohibited by the U.S. Constitution, but occasionally practiced in developing countries to generate government revenue出口关税是对出口商品课征的一种税收

6、美国宪法禁止出口关税，但是发展中国家却经常对其传统出口商品征收出口税，以增加政府收入 Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Ad valorem tariffA fixed percentage on the value of the traded commodity.从价关税表示为贸易商品价值的一个固定百分比Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 Jo

7、hn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Specific tariffA fixed sum per physical unit of a traded commodity.从量关税含义是对每单位贸易商品征收某一固定税额Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.A compound tariffA combination of an ad valorem and specific tariff.混合关税是从价和从量关税的结合Introduction 引

8、言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Tariffs have been sharply reduced since World War II.自二次世界大战以来关税水平有明显下降Tariffs average 5 percent or less on industrial products in developed nations, but are much higher in developing nations.发达国家工业制成品的平均关税大约为5%或者更低，发展中国家这

9、一比例则要高很多Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税的局部均衡效应Consumption effect Reduction in domestic consumption关税的消费效应即关税带来的国内消费的减少Salvatore: International Economic

10、s, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税的局部均衡效应Production effect Expansion of domestic production关税的生产效应即关税带来的国内生产的增加Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Eq

11、uilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税的局部均衡效应Trade effect Decline in imports关税贸易效应关税导致的进口的减少Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税的局部均衡效应

12、Revenue effect Revenue collected by the government关税收入效应即政府从关税中取得的收入Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税局部均衡效应The more elastic the demand curve, the greater the consumptio

13、n effect.需求曲线弹性越大，消费效应越大Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税局部均衡效应The more elastic the domestic supply curve, the greater the production effect.供给曲线越大，生产效应就越大Salvatore: In

14、ternational Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 关税局部均衡效应The more elastic the demand and domestic supply curves, the greater the trade effect, and the smaller the revenue effect.供给曲线和需求曲线弹性越大，关税的贸易效应

15、就越大，并且关税的收入效应就越小Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2B Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus 消费者和生产者剩余的关税效应Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers would be willing to pay and

16、 what they actually pay.Imposition of a tariff reduces consumer surplus.消费者剩余是消费者对每一单位商品所愿意支付的价格与实际价格的差征收关税会导致消费者剩余的减少Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2B Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surpl

17、us 消费者和生产者剩余的关税效应Increase in producer surplus, or rent, is the payment that need not be made in the long run to induce domestic producers to supply additional goods with the tariff.Also called subsidy effect of tariff.生产者剩余增加量或者租金在长期看，是国内生产者提供由于关税所增加的额外商品而不必兑现的支出有时也被称为关税的补贴效应Salvatore: International

18、 Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2C Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff 关税的成本与利益Tariff redistributes income -From domestic consumers (who pay higher price for the commodity) to domestic producers (who receive t

19、he higher price)关税对收入进行了再分配从国内消费者（支付更高价格者）转移到国内商品生产者（获得更高价格者）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff关税的局部均衡分析8.2C Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff 关税的成本与利益Tariff redistributes income -From nations abu

20、ndant factor (producing exports) to the scarce factor (producing imports).关税对收入进行了再分配从国家富有要素部门（生产出口商品部门）转移到国内稀缺要素生产部门（生产进口商品部门）FIGURE 8-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff.FIGURE 8-2 Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus.FIGURE 8-3 Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff

21、.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure关税结构理论8.3A The Rate of Effective Protection 有效保护率When a nation imposes a lower tariff on imported inputs than on the final commodity produced with the inputs, the rate of effective protect

22、ion exceeds the nominal tariff rate.当一国征收进口要素的关税比用进口要素生产的最终产品的关税低时，有效关税保护率会超过名义关税税率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure关税结构理论Calculated as follows:计算公式如下：g = t - aiti1 - aig = rate of effective protection 最终产品生产者的有效保护率 t = no

23、minal tariff rate on final commodity 最终商品消费者的名义关税税率ai = ratio of cost of imported input to price of final commodity with no tariff 无关税时进口要素的名义关税税率 ti = nominal tariff rate on imported input 进口要素的名义利率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff

24、 Structure关税结构理论8.3 B 有效保护理论的一般化Calculated as follows:g = t - aiti1 - aiConclusions 结论If ai = 0, g = t 如果ai = 0,则g = t For given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is t对于给定的ai和ti值，t越大，g越大For given values of t and ti, g is larger the greater is ai对于给定的ai和ti值，ai越大，g越大Salvatore: International

25、 Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure关税结构理论8.3 B 有效保护理论的一般化Calculated as follows:g = t - aiti1 - aiConclusions 结论The value of g is , = or t, as ti t当ti小于等于或者大于t时，g值大于等于或者小于t When aiti t, the rate of effective protection is negative当aiti值大于t时，有效保护率是负的

26、FIGURE 8-4 Pre- and Post-Uruguay Round Cascading Tariff Structure in Industrial Countries.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小国关税的一般均衡分析A small nation will not affect prices on the world market w

27、hen imposing a tariff.一个小国征收关税时，不会影响世界市场的价格Domestic price of importable commodity will rise by the full amount of the tariff for individual producers and consumers in the small nation.对单个生产者和消费者来说，可进口商品的国内价格会增加与关税相同的金额Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 G

28、eneral Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小国关税的一般均衡分析Price remains constant for nation as a whole because the nation collects the tariff.小国作为一个整体来说，价格是不变的，因为是这个国家自己征收关税Volume of trade for small nation declines, but terms of trade do not change, so welfare always falls.国家的贸易量会下降，但是贸易条

29、件没有改变，所以福利会下降FIGURE 8-5 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小国关税的一般均衡分析8.4 C Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 斯托尔怕萨缪尔森定理An increase in the relat

30、ive price of a commodity (for example, as the result of a tariff) raises the return of the factor used intensively in production of the commodity.当商品相对价格上升时（如由于无关税造成价格上升）会增加商品生产中密集使用的要素的回报率或收益率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analys

31、is of a Tariff in a Small Country小国关税的一般均衡分析8.4 C Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 斯托尔怕萨缪尔森定理Thus, the real return to the nations scarce factor of production will rise with the imposition of a tariff.因此，该国生产所使用的稀缺要素的真实回报率会随着关税而上升Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8

32、.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大国关税的一般均衡分析A tariff causes the imposing nations offer curve to shift or rotate toward the axis measuring the importable commodity by the amount of the tariff.当一大国征收关税时，其提供曲线沿着衡量其可进口商品的轴的方向转变或旋转一个大小等于进口关税的量Salvatore: International Economic

33、s, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大国关税的一般均衡分析Under these circumstances, for a large nation:A reduction in trade volume will reduce welfareAn improvement in terms of trade will increase welfare在这种大国征收税收的情况下：贸易量的减少使其国家财富减少贸易条件的改善

34、使得国家财富增加Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大国关税的一般均衡分析Whether welfare actually rises or falls depends on net effect.国家财富的增减实际上取决于这两种反作用的净效应FIGURE 8-6 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.6 The Optimum Tariff最优关税An optimum tariff maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect from declining trade volume.最优关税是指这样一种